Handmade paper from waste banana fibre [ CITATION Ara18 \l 1033 ], this study aimed to create

handmade paper out of extracted banana fiber (EBF) and waste banana fiber (WBF) to accumulate a
substantial amount of wastes from the extracted banana fibers in Bangladesh. The researchers
characterized the scrap from banana fiber extraction in terms of chemical and morphological properties.
Subsequently, compared it with extracted banana fiber (EBF) from the same banana fiber extraction
plant. Researchers collected the local banana fiber extraction and sun-dried. They cut the EBF to 2-3 cm
in length. The measurement of EBF and WBF were macerated in a solution containing 1:1 HNO3 and
KClO3. A drop of the macerated sample was taken on a slide and fiber length was measured under a
digital microscope. The pulping process of EBF and WBF was carried out in an electrically heated open
digester with a constant stirring device. The strength of EBF and WBF pulps was obtained under optimum
conditions and determined in an unbeaten state. The paper sheets were tested for tensile, burst, and tear
strength. The tensile, burst and tear indices of WBF were 23.7 N.m/g, 2.2 kPa.m²/g and 5.0
mN.m²/g, respectively; these values meet the requirement for handmade paper. Study
shows that it is possible to produce handmade paper from WBF and EBF.

Production of paper from rose wastes [ CITATION Bek19 \l 1033 ] , this study investigated the
used of lignocellulosic waste from the rose oil industry in paper production. Paper pulp was obtained from
rose pulps by delignification with sodium chloride and soda method. The researchers tested the paper
according to the tear strength, burst index, and optical properties, such as brightness, whiteness,
yellowness, and opacity. The pulp obtained with NaClO2 has the desired degree of whiteness. However,
the intense chemical effect that exposes to the rose pulp during bleaching caused degradation of
cellulose fibers. It was determined that sodium hydroxide, used at a rate of 15%, damages the cellulose
fibers in rose flowers. In the rose pulp obtained with the soda method, it was shown that it is not suitable
for paper production. The third method produced a desirable result, it used a 100% waste rose pulp, it
was mixed with 50-60-70-80-90% waste paper pulp. The study showed that rose pulp has potential in
paper production. However, the processes must be optimized to avoid damaging the fibers.

Oil palm leaf fibre and its suitability for paper-based products [ CITATION Kas16 \l 1033 ] This
study investigated the potential usage and sustainability of oil palm leaf (OPL) fibers in producing paper-
based products through chemical, morphological, and mechanical characterizations. The researchers
gathered fresh OPL and cut it into 2 – 5 cm long. The chopped OPL were washed using tap water to
eliminate contaminants and air-dried. For chemical analysis, the air-dried samples were crushed. Then,
the chemical compositions of OPL were performed according to TAPPI standard method. For the pulping
process, the 400 g of chopped OPL was cooked at 170 degrees Celsius, with a heating rate of 1-degree
Celsius /min. Based on their analyses, OPL can be a potential material in pulp and paper-based
industries. The chemical analysis shows, cellulose content of OPL (43.8%) is within the acceptable range
of the published non-wood resource, sisal (43 - 55%). In addition, OPL also contains slow lignin content
than hardwood resources (18 - 25%) which is favorable for the pulping process. Additionally, the
morphological property of OPL has short fibers length which, contributes to a denser sheet production
and high uniformed paper structure with smooth paper surface and superior printing properties. Lastly, the
mechanical property of OPL is considered good compared to other non-woods and hence it is suitable for
pulp and paper-based industries.
 Alternative raw materials and their effect on pulp dewatering and paper properties [ CITATION
Nec11 \l 1033 ] This study aimed to assess the application of different hydrophobic and hydrophilic,
fibrous, and/or non-fibrous materials and rejects originating from the production of cooperating bio-based
industries, in papermaking pulp. The researchers used apple pulp, beer fines, beetroot pieces, citrus pulp,
Betacal, deinking sludge, onion skins, and sawdust as unconventional alternative additives. The
experiment was accomplished in two series. The first set investigated the influence of additives on pulp
dewatering, the second looked at their effect on paper properties. To determine what effect the addition of
bio-based additives in different ratios had on pulp dewatering, a wide range of dewatering apparatus was
used. When the researchers were analyzing the influence of alternative additives on paper properties, it
was noticed that all of the applied materials reduced paper strength properties. The lowest strength
decrease was obtained with beetroot pieces; using beetroot pulp achieved a similar strength to the
reference pulps. According to the conducted tests, pulp dewatering could be improved by the application
of sawdust C320. Results for the other substances such as sawdust C100, onion skins, deinking sludge,
citrus pulp, apple pulp, and beer fines suggest they may improve the pulp dewatering ability; however,
this was not clearly shown by all test methods. In these experiments, it concludes that in order to make
these alternative materials more suitable for papermaking, correct pre-treatment to alter their size, shape,
and surface character is required.

Coconut Husk, a Lignocellulosic Biomass, as a Promising Engineering Material for Non-wood

Paper Production[ CITATION Jee21 \l 1033 ]. This paper assesses the feasibility of manufacturing
biodegradable, writable, and eco-friendly papers from waste coconut husk, which is low-cost and locally
available biomass. The properties of the paper were evaluated through physical and mechanical tests.
The researchers used coconut husks and shredded waste papers as their potent materials. The waste
husk fibers were cut in sizes of 2 to 3 cm and were allowed in an industrial oven at 60°C for 72 hours to
eliminate any moisture present. Extraction of coconut cellulosic fibers was successfully achieved via Kraft
pulping process which resulted in satisfactory results in terms of thickness, tensile strength, abrasion loss,
and resistance along with burst indexes. However, some strength properties notably the mean tensile
index was found to be lower than that exhibited by the standard test paper. Hence, mechanical and
physical attributes of the composite samples produced can be improved by increased refining as well as
subjecting the pulp to substances such as sizing agents to achieve sought products depicting the specific
properties required. This study showed that coconut husk can be considered as a raw material that can
be employed in the pulp and paperboard industry.
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