SOLUTIONS

SOLUBILITY OF SOLUTE IN Affected by the following

factors:
THE SOLVENT
1. Nature of solute
Refers to the amount of 2. Nature of solvent
solute which will make a 3. Temperature
saturated solution in a given 4. Pressure
amount of solvent at a
specified temperature.
NATURE WITH SOLUTE
Solutes may be soluble,
slightly soluble or insoluble

NATURE OF SOLVENT
 TEMPERATURE
The solubility of a solid
in water increases with
an increase in
temperature.

Gas solubility decreases

as the temperature
increases.

PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Concentration of Solutions
MOLARITY (M): Number of moles (mol) of solute per liter of solution

MOLALITY (m): Number of moles (mol) of solute per kilogram of

solvent

NORMALITY (N): Term of concentration based on the ability of some

substances to release hydrogen or hydroxide ions in solution.
SAMPLE PROBLEM

1.What is the molarity of a 500mL solution containing 23.4

grams of KCl?

2.What is the normality of a 1-L solution containing 46.3 g

Ca(OH)2?
 DIFFENTIATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS

TESTS TO DIFFERENTIATE ORGANIC FROM INORGANIC

COMPOUNDS
IGNITION TEST

1. Flammability

2. Charring

SOLUBILITY TEST

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Summary of Differences of Organic and Inorganic
Compounds
 CLASSES OF COMPOUNDS
ACIDS . BASES . SALTS

Theories on Acids and Bases

ACIDS, BASES, SALTS

Acids in solution break up into hydrogen ions and
anions; hydrogen ion combines with water forming the
hydronium ion.
Bases in solution form hydroxyl ions and cations.
Salts are ionic compounds produced by reacting an acid
with a base or occurring as a natural mineral.

pH Indicators
Solution of acids and bases are differentiated by their
color reactions to indicators. The indicators commonly
used are litmus paper, phenolphthalein and methyl
orange.
 Acid-Base Titration
Titration is the process of
determining the volume of a
standard solution that will react
completely with a given weight
or volume of a sample.
Acid-base titration involves the
measurement of the volume of
acid and base that will
completely neutralize each
other.
Point of equivalence: end-point
of titration, can be determined
by the use of an indicator which
changes color at the end point.

SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Identify the concentration of NaOH if it takes 11.6 mL of
3.0M H2SO4 to neutralize 25mL of it?
2.If it requires 75.0 mL of a 0.5M NaOH to neutralize 165.0 mL
of HCl, what is the concentration of the HCl solution?

1.

2.
electrolytes
Electrolytes are compounds whose solutions in water
or whose molten are capable of conducting
electricity. Acids, bases and salts are considered
electrolytes.
Electrolytes that are completely ionized are called
strong electrolytes and are very good electrical
conductors.
Solutions that contain mostly covalent molecules are
poor conductors of electricity and called weak
electrolytes.
Nonconductors are compounds whose water solution
does not conduct electricity.