EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND CONTROL

IN AUTOMATION OF CARS

PRESENTED BY

K.SRAVAN KUMAR REDDY S.PRAVEEN KUMAR

Email:sravan.kaluvai@gmail.com praveenlovely4u@gmail.com
 fine
Abstract:
As you go about
the affair of living, you put your
life safe and luxurious with all
the available resources .Now a
days we all are entrenched with
computers and almost all
depended on them. Devices
with intelligence rule the world.
Imbibing intelligence to these
devices is through a system
called “EMBEDDED examples of Embedded System
SYSTEM”. Its applications
provide marvelous opportunities
for ingenious use of computer
technology. Almost all every
system introduced into the
market is an example of
Embedded System. An
embedded device finds
applications in all segments of
industrial and commercial
Is autonomous car
marketplace. Home appliances, a myth or reality?
mobile phones, Personal Digital
Assistants (PDA), cars, tiny
There are many
microchips and avionics are all
paradigm shifts taking place due
using embedded technology.
to information explosion and the
concept of autonomous vehicle
The current topic
is one shift. The car, which is
“Automation of car” that we are
embedded, can simulate the
going to present is one of the
human driver completely and applications in these as well as
direct the vehicle on the road. other areas such as home
Autonomous vehicle has been networking and car
the dream of scientists for long. infotainment will roll out in the
Now their dream has come true near feature.
as with drastic changes in
technical brilliance and
The fine art of
developments in different
fields with EMBEDDED automation:
SYSTEM as pioneer. Just imagine. We

Introduction: load the code of our destination

in the dashboard computer and
The term embedded
turn the car on, while we remain
system is quite a complex one.
seated carefree on the rear seats.
Simply it is a combination of
Then its all the job of the
hardware and software that
‘unknown’ to drive it on the
forms the component of a larger
roads, bridges, thought the
system, this in turn is
bazaars, past the crossings to the
programmed to perform a range
destination, without getting
of dedicated functions usually
challenged even once for traffic
with a minimal operator
rule violations.
intervention. In embedded
A fully
systems the hardware is
computerized car capable of
normally unique to a given
doing almost every thing a car
application, computer chips are
lover would want to. Seems like
embedded into the control
fantasy but a day is not far when
electronics to manage the
almost all automobiles will
products functionality.
interact with computer on
Embedded systems
dashboards. From ordering
are rapidly becoming a catalyst
pizza to booking tickets at the
for change in computing data
nearest theatre, things would be
communications,
as easy as giving orders to your
telecommunications, industrial
servant. As a matter of fact,
control and entertainment
vehicles all over the world are
sectors. New innovative
now fitted with intelligent
devices that make the vehicles System (G.P.S) using satellites
to respond to various factors – can provide positioning
be it climate control, sudden information and proves to be a
accelerations or braking or even versatile all-time. For still
self-repair of modules. higher accuracy wide area
There are trends differential GPS is used, which
where the finger print offers a robust system that
technologies are also have been readily deals with selective
introduced which gives the availability errors and satellite
following reliabilities You clock errors.
could one day be able to enter An error level of
and start your car with the touch decimeter/centimeter is
of a finger. And that same guaranteed by WADGPS.
touch, with your fingerprint Which satisfies the ground
acting as a key, would trigger a vehicle control algorithm?
check of the mirrors, steering Human intervention is
wheel, radio and temperature to completely eliminated by using
ensure that they're the way you of reliable sensors and
like them. The convenience of actuators. Making the overall
fingerprint recognition performance of transporting
technology comes with system both congestion-free and
heightened security. Unlike collision incorporate the
personal identification numbers, concept of WADGPS they’re –
passwords and keys, each free, besides making it cost
person's unique fingerprints effective.
can't be duplicated, lost or The models for
forgotten. GPS also include aiding

Description:
As stated above
that a vehicle can run by itself
with out the intervention of
human beings by the embedded
intelligence in it. For this
purpose Global Positioning
sensors, e.g. dead reckoning, to calculate a new position. This
radar and camera. A computer is reckoning navigation requires
simply required to feed additional vision sensors, route
destination into a dashboard guidance and map-matching
computer. Highly sensitive algorithms for making the
actuators simulate a human driving tasks fully automatic.
driver completely and direct the The remarkable advances in
vehicle on the road. The vehicle microelectronics and data
transmitter broadcasts its processing technology have
position and velocity to other made possible the
immediate participants for miniaturization of sensors the
collision-avoidance and lane integration and combination of
changing manoeuvres. Forward data from a number of sensors.
and reverse motions and u-turns Television cameras, charge
are precisely achieved as per coupled device (CCD) type
route guidance requirements. sensors, laser radar and infrared
Furthermore, an accurate sensors ma be used.
steering control is obtained The reliability,
using Pulse Code Modulation efficiency and cost effectiveness
technique and of an autonomous vehicle
acceleration/braking control is depend mainly on how
successfully implemented using judiciously its navigation
learning adaptive system. sensors, perception unit and
The simplest form computer control is
of vehicle navigation employs a incorporated and how well their
heading sensor, velocity sensor performance meets today’s
and a processor. Typically a transportation needs. Quite of
navigation system requires an ten a human driver is forced to
input of initial position and it maintain attention for long
self-initializes the heading periods of time and commit to
sensor with respect to north. unpredictable contingencies on
The processor then integrates the free ways together with
the velocity sensor output to traffic jams. All this leads to
determine distance traveled and fatigue and hypovigiliance at
resolves the heading sensor data the wheel and consequently to
more frequent collisions and to GPS instrumented position
congestion. location systems (PLS) installed
The drivers activity on the autonomous vehicles
is influenced by several factors through a data link sub system
that depend on driver itself (DLS). The DLS can either use
and is environment such as VHF or UHF or L-band,
traffic density, traffic status, incorporating time division
time of travel and weather. Thus multiple access protocol to
the driving activity deals with a handle on the roads. A block
combined driver vehicle- forward error correction code is
environment system shown in employed to protect and
figure maintain the message integrity.
The vehicle is The vehicle route
required to blend its guidance systems gave maturity
environmental perception to the point of practical
capabilities with its intelligent usefulness as well as cost
controls in order to affect effectiveness. Such a system is
optimal path-planning strategies responsible for selecting
that not only avoid obstacles but optimal routes in a given road
also minimize criteria such as network and for providing
time of travel, fuel digitized directions to a human
consumption, exposure to driver and or an autonomous
pollution/danger, etc. however system, emphasizing the path of
basic driving functions consists least resistance with
of lane-keeping, safe distance consumption of minimum fuel
maintenance, timely lane or minimum exposure to
changing and overtaking. The pollution /danger criteria.
key to all these driving tasks is Figure below shows a series of
collision avoidance. interconnected functional
The Master
Control Station (MCS)
receives the positioning
information from the satellite
by employing WADGPS
concept. The MCS is linked
subsystems of hardware by digital maps along with the
software components CCD camera images, magnetic
The desired compass, and the GPS system,
destination and starting position for obtaining a real time
of the vehicle together with the intelligent decision support
time of travel, manifest an navigation package. The
optimal route on the road integration of GPS and
network. Once the vehicle communication suggests an
commences he journey the efficient transportation system
sensors continuously keep track for increasing the road traffic
of the direction and safety smooth driving without
displacement of the vehicle traffic jams and a comfortable
initial calibration is a little driving environment. Further
crucial for dead reckoning more the autonomous vehicle
performance; how ever a feed relies on such intelligent system
back calibration indicated in fig integration that leads to
2 suggested to obtain distance complete collision free in time
accuracy better than 99.9 of real time situation.
percent. The vehicle
The new generation transmitting system
microprocessors promises continuously provides
further increase in system information about its position
capabilities while and velocity to its participants.
simultaneously shrinking both A safe distance with respect to
volume and power consumption its immediate surroundings is
of the autonomous vehicle maintained by
embedded system. The digital acceleration/brakes and steering
road maps, available on CD- controls. The internal platform
ROM’s have substantially and rate gyro and accelerometer
increased safety of automobiles. package keeps the vehicles
These maps along with GPS central processing unit (CPU)
navigation provide a feasible well informed about the
solution to autonomous vehicle incremental changes in the
system. The expert system vehicles parameters. The wheel
technologies are integrated with odometers provide the vehicle
traveling distances by finally yields the estimates for
multiplying the number of throttle and heading angle
electronically generated pulses increments for a safe and
by a constant, depending upon accident free Manoeuvre. The
wheels perimeter .As the actual following figure gives an
tyre size is influenced by indication of all the
vehicles speed, tyre pressure technologies used in a car
play load and atmospheric Hybrid automobile is envisaged
conditions, appropriate at the juncture, which has heat
corrections are maid by the engine propulsion (options for
CPU. The atmospheric data switching over to electric
system keeps continuous record devices with intelligent brakes
of outside atmospheric and acceleration) And computer
temperature, pressure and for optimal route selection, map
differential pressure. The matching and collision-
information concerning avoidance. The reduced cost of
deviation from the road center is GPS augmented vehicles using
obtained by magnetic as well as the off-the-shelf equipment
optical sensors, and fed to the would lead to an intelligent
CPU. The GPS receiver updates transportation system with
the vehicles position and substantial share of
velocity to centimeter/decimeter electronically controlled next
levels as required for the lateral generation vehicles. It is hoped
or longitudinal control actions. that hybrid electric vehicles
The autonomous vehicle shall be readily accepted by our
embedded software mission information-based society.

Advantages and
comforts:
1. The adoptive
cruise control ACC technology
used in the cars from
automobile makers keeps
advancing to new levels of
safety. In microwave radar unit
there is a laser transceiver, fixed
on the front of the car to
determine the distance and
relative speed of any vehicle in
its path, which keeps safe
distances from other vehicles on
the busy roads. The driver can
set the speed of his car and the
distance between his and other
cars. When traffic slows down
vehicle speed is altered using
moderate braking to maintain a
constant distance between his
and other cars.
2. In advanced
systems just in the case the
driver over speeds or suddenly
falls over and guides the car to a
safe halt. And if you have
programmed it right, the GPS in
the car would take you to your
destination .so, right from
brakes to automatic traction
control to air bags and fuel-air
mixture control, the intelligence
takes over
3. A few advanced
car prototypes with embedded
systems have been tried and
tested where even if a smart
thief has managed to break in
through the car, the car doesn’t
start up even if it does the
computer I the car would lock
the steering wheel and cutoff
the fuel injection supply … in
the mean time a signal is set to
the nearest police station and
the owner informing them about
the thief.
4. Some designs now
include so-called "pre-safe"
systems, which sense possible
collisions in advance based on
emergency braking, skidding,
and sudden evasive maneuvers.
They will prepare a car by
automatically moving the front
seat either backward or forward
for the safest distance from the
instrument panel, adjusting the
seat belt for the correct tension,
and even closing the sunroof in
case of a potential rollover. The
idea is to "cradle" the car's
occupants for maximum safety.
Indian efforts in embedded
system development: -
Our India too entered
into the field of embedded
systems and had great
developments in this field. it got
marvelous results in the field of
“Telematics” which is a part of
technology used in cars. The
description about it was
discussed
Total telematics
experience is what they are
looking for simply put case the GPS signal cant be
telematics is the vehicles received due to high density of
capability to communicate with tall buildings or other magnetic
the outside world and or the interface, the ‘dead reckoning ‘
vehicle operator. It is a technique, which works for
combination of short durations guides you
telecommunication and effectively. The system is also
computing loaded with GSM/CDMA
Imagine when you protocol standards further
are busy negotiating through modified on the CANBUS
rush hour traffic, you get a call standard t give uninterrupted
on your mobile. You know the information.
call is from your office but can’t Another device
attend to it. called the array microphone cuts
“How nice it would have been if off the surrounding noise and
somebody would answer your allows the speaker to
phone call and at the same time communicate effectively. The
guide you systematically person at the other end hears the
through the traffic?” voice of the speaker without any
out side interference.
Mistral software,
Conclusion:
which was developed in India,
With the heights of the
has text-to-speech and speech
technology autonomous car is
recognition technologies to give
no more a myth. It’s a
the car occupants the ultimate
reality!
comfort. So whenever there is a
We would like to present
call on your mobile. You need
that there must be further
not get jump at the very onset of
developments in this technology
the call. Relax the computer in
to make autonomous car more
the cars dashboard would do the
common all over the world.
job for you.
This can be happened by
GPS navigation guides you
making the autonomous easy to
through the traffic. The GPS
operate for the user and the
interface in the car pinpoints
designers should concentrate
your exact location on a map. In
more in producing autonomous
cars, which should not cost a
lot, they should in the vicinity
of customers budget. With this
type of vehicles there will be
great advantages in the coming
feature. Due to speed control
technique, accident free driving
is possible and fuel savage is
also made possible by the
technique, which will make the
car to travel through shortest
path. In the near future,
autonomous car become more
common all over the world.
Indian efforts in the embedded
technology can assure that these
autonomous cars will become
cheaper and may evolve with
many more advantages. So that
we could find ourselves using
these autonomous cars in the
near feature.

REFERENCES:
www.electronicsforyou.com
www.feture-fab.com
www.signaling-gatewave.org
www.vivisimo.com
Real Time Systems-
Krishnamurthy
Real Time Systems-Alan Burns