Commu Commu Nities Nities: Reflections On The Origin and Spread of Nationalism

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Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism

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Benedict

Anderson
Contents
I. Introduction

II. Cultural Roots
III. The Origins of National

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Consciousness
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IV. Creole Pioneers

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Contents
V. Old Languages, Ne !odels

VI. O"cial Nationalism and
Im#erialism
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VII. The Last $a%e
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Contents
VIII. Patriotism and Racism

I&. The Angel of 'istor(
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&. Census, !a#, !useum
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&I. !emor( and

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Introduction
• Aim:
To offer some tentative
te ntative suggestions
su ggestions for a
more satisfactory interpretation of the

'anomaly' of nationalism.
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•
Topic:
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Nationality, nation-ness, and nationalism

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Concepts and Definition

• Nation: It is an imagined political
Nation:
community that is imagined as oth
inherently limited and sovereign.
• It is imagined ecause
ecause memers !ill never
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"no! mostofofeach
the minds
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fello!-memers,
the image of yet in
their
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communion.
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Introduction

Concepts and Definition

• It is limited ecause
ecause it has finite, though elastic
oundaries eyond !hich lies other nations.
It is sovereign
sovereign ecause
ecause it came to maturity at a
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stage of human history !hen freedom !as a

rare and precious ideal.

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It is imagined as a community ecause
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conceived as a deep, hori#ontal comradeship.
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Introduction

Cultural
Cult ural Roots
Changes in the follo!ing created the
conditions under !hich nationalism may have
emerged:
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The &eligious Community

• Decline of elief that there is a sacred te0t
that irrevocaly emodies truth.
• Changes in the religious community gave
rise to the elief that nationalism !as a

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secular solution to the 1uestion

continuity that has een ans!ered
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previously, y religious faith.

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Cultural &oots

The &eligious Community

Cause of the fall:
•%ffect of the e0plorations of the non-
%uropean !orld
(radual demotion of the sacred language.
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)ld sacred languages !ere fragmented,

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vernaculars gained popularity.
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Cultural &oots

The Dynastic &ealm

• The principle of egitimacy of sacral
monarchy egan its slo! decline.
• Decline of the elief that society !as

naturally organi#ed around and under high

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centers-monarchs !ho ruled under some

form of cosmological dispensation or divine
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providence.
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Cultural &oots

Apprehensions )f Time
Time
• The idea of a sociological organism moving
calendrically through homogenous, empty
time is a precise analogue of the idea of
the nation, !hich also is conceived as a
solid community moving steadily through

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history.
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Cultural &oots

T!o forms of imagining in %urope, 23th

century:
The Novel
•
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The Ne!spaper
rovided technical means for representing
the nation, an imagined community.
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Cultural &oots

National
Consciousness
Cultural consciousness too" the form of
nationalism due to the interaction et!een:

•a system of production and productive relations

4capitalism5
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• a technology of communications 4print5

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• the fatality of human linguistic diversity

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Capitalism
• The e0pansion of the oo" mar"et aided y:
• change in the character of atin
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• the impact of the &eformation, !hich led to
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the mass production of religious te0ts
•
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the spread of particular vernaculars as
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The )rigins of National Consciousness

rint
• rint languages laid the foundation for national
consciousness y:
•
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creating unified fields of e0change and
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communication
• giving a ne! fi0ity to language
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•
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different from the older administrative
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vernaculars
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The )rigins of National Consciousness

Creole
•Creole +tates:Pioneers
communities that !ere formed
communities for med
and led y people !ho shared a common
language and common descent !ith those

against !hom they fought.
• Creole (Criollo)- person of 4at least

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theoretically55 pure %uropean descent ut

theoretically
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orn any!here outside %urope.
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The first nations to conceive nation-ness !ere not in 6estern %urope

ut in atin America in the late 23 th and early 27th centuries.
/actors )f atin American Nationalism

• the tightening of control on creole
communities
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ieralism and the %nlightenment

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Creole ioneers

/actors8
• the improvement of trans-Atlantic
communication
the !illingness of the ''comfortale classes''

•
to ma"e sacrifices in the name of freedom

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creole functionaries pilgrimage

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provincial creole printmen and the rise of the

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ne!spaper Accept All
Creole ioneers
,

New
•
Models
)nset of the age of nationalism in %urope.
• T!o stri"ing
stri"in g features:
•
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9National print-languages !ere of central
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ideological and political importance.
•
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eing ecameaspired
consciously something capale
to from earlyofon
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due to the ''models'' set forth y the
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Creole pioneers.

• ;ernacular print capitalism is important to

class formation, particularly the rise of the
ourgeoisie.
• The noility then !ere potential consumers
of the philological revolution.
As soon as the events of the Americas

• Americas
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reached the %uropean noility through

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print, the imagined realities of nation-st

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nation-states
ates
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)ld anguages, Ne! odels

Ocial Nationalism
and Imperialism
• /rom aout the middle of the 27th C there
developed ''official nationalism'' in %urope.
• The oligarchy<s prime models !ere the self
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naturali#ing dynasties of %urope.

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• )fficial
)fficial nationalism concealed a discrepancy
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)fficial Nationalism and Imperialism

The lastLa
The•
Last
!avest Wae!as the
of nationalism
transformation of the colonial-state to the
national state facilitated y:

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increasing ureaucrati#
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• ureaucrati#ation
ation
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•the spread of modern-style education
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The ast 6ave

• )fficial nationalism rought the idea

)fficial ide a of
''national histories'' into the consciousnes
consciousnesss
of the coloni#ed.
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The ast 6ave arose in a period of !orld
history in !hich the nation !as ecoming

an international norm and in !hich it

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ecame possile to ''model'' nationness in

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a more comple0 !ay than efore.
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The ast 6ave

• Racism
Nation came to e:
imagined
functionality, as well as marketing, modeled adapted transformed
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•
eople<s attachment
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attachment for the invention of their
imagination, !hy they are ready to die for
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their inventions=
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atriotism and &acism

• Nation-ness is ''natural'' in the sense that it

contains something that is not chosen
4much li"e
li "e gender
gend er,, s"in color
c olor,, and
parentage5.
• Nationalism thin"s in terms of historical
destinies, !hile racism dreams of eternal

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contaminations !hose origins lie outside of

contaminations
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history.
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•SaveNation !as conceived y language, not in

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lood.
atriotism and &acism

"istor#
•Nationalism has undergone a process of
modulation and adaptation, according to
different eras, political regimes, economies,
and social structur
structures.
es.
• To limit or prevent such !ars, nationali

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na tionalism
sm is
the pathology of modern developmental
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history, do our slo! est to learn the real,
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and imagine e0perience of the past.
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The Angel of $istory
, ,

Museum
•These three institutions of po!er profoundly
shaped the !ay in !hich the colonial state
imagined its dominion:
may change•
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your settings at any time
A
•
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•*+%*
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Census, ap, useum

C%N+*+
• Created ''identities'' imagined y the
classifying mind of the colonial state
• The fiction of the census is that everyone is
in it, and that everyone has one, and only

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one, e0tremely clear place.

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A
A
• >asis of a totali#ing classification.
classification.
• Designed to demonstrate the anti1uity of
specific, tightly ounded territorial units.

• +erved as a logo, instantly recogni#ale
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and visile every!here, that formed a

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po!erful emlem for the anticolonial

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Savenationalism eing orn.

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*+%*
• Allo!ed the state to appear as the
guardian of tradition, and this po!er !as
enhanced y the infinite reproduciility of
the symols of tradition
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$orgetting
• The 27th century imagining of fraternity,
emerging naturally in a society fractured y
the most violent racial, class and regional
antagonism, sho! that nationalism
represented a ne! form of consciousness.

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• +elective 'historical' memory and forgetting

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is an integral part of nation creation.

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emory and /orgetting

%iscussion &uestions'
2. $o! do you understand 9nation as defined
y >enedict Anderson=
?. 6hat do you thin" is the significance in the
decline of religious and dynastic influences
in the rise of nationalism=
@. 6hat do you thin" !as the most po!erful
factor that led to imaginings that produced a
community, called 9nation=
. 6hat is the role of racism in erasing nation-
ness and nationalism=
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Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism

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This website stores data such as

III. The Origins of National

IV. Creole Pioneers

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V. Old Languages, Ne !odels

This website stores data such as

Save Accept All

VIII. Patriotism and Racism

This website stores data such as

&I. !emor( and

more satisfactory interpretation of the

Nationality, nation-ness, and nationalism

Save Accept All

Concepts and Definition

Save Accept All

Concepts and Definition

stage of human history !hen freedom !as a

rare and precious ideal.

Save Accept All

T$% DNA+TIC &%A

Save Accept All

The &eligious Community

rise to the elief that nationalism !as a

secular solution to the 1uestion

previously, y religious faith.

Save Accept All

The &eligious Community

)ld sacred languages !ere fragmented,

Save Accept All

The Dynastic &ealm

• Decline of the elief that society !as

naturally organi#ed around and under high

centers-monarchs !ho ruled under some

Save Accept All

solid community moving steadily through

Save Accept All

T!o forms of imagining in %urope, 23th

This website• stores data such as

Save Accept All

nationalism due to the interaction et!een:

•a system of production and productive relations

• a technology of communications 4print5

• the fatality of human linguistic diversity

Save Accept All

Save Accept All

language and common descent !ith those

• Creole (Criollo)- person of 4at least

theoretically55 pure %uropean descent ut

Save Accept All

The first nations to conceive nation-ness !ere not in 6estern %urope

/actors )f atin American Nationalism

ieralism and the %nlightenment

Save Accept All

the !illingness of the ''comfortale classes''

to ma"e sacrifices in the name of freedom

creole functionaries pilgrimage

provincial creole printmen and the rise of the

Marketing the nation

• ;ernacular print capitalism is important to

As soon as the events of the Americas