Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 147–157

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Study of the volume stability of slag cement mortar applied to

desulfurization slag during high temperature operation
Chun-Ling Ho a, Wen-Ling Huang b, Her-Yung Wang b,⇑
a
Department of Information Management, Kao Yuan University, 821, Taiwan, ROC
b
Department of Civil Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, 807, Taiwan, ROC

h i g h l i g h t s

 The slump flow of the mix proportion with the slag powder is higher than the slump flow of the mix proportion without addition by 11.5–39%.
 The compressive strength and the ultrasonic pulse velocity decrease as the replacement of desulfurization slag increases, and both increase with age.
 After high temperature catalysis, the expansion response increases as the curing time and desulfurization slag replacement increase and the slag powder
decreases.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In recent years, upon increasingly exploiting natural sandstone, the natural ecology has been damaged
Received 5 October 2016 severely. To reduce the impact of market demand on natural resources, replacing natural resources with
Received in revised form 17 January 2017 recycled materials, such as desulfurization slag and slag powder, is a very important topic at present. This
Accepted 16 February 2017
study used desulfurization slag that had been passed through #4 sieves and slag at a fineness of approx-
Available online 30 March 2017
imately 4000 cm2/g to replace fine aggregates (0, 10, 20 and 40%) and cement (0, 10, 20 and 40%), respec-
tively, via a volumetric method to make cement mortar for testing its fresh properties. The hard
Keywords:
properties and volume stability were tested at different ages in order to discuss the variance in the mate-
Desulfurization slag (DS)
Volume stability
rial volume stability under different mix proportions.
Expansion The results show that the slump flow of the mix proportion with the slag powder is higher than the
High temperature operation slump flow of the mix proportion without addition by 11.5–39%. The addition of desulfurization slag
and slag powder increases the setting time. The compressive strength and the ultrasonic pulse velocity
decrease as the replacement of desulfurization slag increases, and both increase with age. Under the
influence of high temperature, a high compressive strength can be reached at an early age. When the
addition level of desulfurization slag is the maximum, 40%, the weight loss is higher than observed at
the other addition levels. The autoclave expansion increases as the desulfurization slag replacement
increases and the amount of slag decreases. After high temperature catalysis, the expansion response
increases as the curing time and desulfurization slag replacement increase and the slag powder
decreases. The high temperature has an apparent effect on the volume stability of slag powder cement
mortar with desulfurization slag, and the expansion response of all mix proportions is within safe spec-
ifications (0.06%).
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction (hereafter abbreviated as desulfurization slag) is solid waste gener-

As engineering construction increases, the demand for natural
resources grows greatly; however, these natural resources are
not inexhaustible. The sustainable development of resources in
Taiwan can be implemented only by cherishing resources and
establishing a colorful mental life [1]. Desulfurization waste slag
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wangho@cc.kuas.edu.tw (H.-Y. Wang).
ated from the desulfurization process of molten iron in a blast fur-
nace with the help of a desulfurization agent in an integrated steel
company that uses iron ore as its main raw material. Currently, the
steel companies in Taiwan have an annual production capacity of
approximately 300,000 tons of desulfurization slag [2]. Desulfur-
ization slag (DS), a solid waste resulting from desulfurizing blast
furnace molten iron with a desulfurizer, is derived from integrated
steel plants using iron sand as their main raw material [2].

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.085
0950-0618/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
148 C.-L. Ho et al. / Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 147–157

Table 1
Desulfurization slag component analysis. Unit: %.

Materials Cement Slag Desulfurization slag

Physical properties
Specific gravity 3.15 2.89 2.38
Chemical content (%)
Al2O3 4.96 13.71 4.22
CaO 64.51 41.00 69.08
SiO2 20.22 35.47 9.93
Cr2O3 – – 0.08
MgO 2.33 6.60 2.33
P2 O5 – – 0.17
SO3 2.46 – 4.3
K2O – – 0.06
Na2O – – 0.14
f-CaO – – 0.95
Fe2O3 2.83 0.33 8.23
MnO – – 0.6
LOI 24 – –

Table 2 Fig. 1. Slump flow of slag cement mortar with desulfurization slag.
Materials physics basic properties.

Properties Specific Unit Weight (kg/ Water Absorption

gravity m3)
Fine aggregate 2.68 1865
Desulfurization 2.38 1009
slag
Although there are many ways to recycle desulfurization slag, only
the metallic iron derived from the early magnetic separation has
high reproducibility and value, while the pH (12.5) of the other
purified desulfurization slag is close to the corrosive industrial
waste standard [3]. The molten iron from blast furnace steelmak-
ing contains sulfur; when the molten iron is discharged to the tor-
pedo car, its sulfur should be removed by a desulfurizer. The
obtained slag is discharged out of the torpedo car and cooled to
form fine particles, called ‘‘desulfurization slag” [4]. Using an
appropriate portion of desulfurization slags in the replacement of
natural fine aggregates can reduce the construction time, improve
the efficiency and shorten the pending time for a testing run [5].
(%)
1.6 The desulfurization slag is a product of high melt, it is resistant
34 to high temperature and free from the effects of climate change,
and it is free of organic matter, polychlorinated biphenyl, peroxide,
cyanide, inflammables and halogen solvents. Since there is little
heavy metal dissolved out of it, desulfurization slag is highly safe.
Since the desulfurization slag contains a part of slag, after the mag-
netic separation, crushing and grinding processes, the slag can be
recovered, and the purity and utility value of desulfurization slag
are increased. In terms of the desulfurization slag recycling in Tai-
wan at present, the metal of the desulfurization slag component is
recovered as steelmaking material, as an agricultural soil amend-
ment, an earthwork backfill material and for replacing limestone
[6]. A study of the replacement of desulphurization slag for sand
to ready-mixed soil materials (RMSM) [7].
Current applications using recycled DS include ground improve-
ment, soil modification, earth backfill, and the substituent of CaCO3
for cement clinker manufacturing [8]. In recent years, desulfuriza-

Table 3
The Toxic Chemical Leaching Procedure (TCLP) of Desulfurization slag Unit: mg/L.

Properties Cr Cu Cd Pb Ba As Hg
Desulfurization slag 0.021083 0.007759 ND 0.045056 0.403827 ND 0.004795

Table 4
Mixing proportions Unit: kg/m3.

Specimens W/B Cement Slag Desulfurization slag Fine aggregate Water

OPC 0.5 541 – - 1488 271
S0 D10 135 1353
D20 269 1219
D40 539 950
S10 D0 487 50 – 1476 268
D10 134 1328
D20 267 1180
D40 533 943
S20 D0 433 99 – 1463 266
D10 146 1317
D20 293 1171
D40 585 878
S40 D0 330 202 – 1463 266
D10 132 1316
D20 265 1170
D40 529 943
 C.-L. Ho et al. / Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 147–157
tion slag has been reused to gradually replace the coarse and fine
aggregates in some concrete materials and the fine aggregate in
cement mortar [9–11].
The furnace slag is a form of oxide slag that develops at high tem-
perature. During the process of making pig iron in a steel plant, to
reduce the pig iron making temperature, additional limestone is
applied as the solvent for iron oxide reduction [12]. The Controlled
Low Strength Materials (CLSM) are mixed in industrial by-
products and applied to backfill underground lines. The steel slag
treated properly is applicable to CLSM. This study replaced the fine
aggregate with steel slag, and examined its properties [13]. The blast
furnace slag is cooled rapidly by water spray, the slag is split into
particles, which have potential bonding capacity and hydraulicity
and can replace cement, enhancing the durability of the cement
[14,15]. In the ground granulated blast furnace slag hydration mech-
anism, the artificial highly alkaline environment or addition of alkali
salt promotes hydration of the slag in water. The desulfurization slag
contains a great deal of CaO; it generates OH- in water, so that the pH
of CO2 is increased. Therefore, providing a highly alkaline environ-
ment directly contributes to the hydration of ground granulated
blast furnace slag [16]. When the ground granulated blast furnace
slag obtains hydraulicity after appropriate alkali salt excited hydra-
tion, the setting time may be too short, the probability of alkali-
silicate reaction is increased, and it is subject to weathering, contrac-
tion, micro cracks and large variation in strength. However, if the
active aggregate is less than 15% and the alkali activator is less than
5%, the alkali-silicate reaction can be avoided [17].
Fig. 2. Setting time of slag cement mortar with desulfurization slag.
149
There are two common desulfurizers, slaked lime-lime-based
and limestone-lime-based. The main constituents are CaCO3 and
CaO, while the other accessory constituents are fluorite and pow-
dered coke. The main constituents of molten iron and steel scrap
are the elements Al, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr and Fe. Therefore, the slag com-
ponent after the desulfurization by desulfurizer will be derived
from the oxides formed after the aforementioned elements are oxi-
dized [18]. As Taiwan’s engineering construction requires copious
natural materials, it follows naturally that the waste desulfuriza-
tion slag produced during the steelmaking process can provide
the pavement and fill materials [19]. If the desulfurization slag
can be recycled, there will be an economic benefit, and it is helpful
for the allocation of national resources.
The curing temperature conditions can influence the hydration
rate of the specimen and the expansion capacity. Under identical
conditions, in the same mix proportion of the same type of cement,
the specimen cured at high temperature has a high expansion
capacity over a short age. Studies have demonstrated that energy
efficiency measures such as thermal insulation retrofit are the
most cost-effective with respect to CO2 emissions, whereas other
measures, e.g., solar photovoltaics and wind energy are far less cost
effective [20–21]. Different alkali activation environments and
temperatures result in different setting times and workability
[22]. Kuo et al. indicated that heated catalysis can be used to check
volume stability and to estimate the durability of concrete with
fine aggregate replaced by different amounts of steel slag [9].
How to recycle waste is an important topic at present. However,
150 C.-L. Ho et al. / Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 147–157

Desulfurization slag (DS) often causes expansion or cracks in the
backfilled roads [23], and the steelmaking process produces a great
deal of desulfurization slag. Since DS may cause expansion of con-
crete, that should be verified, and prevention measures and possi-
ble solutions should be proposed [24].
2. Test program
2.1. Experiment material
1. The cement used in this study is ASTM C150 [25] I type cement,
with a fineness of 3800 cm2/g.
2. Slag powder, produced by China Steel Corporation, which is
subsequently pulverized by CHC Resources Corporation; its
properties meet the ASTM C 989-04 [26] requirement, and its
fineness is 4000 cm2/g.
3. Desulfurization slag is an industrial by-product of steel plants.
Desulfurization slag was passed through a #4 sieve.
4. The fine aggregate conforms to the natural sand size in ASTM
C778 [27] graded particle size.
Table 1 shows the physical-chemical analysis of the materials.
Table 2 shows the basic physical properties of the materials. Table 3
is the toxic chemical leaching procedure (TCLP) analysis sheet for
the desulfurization slag.
2.2. 2Test variables and mix proportions
The desulfurization slag and slag powder were used to design a
cement mortar mix and were proportioned by volumetric meth-
ods. The desulfurization slag (DS) replaces the natural fine aggre-
gate by D0, D10, D20 and D40%, respectively, and the slag
powder S0, S10, S20 and S40% replaces the cement bonding mate-
rial. The water-cement ratio (0.5) is fixed to prepare 5 cm3 square
specimens, which are cured in saturated limewater at normal tem-
perature and high temperature, and the properties are tested at the
ages of 3, 7, 28, 56 and 91 days. The specimen mix proportion unit
weight is shown in Table 4.
2.3. 3Test items and methods
The slump flow follows ASTM D6103 [28]; the average width of
the surface the mortar reaches is the flow. The setting time follows
ASTM C403 [29]. The compressive strength follows ASTM C39 [30].
The specimen is cured in the saturated limewater at normal temper-
ature and high temperature, and the compressive strength is tested

Fig. 3. Compressive strength of slag cement mortar with desulfurization slag in normal temperature curing.
 C.-L. Ho et al. / Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 147–157
at various ages. The ultrasonic velocity is measured according to
ASTM C597 [31]. The autoclave expansion is measured according
to ASTM C151 [32]. A 2.5 cm * 2.5 cm * 28.5 cm rectangular speci-
men is made and boiled by autoclave to measure its expansion
capacity at the age of 1 day. The sulfate attack is tested according
to ASTM C1012 [33]. One-day drying on Day 28 and one-day soaking
in sulfate is one cycle; there are five cycles used to observe the
weight loss and appearance change. For high temperature curing,
a 5 * 5 * 5 cm specimen is made, placed in the 75 °C saturated lime-
water curing tank and tested at different ages. A 2.5 * 2.5 * 28.5 cm
specimen is required for high temperature catalysis; the initial
lengths are measured by a length measuring instrument and are
compared after form removal. Subsequently, the specimen is put
in the constant temperature and humidity machine for a high tem-
perature (75 °C) and 7-day long test. The specimen is taken out every
24 h, and cooled to 23 °C uniformly within 15 min and then dried to
measure the length change and expansion capacity.
3. Experimental results and analysis
3.1. Slump flow
Fig. 1 shows the results of the slump flow test as desulfurization
slag is added to the cement mortar with slag powder. The slump
Fig. 4. Compressive strength of slag cement mortar with desulfurization slag in high temperature curing.
151
flow should be 110 ± 5% according to the 7 – ASTM C143 15 stan-
dard [34], and the flow of the control group is 120%; the desulfur-
ization slag addition level and different slag powder replacements
(S10, S20 and S40%) are higher than the control group by approx-
imately 16.67%, so the slump flow increases with the desulfuriza-
tion slag replacement. It is a mix proportion of high workability.
When the replacement rate of slag powder is S = 40%, the slump
flow will be approximately 50–57% of its value at replacement rate
S0. When the replacement rate of desulfurization slag is fixed, the
slump flow will decrease as the replacement rate of slag powder
increases. In conclusion, the workability of the cement mortar will
improve when desulfurization slag is used to replace fine
aggregate.
3.2. Setting time
When no desulfurization slag or furnace slag is added (D0 and
S0), the initial setting time and final setting time are 170 min
and 273 min, respectively, as shown in Fig. 2. When the desulfur-
ization slag replacement without slag powder (S0) is 0–40%, the
setting time is 349–403 min, which is longer than that of the con-
trol group by 27.8–47.6%. When the replacement rate of desulfur-
ization slag is 40%, the initial setting time and final setting time
will be approximately 130–158% and 111–148% of the values
152 C.-L. Ho et al. / Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 147–157
observed in D0, respectively. The setting time extends with the
addition of slag powder, and the engineering properties are better.
3.3. Compressive strength
(1) Normal temperature curing condition
Fig. 3 shows that the compressive strength of the slag powder
cement mortar with desulfurization slag increases with age. Dur-
ing normal temperature curing, the compressive strength of S0
with varying desulfurization slag addition levels (0–40%) is 33.3–
46.9 MPa at the age of 28 days, meaning the compressive strength
decreases with the desulfurization slag addition level and that of
the mix proportion of desulfurization slag maximum addition level
40% is lower than the control group a factor of 1.41. At the curing
age of 91 days, the compressive strength of desulfurization slag (D)
10% and slag powder addition levels of 0, 10, 20 and 40% are
49.7 MPa, 50.0 MPa, 51.7 MPa and 53.5 MPa, respectively, meaning
the compressive strength increases with the slag powder. The com-
pressive strength of D 40% and different slag powder additions at
the curing age of 91 days are 106.2, 106.2, 110.6 and 101.1% of con-
trol group, respectively; and the compressive strength increases
apparently at late ages when the slag powder is added.
(2) High temperature curing condition
Fig. 4 show that the high temperature curing reaches a high
compressive strength at a short age. The compressive strength of
slag powder addition levels (S0, S10, S20 and S40%) under high tem-
Fig. 5. Ultrasonic pulse velocity of slag cement mortar with desulfurization slag in normal temperature curing.
perature curing during the ages of 7 days to 28 days is increased by
10.9, 16.3, 12.8 and 14.1%, respectively. The compressive strength
increases apparently with the slag powder addition level. At the
curing age of 3 days, the mix proportion of D 40% is 2.4 times lower
than the control group, and the mix proportion of slag powder
replacement 40% is 1.12 times higher than the control group, mean-
ing the compressive strength decreases as the desulfurization slag
increases, but the compressive strength increases with the slag
powder content. The compressive strength of desulfurization slag
replacement at 40% and different slag powder contents increases
slowly after 7 days of high temperature curing.
3.4. Ultrasonic velocity
Fig. 5 shows that the ultrasonic pulse velocity of the desulfur-
ization slag cement mortar (0–40%) without slag powder (S0) after
normal temperature curing is 3928–3555 (m/s), the desulfuriza-
tion slag of maximum replacement 40% is lower than the control
group by approximately 1.1 times. Fig. 6 shows that the ultrasonic
pulse velocities of the cement mortar with desulfurization slag
replacements 0, 10, 20 and 40% after high temperature curing are
3993, 3777, 3591 and 3238 (m/s), respectively, and the mix pro-
portion of maximum desulfurization slag replacement 40% and
S0 is lower than the control group by 755 (m/s) (1.22 times), mean-
ing the ultrasonic pulse velocity increases with age. The ultrasonic
pulse velocity after high temperature curing is higher than that fol-
lowing normal temperature curing at a short age.
 C.-L. Ho et al. / Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 147–157
Fig. 6. Ultrasonic pulse velocity of slag cements mortar with desulfurization slag in normal temperature curing.
3.5. Sulfate attack
Fig. 7 shows the desulfurization slag cement mortar, and the sul-
fate attack weight loss rate of the control group after 5 cycles is 7.5
times. The weight loss rate is increased by 7.91 times on average
after 5 cycles of desulfurization slag replacements at 10, 20 and
40%. It may be because there are cracks in the surface after soaking,
and then the sodium sulfate crystals fill up the cracks so that the
spalling area is enlarged after the specimen is soaked again, and
the weight loss rate is increased. The loss rate of various replace-
ments of slag powder (S0, S10, S20 and S40%) is reduced by 1.39
times, therefore the loss rate decreases as the slag powder replace-
ment increases. The loss rate of various replacement groups is the
most significant in the first cycle, and the mix proportion with desul-
furization slag has a higher loss rate, meaning the addition of desul-
furization slag increases the pores; the soaking specimen is likely to
generate sodium sulfate crystals, causing surface spalling.
3.6. Autoclaves
Fig. 8 shows the expansion response of mortar in order of slag
contents of 10, 20 and 40%. The expansion responses of the cement
mortar without slag powder and with desulfurization slag replace-
ments of 0, 10 and 20% are 0.0133, 0.0210 and 0.0392%, respec-
tively. When the slag powder addition level is 40%, the expansion
response is lower than that observed in the control group by
153
0.0026%. In the case of D 40%, the mix proportions S0% and S10%
have a high expansion response, and the specimen is broken and
fails to be measured. The expansion response increases relatively
with the desulfurization slag addition level, but the addition of slag
powder can reduce the expansion response effectively.
3.7. High temperature catalysis
Figs. 9–12 show that after high temperature catalysis, the
expansion response of the desulfurization slag cement mortar
increases with curing time. Following the high temperature curing
age of 1 day, the expansion response of the desulfurization slag
cement mortar is 0.0071–0.0151%; thus, the expansion response
increases with curing time. Fig. 9 shows that the expansion
response of the desulfurization slag cement mortar without slag
powder (S0) is increased by 0.0240–0.0331% (2.06–3.38 times) at
a high temperature curing age of 7 days, and the specimen expan-
sion response increases with curing age and desulfurization slag
addition level. Fig. 10 shows that in the case of S10%, at the high
temperature curing age of 7 days, the expansion response of the
desulfurization slag cement mortar increases with the desulfuriza-
tion slag addition level and decreases as the slag powder increases.
Figs. 11 and 12 show that for S20% and S40%, the trends of expan-
sion response after high temperature catalysis are identical with
S10%. Taking S40% as an example, the expansion responses of the
cement mortar with desulfurization slag replacements 10, 20 and
154 C.-L. Ho et al. / Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 147–157

Fig. 7. Weight loss rate of slag cement mortar with desulfurization slag under sulfate attack.

Fig. 8. Autoclave expansion ratio of slag cement mortar with desulfurization slag.
 C.-L. Ho et al. / Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 147–157 155

Fig. 9. Expansion response of slag cement mortar with desulfurization slag (S0) after high temperature catalysis on Day 7 of curing.

Fig. 10. Expansion response of slag cement mortar with desulfurization slag (S10) after high temperature catalysis on Day 7 of curing.

40% are 1.13 times, 1.65 times and 2.17 times that of the control
group, respectively. The addition of slag powder can inhibit the
expansion capacity of desulfurization slag. It is noteworthy that
the expansion responses of all mix proportions have not exceeded
the safe expansion response (0.06%).
4. Conclusion
1. When the desulfurization slag is applied to the slag powder
cement mortar, the slump flow increases with the slag powder
addition level, and the setting time extends relatively; the set-
ting time increases with the desulfurization slag.
2. At the normal temperature curing age of 28 days, the compres-
sive strength decreases as the desulfurization slag addition level
increases, and it increases with the slag powder. The compres-
sive strength of the mix proportion at the desulfurization slag
maximum addition level of 40% is lower than that of the control
group by 1.41 times. The high temperature curing reaches a
high compressive strength at a short age
3. The compressive strength of desulfurization slag replacement at
40% and different slag powder contents increases slowly after
7 days of high temperature curing.
4. The growth trend of the ultrasonic pulse velocity is relatively
apparent at an early age, and it increases with age. The sulfate
attack weight loss rate of the control group is increased by 7.5
times after 5 cycles, the desulfurization slag replacement is
increased by approximately 7.91 times; and the weight loss rate
decreases as the slag powder replacement increases.
5. The mix proportions of D40% and slag powder 0% and 10% have
a high expansion response; the specimen is broken and cannot
be measured. The expansion response increases relatively with
the desulfurization slag addition level.
156 C.-L. Ho et al. / Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 147–157

Fig. 11. Expansion response of slag cement mortar with desulfurization slag (S20) after high temperature catalysis on Day 7 of curing.

Fig. 12. Expansion response of slag cement mortar with desulfurization slag (S40) after high temperature catalysis on Day 7 of curing.

6. After the high temperature catalysis, the expansion capacity of
the specimen increases with age and desulfurization slag. The
addition of slag can inhibit the expansion capacity of desulfur-
ization slag, and the expansion responses have not exceeded the
safe expansion coefficient (0.06%).
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