—_ eens trength of a magnetic field around The factors that affect in Figures 21.6 and 21,7-——— s 7 = bu a eurrent-carrying stl rrent reversed L (a) Diregtion of cul represents current represents currel flowing out of the faving nisin plane of the paper plane of the paper towards you away from you yrtt | 1 magnetic fled —/ \— magnetic field is anticlockwise — is clockwise wire wire the direction of the current is reversed, a Figure 21.6 When genetic field is reversed. the direction of the mat pero Pr aerneareeliccrutoiyeln Note awing the ¢ field around a currentarrying member that netic field ould oul he far tner wire carrying current /, ith increasing ‘4 Figure 21.7 When the current is increased from 1, to wire carrying current /, 1, the e from the wire. strength of the magnetic field increases. cae Reticuli al Rasa fetal oat ated cet= tele Scanned with CamScz=== ™_™_——‘_OC | —_———— Investigation 22 Objective , oeivenonstrate that a force acts on a current-carrying conductor when itis placed in a magnetic field (i.e. the motor effect) Apparatus Sift wire, ‘strong permanent U-shaped magnet, 9 V dry cell, switch, connecting wires Procedure 1 Bend a stiff wie into the shape of @ swing ABCD (Figure 21.13). — 7 shown in Figure 21.13. The wire 9V dry cell 2. Set up the apparatus as sl : ri fed to a dry cell and a switch by copperwires. —* [ swing is connect« t 3, Close the switch. Observe the direction in which the wire swings. 4, Reverse the polarity of of the current and repeat step 3. swing move now? 5. Invert the magnet so that the N pole is now above the wire section BC. Repeat step 3. f the dry cell to reverse the direction In which direction does the Observation 4. When current flowed in the direction A> B—>C—>D, the wire ‘swung outwards, away from the magnet. 2. When the direction of the current was reversed, the wire swung in the ee won wire ‘opposite direction, i.e. it swung inwards, towards the magnet. magia ue 3. When the magnetic field was reversed, the wire swung outwards again. a Figure 24.13 A In all three scenarios, we observe that the wire moved when current flowed through it. This shows that a force acts on a currentcarrying wire when it is placed in a magnetic field. direction of: i ees nagnetic field From Investigation 24.2, the following conclusions can be made: — current — force +4 Force, current > Tre dree nce Nua eek a ‘and magnetic field cesagtween . jmonges. Fleming's leftsiand rule force (thumb) We can deduce the direction of the force acting on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field using Fleming's left-hand rule (Figure 21.14). The direction of the foree on a current-carrying Conductoriis reversed en We reverse the direction of the current or magnetic field. magnetic field 7" F (forefinger) @ Point your thumb, forefinger and second finger at right angles to one another. @ Point your forefinger in the direction of the magnetic field (NtoS — direction) and your second finger in the direction of the current. (second finger) v "a Figure 21.14 © Your thumb then gives the direction of the motion of the wi Fleming's lefthand rule the direction of the force. In fact, given any two of the directions, we can deduce the remaining one. oe PB cron: : Svalineu WIrtd) pens wi =. hen the 6 a oles: State what hap, the wire flows from \wie - Figure 21.35 ya ourrent-carrying wire i wire is pl laced in field lines g jnagnetic field, a force acts sing tt on it. ing'S left-hand rule, we find her ane ig vertically downwards on the wit the force ¥ i jsind pees left-hand rule, we ie oe acts vertically upwards on the mt that the ire, ‘a The force acts s vertically downw when current flows from A toB. “ pee the motor effect? ip e mote SaaS eee we must examine what happens wh urrent in a wire is combined with that of a et agnet 1.16). oe _— fae 7 wire inserted 4 _ direction of force between two magnetic poles joi ii Hes 4 : === (stronger (weaker magnetic field) magnetic field) (b) Magnetic field between {e) Combined magnetic feld of " wire and magnetic POleS two magnetic poles 14s combine when @ current-carrying magnetic fiel a magnet poles of a Figure 21.16 How wire is placed between the e magnel ic fields that at point A, th tic | the magnetic poles act in the el field at point A ie current-oarryine an i er. THUS: the the ‘current-carrin , the com! reinforc! each oth ng OF es magnetic Hel oti t due to the magnetic poles eaker ie strength at A tee towards the ker fieldForces between two parallel current-carrying, i Coe De onductors parallel to each oth ler, Visit tp mwa hen we place two current-carrying Tm 1 ; ree wstoanaetond NNO" ete tds of both wires combine. The combined magnetic field Cr crcoarme relia Wicen oa each conductor. conductors. Use keywords : : pposite directions — rents in oppose act on two parallel strips of aluminium that jgure 21.17 shows the forces t “il carrying currents in opposite directions. planation: i Juminium fol strips, consider the To understand the repulsion of the al i cnaeecton (top view) of a pair of parallel current-carrying wires. Ad Ada LAGE oe fé¥vounbie aacariey > Fo aluminium fi : : strips repelled by each other currents in opposite directions combined magnetic field gives rise to repulsive forces being exerted on the wires «Figure 21.17 Paral! aluminium fi strips caring current in opposite directions repel each other. >— Take Note Conductors carrying currents in opposite directions repel. Inthe case of parallel current-carrying conductors, each feadcorsoddes the eae in same direction Figure 21.18 shows the forces that act on two parallel strips of aluminium external magnetic field forthe otverconductor, foil Carrying currents in the same direction. Explanation: To understand the attraction of the aluminium foil strips, consider the cross-section (top view) of a pair of parallel current-carrying wires. Oyrty+ wiiey) aluminium foil y strips attracted to each other ae current / ae ‘currents in the same directions combined magnetic field gives ‘ise to attractive forces being exerted on the wires rent / porte i eee CIC eee eee ee g a a