ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our subject teacher Ar. Arjun Basnet for
his valuable guidance throughout this project. We would also like to thank our friends for giving
us their opinions to better our project and for supporting us.
The completion of this project could not have been possible without the participation and assistance
of so many people whose names may not all be enumerated. Their contribution is sincerely
appreciated and gratefully acknowledged
1. CASE STUDIES
1.1 SIDDHI POLYCLINIC BUILDING
Siddhi polyclinic is one of the first Platinum LEED
attempted buildings in Nepal. It is situated at Dillibazar
in Kathmandu. It was designed by Architect Bibhuti
Man Singh who has successfully translated Dr. Iswar
Lal Shrestha’s overarching vision. The building’s
dynamic design form and use of out-of-the-ordinary
materials strongly reflects a belief and desire
to prioritize concern for sustainability and green design
in Nepal.
It is a four-storey complex with an area of 645 square
meters. This building was a restoration of an older
building that was partly demolished, the original
structural framework was reused for the new structure
with additional retrofitting. The front elevation material Figure 1: Siddhi Polyclinic
palette consists largely of a domical glass structure. Ar.
Bibhuti Man Singh explains that the design concept has a scientific function along with a well-
fitted, high tech and futuristic appearance. The domical structure was conceived to work as an
atrium assisting in thermal displacement and ventilation (Manandhar, 2017).
1.1.1 Planning and Design

Figure 2: Section of the Building

1
With structural planning given absolute priority, the steel framework, closely integrated to the
RCC framework of the existing building, creates an interesting interior condition in which the full
space is closely and efficiently planned. The entrance canopy on first floor is a stunning cantilever
of the domical atrium structure and above it leads to the reception area. The atrium spaces on the
first and second floors are accessible from an intricately designed, open metal staircase on the right
side of the building and functional spaces all accessible from the central space (Manandhar, 2017).

Figure 3: Metal Staircase Figure 4: Waiting Area

An extension of the steel framework serves as a waiting area for visitors. This double-glazed dome
offers an open, well-lit area that is calibrated for maximum daylight and manifold functions in
each floor. The designed spaces demonstrate increased functionality through accommodation of
large groups of facilities, flexibility through use of lightweight partitions and accessibility as well
as transparency providing direct and indirect connections to allotted spaces. Transparent glass
facades along the interior walls allow views of the interior as well as interaction. The subtle and
clean design elements are captivating; the well-lit, ventilated areas enhance the aura of the soothing
interior (Manandhar, 2017).
Passive design techniques were used by appropriately planning the openings. Double glazed
window were used on the domical structure for sunlight and good insulation. Expressive facade
treatment on the exterior with semicircular horizontal panels appear to envelope the entire building
to shade the building from excessive sunlight (Manandhar, 2017).

Figure 5: well-lit atrium Figure 6: well-lit interior

2
1.1.2 Technology
In addition to the atrium, a turbine ventilator
is placed on the roof to facilitate ventilation.
As hot air escape from the turbine, it exerts a
backward thrust on the vanes and sets them in
a rotational movement. And, that rotation
creates a suction which puts more hot air from
the room into the turbine. High albedo
material covers the major part of the roof; the
rest of the roof is green roofing (Manandhar,
2017). High albedo materials are highly
reflective and light colours which save cooling
energy use by directly reducing heat gain
through building envelope. It also assists in
lowering urban air temperature. Provisions for
floor vents are made for additional cooling.
However, Air Conditioners are also assigned Figure 1: top of the atrium
in case of excessive heating.

The considerations addressed by the Siddhi Polyclinic Health Service and Path Lab for aimed
LEED Certification were:
1. Site Selection
Already existing building was selected as a site for clinic which has saved the energy,
carbon footprint and cost than newly constructed building.
2. Development Density and Community Connectivity
This clinic was located on dense residential and commercial area which shows the
connection with the neighbourhood.
3. Alternative Transportation Provision
This clinic was in close proximity of the community hence people can reach by cycle or
walk which minimizes automobiles.
4. Storm Water Management
5. Heat Island Effect
6. Water Efficiency
7. Energy and Atmosphere
8. Materials and Resources
Materials were reused from existing building. Additionally, materials that were locally
available and manufactured were used.

3
 9. Indoor Environment Quality
Proper ventilation, sunlight and thermal comfort is provided for indoor environment
quality.
10. Innovation in Design categories
However, it has not acquired Platinum certification yet.
1.1.3 Conclusion
Siddhi Polyclicnic building is one of the first energy-efficient step toward green design in Nepal.
The use of characteristic atrium dome was designed for optimum sunlight and temperature
management. Green roof was designed to moderate indoor temperatures and increase energy
efficiency. New structure that incorporates the framework of an already-existing building and one
that works with nature to ensure as much energy efficiency as possible, the building is certainly an
exemplar of leadership in energy and environment design in Nepal (“SPACES Nepal JAN 2015 |
Vebuka.com,” 2015). It has set a precedent for others to follow.

1.2 TERI RETREAT

1.2.1 Objectives
 To study passive solar design techniques through design
 To study green material and technologies
Renewable energy is seen as an effective option for ensuring access to modern energy services in
our vast country. Local and regional environmental problems associated with the generation of
conventional energy have provided a strong argument for enhancing the role of renewable energy
within the broad energy development plans of the country.

Figure 8: 3D Block of the Retreat

4
With this in mind TERI developed this complex at Gual Pahari, Gurgaon, as an example of
sustainable habitat ("RETREAT, a model of sustainable habitat", 2021).

1.2.2 Introduction
TERI is a leading Indian Non-government organization conducting research and analysis in the
genres of energy environment, and sustainable development. TERI stands for The Energy and
Resources Institute which conceived GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment).

The Gual Pahari retreat is situated 30 km south of Delhi, at Gurgaon, Haryana, covering an area
of 2 acres of beautifully landscaped surroundings. When TERI bought the land, it was totally rocky
and devoid of any vegetation. Intense plantation activities were undertaken by scientists and
researchers for improving the fertility of the land and today it is covered with lush green forests
and gardens full of beautiful flowers. Amidst this greenery and beauty lies the RETREAT - for the
resource-efficient TERI retreat for environmental awareness and training - a model of sustainable
habitat.

TERI has successfully built this habitat, which integrates various forms of renewable energy
sources and is an ideal example for architects, builders, and others for the promotion of renewable
energy technologies in the country.

This climate-responsive building is intended to serve as a model sustainable habitat, based on new
and clean technologies. During construction the following points were kept in mind.

 The sun is a clean, abundant, and free source of energy.

 Underground cellars are cooler in summer and warmer in winters.
 Deciduous trees shed their leaves in winter.
 Micro-organisms can feed on waste water and thus help purify it.
All this has been incorporated while building this resort and this has cut down the electricity
requirements of the facility by about 60%. The technology employed at the facility, incorporates
the following features.

 It is warm in winter and cool in summer.

 Well-lit all the year round.
 Set amidst a lush green landscape.

5
 Marginally dependent on grid-fed electricity.

Figure 9: Programs and Techniques introduced into the buildings

The retreat has been successful in integrating functionality with energy applications and most of
the electric energy demands are meet with the use renewable resources. The buildings also provide
settings to showcase the concept of modern green buildings. The building has been designed with
incorporation of passive techniques to minimize the energy consumption. Therefore, through
architectural intervention, the energy demand in the building is minimized. While designing,
sustainability being the backbone of the design concept, passive solar architecture and low energy
cooling systems are introduced as much as possible to make it user and environment friendly. The
main focus is on the five key environmental aspects; energy, resources, waste, indoor air and
landscaping.

The four storeyed masonry structure is the blend of both stone cladding and glazing with the north
block made slightly concave towards the front while south block forms a hybrid convex surface
facing the winter sun. On doing so, both the blocks receive sunlight with orienting the building
along east west axis. The south side of the south block is partially sunk into the ground to reduce
heat gain and losses. Glare free daylight are also introduced into the blocks through specially
designed skylights.

6
1.2.3 Passive Techniques
Blocks are also oriented such that building itself redirects the wind path. Some passive strategies
used are summarized below:

 Air Flow

The predominant wind

direction is taken into account
in designing the open spaces.
With the building orientation
itself, and also the central
atrium acts as an air funnel
defined by the other buildings.

Figure 10: Air flow inside the building

The central atrium is also proposed to be covered withan automatic adjustable louvers system due
to which the building can have proper natural ventilation as per requirement reducing the
dependency on air coolers inside the building.

 Lighting
Through the maximum use of passive solar design, natural light has been introduced into the
building. The practice of efficient double glazing window units allows maximum sunlight while
avoiding more heat gain and also the shading devices and fenestration have been designed such to
cut off summer sun and let in winter sun. The use of light sensors regulates the use of artificial
lighting in the interior, which is another design strategy of the project. This kind of lighting system
has a potential of saving 70% lighting energy demand.

 Building Materials
The waste materials have been used in the buildings
which are green materials. The roof is inslated with
vermiculite concrete with a china mosaic white finish.
Vermiculite concrete is made up of waste aggregate, fly
ash and water and a good thermal and acoustic insulation.

Figure 11: Vermiculite concrete

7
  Solar water heater

Figure 12: Solar water heater

The retreat takes full advantage of the abundant solar energy and has used innovative ways to tap
this energy by installing 24 solar water heaters to provide 2000 litres of hot water to the living
quarters. Photovoltaic panels help capture solar energy and store it in a bank of batteries, which is
the main source of power at night. Individual panels, power lights outside the building. Even the
water pump is powered by solar panels.

 The biomass gasifier

During the day, the building is powered by a biomass
gasifier, which is fed by firewood, twigs, branches, and
crop stubble from the campus itself. In conventional
devices that burn firewood directly, a large part of the
energy is lost. In a biomass gasifier this wood is burnt
twice as efficiently. Any surplus energy that is generated
is used to recharge the battery bank. This battery bank is
thus served by two sources of power, namely the Figure 13: Schematic diagram of biomass gasifier
photovoltaic panels and the gasifier.

8
  The underground earth tunnels
The temperature in the living area is maintained at a comfortable 20° C to 30° C throughout the
year, without the use of an air conditioner. The concept is based on the observation that
underground cellars are naturally cooler in summers and warmer in winters. In ancient and
medieval India, a similar concept was applied in the construction of buildings such as that seen in
the Red Fort at Delhi. To circulate the air in the living area, each room has been fitted with a ‘solar
chimney’ and the warm air rises and escapes through this chimney creating an air current. Cool air
from the underground tunnels, helped by two blowers fitted in the tunnels, rush in to replace the
warm air. In winter, the cold air in the rooms is replaced by warm air from the tunnels.

Figure 14: EAT and Solar chimney

 Wastewater-recycling
At this complex, a novel method to recycle
waste water for irrigation has been
introduced. Sewage is collected in a settling
tank and the sludge settles at the bottom and
a part of the waste is decomposed at this
stage by microbes. Next, the water passes
through a bed of soil that also has some
reeds, that adapt well to water logged
conditions. The roots of these plants act as
Figure 15: Water collecting system
a filter, removing and absorbing many of
9
the toxic substances from the waste water. The water that comes out at this stage is of irrigation
quality or even for bathing purposes.

The complex has modern methods to harvest and store rainwater and ensures effective
conservation of water. Efficient flushing systems, aerated taps that deliver water at preset rates, a
centralized laundry and other amenities are also provided.

A great deal of thought and planning has gone into the construction of this complex at Gual Pahari.
It is a concrete reaffirmation of TERI’s faith in its research and of its commitment to sustainable
development.

Inferences
 Native plants can be the potential for sewage treatment
 To study the ways of building orientation and layout in the site with the landscaping.

10
1.3 THE G TOWER (A SUSTAINABLE TOWER)
1.3.1 General information
Location: 199 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur,
Willayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Architect: BEP Akitek Sdn Bhd The Arhitectural Network
Client: Goldis Tower Sdn Bhd
Project Type: Office and Hotel
Date Completed: June 2006

The G tower is a 30-storey building with a total land area of 2000 sq.m.
with a networking concept incorporating an office space, a members-only
private club and a hotel call aptly, The G club Hotel, is the first fully
certified green building. Given the Green Mark Gold Rating by standards
of the Singapore,s Building and Construction Authority(BCA).
Being strategically located at the crossroads of Jalan Tun Razak and Jlan
Ampang in kuala Lumpur, the building encompasses a 180-room 5 star
hotel, 112 CEO Duplex office suites and a club was designed by BEP
Akitek.

11
1.3.2 Concept

1.3.3 Sustainable Design

The building has been certified by the Singapore Government’s Building and Construction Authority
with the GREEN MARK GOLD certification which acknowledged that G tower has incorporated the
following Green Building Technologies (GBTs) to improve:
 Energy efficiency
 Water efficiency
 Indoor environmental quality and environmental management
 Green planting throughout the building to improve the air quality
 Energy efficient chilled water air-con centralized air conditioning

12
  Low e-glass for lower heat transmission
 Environmentally-friendly materials used throughout the building
Energy Efficiency
To increase the overall energy efficiency, the air conditioning which consumes the largest amount of
energy has been replaced to operate at low system efficiency,
Motion and photo sensors have also been added which promote a reduction in energy consumption
from lighting in various facilities when not in use.

The use of greenery in landscaping, green roof can assist in alleviating urban heat islands through
shading and evaporative cooling.

13
Water Efficiency
As an initiative to reduce water consumption, water efficient fittings were installed so that facility staff
can monitor daily water usage and detect any leakage occurring in the building. Rain water harvesting
system has also been implemented for irrigating the landscape and vertical greening areas.

Project Management
An estimate of more than 30% of construction materials suc as carpet, landscape draining cells, external
wood decking, and kitchen cabinets are of recycled contents as an environmental friendly approach.

14
The Bridge Bar
The bridge bas is the crucial part of the building’s commitment to being green. The management of G
tower wanted to show that even a carefree drinking joint could also echo green themes by using
materials with recycled contents to decorate the interior and atmosphere of the bar.

15
Indoor Environamental Quality And Protection

Provisions for Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) monitoring systems which BMS to
circulate sir inside the building to provide better indoor air quality. The use of low VOC paint helps
prevent from getting exposed to chemical particles.
Indoor Environment Quality Implementation
1. Providing Carbon Monoxide monitoring systems at basement car parks.
 To ensure toxic fumes are removed regularly
2. Carbon Dioxide sensors are available at all AHUs
3. Fluorescent luminaries’ c/w high frequency ballast
4. Use of VOC paint and wallpaper.
5. Provision for Refrigerant leak detection system

1.3.4 Sustainable Design Features

The bridge bar
Ensconced in the 28th floor of the G tower Building the feeling of a private homes pervades the stylishly
décor of a Bridge Bar. The outlet showcases and profile something as frivolous as a drinking outlet
could echo a commitment to ‘going green’ both in theme and décor.

16
The Element Gym
An ecofriendly gym that incorporate the principles of green living in its fitness regime.

Eco Friendly Infinity Pool

 Heated infinity pool with salted water
 Salt chlorinators are used in this swimming pool to minimize the usage of chemicals
 Thus, this will improve the water quality and good environmental impact.

Temperature and Climate data

Malaysia is located in the equatorial region and has a
tropical rainforest climate which causes it to remain
hot and humid throughout the year. It experiences two
types of climates which are rainy season (mid-
November to March) and dry season (May to
September). However, the temperature in Malaysia
varies a little from season to season since it is close to
the equator.
The average annual temperature of Malaysia ranges
between 24°C to 33°C. During the rainy season, the
average rainfall throughout the year is 217.5mm and
November is the highest rainfall month. The humidity
in Malaysia is very high. The relative humidity varies
from a low 80% in January to a high of 85% in
October. For the average daily sunshine hours in Malaysia, the daily sunshine hours are about eight
hours in the dry season and range from six to seven hours throughout the rainy season.

17
Building Orientation on Site
The orientation of building plays important role in
manipulating indoor temperature. The front
facade of G Tower is defined by the site and main
road access. According to the map, the main
entrance of G Tower is supposed to face to south-
east direction. However, the building orientation
has been adjusted to east of northeast by adding a
path to allow the car access.
The front facade of G Tower is subtracted as
shown in diagram below to minimize the total
amount of morning sunlight penetrate into the Figure 1: geometric subtraction
building. While simultaneously it also provides
shadings to the users and achieve thermal comfort.
The front façade has replaced with vertical garden.
Vertical garden has similar function as green roof. It
undergoes photosynthesis, which required sunlight,
and releases oxygen to cooler the surrounding
temperature. Hence, the heat energy does not transfer
into the interior spaces of G Tower.
Heat flow occurs when there is a difference in
temperature between the interior and exterior of G
Tower. The greater the difference between the outside
and inside temperature, the greater the heat flow,
especially through windows using ordinary single
glazing. In Malaysia, which usually has a hot weather
needs to consider glazing technologies that
dramatically improve the insulation performance of
the window and improve its energy efficiency
performance. Low E glass and Insulated Glazing Figure 2: vertical greenery in the front facade
referred to double glazing that can be used individually
or combined to provide outstanding insulation
performance.

18
 Figure 3: use of glass in G-tower

In G Tower, double glazed glass is where it assists in keeping air conditioned spaces cooler for
longer time, cutting down on energy bills and improving comfort. Double glazed glass consists of
two panes of glass with a gap in the middle which enable sunlight to be reflected back to the
surroundings. The two pieces of glass and an insulated frame are sealed together as one unit. The
gap in the middle is usually a vacuum and sealed tight.

Figure 4: double glazing glass cross section

The main facades of the G Tower consist of glass, there is a large area of the exterior will be shined
with direct sunlight. The cons to this is that glazed façade allows solar radiation to go through the
glass facades into the building and then trap the heat energy indoor causing the interior to be heated
up. G Tower uses low-e glasses for the glass facades because the solar rays pass through the glasses
as short wave (radiation) and goes through the glass to be absorbed by the interior of the building.

19

Figure 5: heat transmission in double glazing window
Most of the longer wave heat energy is reflected back into
the surrounding by the low-e glass filtering out most of
the heat wave and reduce the increased of heat indoors.
The combination of both of low-e glass and insulated
glazing can ensure a better heat insulation for the building
improving the thermal comfort of G Tower. The glass can
reduce heat loss up to 50% of the heat radiation that
passes through the double glazed glass. The double layers
of glass help to reduce noises from the external too. This
type of glass increases security and protection for
building because there are double layers which means
double protection.

1.3.5 Conclusion
G- Tower being first building to receive gold class on BCA green mark in Malaysia with its
multiple green features aiming towards an ecofriendly building in the center of the concrete jungle.
It is designed for environmental efficiency with the use of motion sensor, energy efficient, water
usage monitoring system and rain water harvesting technology, G-tower stands as highly
intelligent yet eco-friendly building. Facade composed mostly of double glazed glass to maintain
cool temperature in interior while allowing sunlight to brighten the interior. It focuses in
minimizing sun radiations by north east orientation vertical greenery and subtraction surface area
in elevation.
Hence, it Focuses on five pillars of green construction: energy efficiency, water efficiency,
environmental protection, indoor environmental quality and innovation in green features.

20
2. CASE STUDIES
2.1 Process of Planning
The site lying in the core of the city demands for the green refreshment area. Idea of green café so as
to sustain the economic aspect and also set an example for the society as a self-sustaining green
building.
The whole idea of planning came across with the process of site evaluation, passive design strategies
and hence result is implemented in the design. During the site evaluation surrounding planning,
accessibility, noise is taken into consideration. Orientation according to the sun path is studied and the
vegetation in the west is also taken into consideration. Similarly, in passive design strategies passive
heating and cooling techniques are adopted. The whole ides hence then were adopted in design. Cross
ventilation, stack effect and introduction of central atrium is implemented in the design. The choice of
materials is also made according to the availability and the less carbon emission character.
Masterplan
Masterplan is planned
according to the site
conditions. The building
is moved to the back of
the site towards the small
forest so as to reduce the
noise and pollution from
the east road and also
introduction of green
view from the cafe. The
masterplan comprises of
parking, rain garden,
plants of different sizes.
Parking for two wheelers
and four wheelers is
Figure: masterplan
provided. To encourage the green
travelling system cycle parking and cycle
lane with pedestrian lane is separated. Trees and shrubs with low crown are used in the south and west
for effective windbreak system to block wind. Bushes are planted in the north side with low height so
that they don’t block light. Low vegetation is planted away from the building so that it allows breezes
to pass through and also to prevent dampness. Rain garden is also provided in the north east part so that
they could collect the run off from the site increasing the ground water table and also collect water for
harvesting. Light colored pavement around the building is used to reduce glare and heat absorption.
Hence, the masterplan is developed and planned within the idea of green design and the site conditions
are also taken into consideration.

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Ground floor plan
Ground floor plan with an area of 3376.89 sq. ft comprises of kitchen, reception, store, toilet for gents
and ladies, dining area and the central atrium. The orientation of each programs are chosen according
to the sun path. The main entrance is facing towards the south east. Dining hall is oriented towards the
south east and west. In the east dining area receives morning sun light and to the west it receives the
evening sunlight. Kitchen,
toilets and store are oriented
towards the north as it doesn’t
require much sun heat. Central
atrium is introduced with
openings at the top acting as
chimney so that the central heat
in summer and in winter the
openings could be closed
manually so as to capture heat
inside the area. Wind as
flowing from the south and
west mostly so the opening is
introduced opposite to each
other ensuring proper cross
ventilation and increasing the
indoor air quality.
Figure: ground floor plan

2.2 Passive Design Techniques

Passive design is a major part of environmental design and approaches utilizing several techniques
and strategies that can be employed to the buildings in all types of climates around the world such
as orientation, ventilation, shading devices, thermal mass, insulation, daylighting and so on (Altan,
Hajibandeh, Tabet Aoul & Deep, 2016). As, the site lies in hilly region, the climate is not so hot
and not so cold. Thereby, the major challenge was to cut off heat into the summer inside the
building while to inlet winter sun and heat. However, as our project serves for the café, the major
concern was to make maximum thermal comfort in the daylight. Some of the passive cooling and
airflow techniques introduced in the project are as follows:

22
  Natural Airflow and Ventilation
The maximum air is inlet into the building through large number of manually operable windows.
The double glazing glass introduces air while providing visual effect of landscape to the customers
in the dining space. As, the cafeteria does not serve for the night purpose, keeping in that mind,
maximum number of glazing has been provided for thermal comfort at daytime. Stack effect is
devised through roof light with a dome formimg atrium at the centre of the building. The stack
effect allows passage of cooler air into the building while replacing the hotter air, thereby
maintaining cooling effect inside the building. The ventilation also improves the indoor air quality
by replacing air and scents coming from the kitchen. As, the maximum air flows from the west
and south, the air flow not just ventilate the particular room but the whole building as seen in figure
below.

Figure 2: Air flow and Ventilation inside the building

23
  Horizontal Shading projection

Figure 3: Sunlight Penetration into the building

The natural daylight has been used to extent in this project rather than artificial light. The natural
light penetrates deep into the building illuminating whole area. The dome roof light also provides
glare free sunlight into the atrium for, the sunlight could not penetrate the center of the building.
However, the heat is intense in the summer noon, and to cutoff summer sun, ceiling projection of
3ft has been provided with the calculation done obtained from the solar azimuth and sun elevation
on the south wall facing in our site.

Figure 4: Solar Azimuth and Sun Elevation at Manamaiju in June solstice

(Source:Sunearthtools.com)

24
Figure 5: Solar Chart of June Solstice, Manamaiju

25
Therefore, from the above calculation, it is clear that, the 7.2 inches ceiling projection was
enough to cut off summer sun.

Figure 6: Solar Azimuth and Sun Elevation 23rd December, Manamaiju

Figure 7: Solar Chart od 23rd December, Manamaiju

26
 Figure 8: Calculation of Ceiling projection, 23rd December

Therefore, from the above calculation, it is concluded that 9.4 ft ceiling projection is required to
cut off winter sun. However, the winter sun is preferrable inside the building. Therefore, 3ft
projection has been projected from the wall to cut off summer sun and inlet winter sun along with
the protection of the green adobe wall from the rain (though 7.2inches cut off summer sun).

2.3 Construction Materials and Technologies

The green building containing less embodied energy and locally available materials have been
used to construct ‘Green cafeteria’. The adobe wall has been used throughout the building with a
double adobe brick of 10 inches and 14 inches width kept in staggered creating a 2inch air cavity
for thermal comfort. The wall is finished with lime plaster creating organic local texture on it.
Similarly, the flooring material has been used with the cork which has a water-based finish. The
cork can be obtained within a lifecycle of 10 years and therefore, can be considered as a green
material. The roof has been insulated with the use of 36”X18”X14” straw bales which is locally

27
available and the embodied energy is very low. The detail study of the materials will come into
the later part of this section.

A B

AT A

AT D

AT B

AT C

28
  Adobe Brick Wall
Material plays an important role in minimizing carbon footprint in our projects. When it comes to
sustainability, adobe is at the top which is used for centuries throughout the world. It is non-fired
sun- dried brick combining the natural elements of earth, water, sun and may be stabilized with
lime or cement (Revuelta-Acosta, García-Díaz, Soto-Zarazúa, & Rico-García, 2010a). It is made
with tightly compacted sand, clay and straw mixed with moisture and formed into bricks under
sun dried. Adobe has high specific heat capacity due to which it is able to absorb heat during the
day keeping the house cool and then release the stored heat at night. It has good thermal
conductivity of 0.24 W/m K (Revuelta-Acosta et al., 2010a) which can insulate effectively and
offers a good thermal comfort in both extreme hot and cold climate. Adobe low thermal
conductivity provides a more stable temperature behavior inside and reduces heat losses (Revuelta-
Acosta, García-Díaz, Soto-Zarazúa, & Rico-García, 2010b). Also, offers a good sound insulation.
Another advantage of adobe is it is locally available and can be manufactured on site mechanically.

 Expanded Polystyrene Insulation

EPS is a lightweight insulation, made of polystyrene foam beads. EPS is very lightweight with
very low thermal conductivity, low moisture absorption and excellent cushioning properties.
Thermal conductivity ranges between 0.03 and 0.04W/m K depending upon the number of voids
(“Thermal Conductivity of Extruded Polystyrene,” 2021). EPS foam insulation can contribute
toward green building recognition in a variety of point or credit categories including energy
efficiency, recycled content, localized distribution, indoor air quality, sustainable sites and
innovation (“Green Building & Energy Efficient | EPS Industry Alliance,” n.d.).
Calculation of k-value, R-value, and U-value of wall
For Adobe bricks

Thermal conductivity (k) = (0.5 – 1.2)

W/m K = take 0.85 (source: Rempel &
Rempel, 2013)wall thickness (t) = 0.6 m

Thermal resistance (R1) = t/k

= 0.6/0.85

= 0.705
For air cavity
Thermal conductivity (k) = 0.024 W/m K
Air cavity thickness (t) = 0.05 m Figure 9: wall details

Thermal resistance (R2) = t/k = 0.05/0.024

29
 = 2.08
For stucco plaster
Thermal conductivity (k) = 0.7 W/m K
(source: (MUTLU, 2018)
Thickness (t) = 0.01 m
Thermal resistance (R3) = t/k = 0.01/0.7
= 0.014
For Lime plaster,
Thermal conductivity (k) = 0.7 W/m K
Thickness (t) = 0.01 m
Thermal resistance (R4) = t/k = 0.01/0.7
= 0.014
For polystyrene insulation,
Thermal conductivity (k) = 0.03 – 0.04
= 0.035 W/m K
Thickness (t) = 0.038 m
Thermal resistance (R5) = 0.038/0.035
= 1.085
Total (R) = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5
= 0.705+2.08+0.014+0.014+1.085
= 5.693 Figure 10: U-value

U-value = 1/R = 1/5.693

= 0.17 Source: (“Loft Insulation - An introduction | TheGreenAge,” n.d.)

In walls, we have used adobe bricks and stucco plaster with EPS. Also air cavity is provided for
more insulation. After calculating the thermal resistance of all the materials and air cavity, U-value
is calculated. Total U-value of wall is 0.17 which is low and low U-value means low heat loss.
Hence, this offers good insulation and provides thermal comfort.

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  Glazing window
For openings, we have used double glazed window. A double glazed window consists of two
panes of glass with a void between them. The void provides an insulation barrier between the
inside of the house and the outdoors. The void can be either air or, for improved thermal
efficiency, a gas. Double glazing window improves the insulation performance and hence to
energy performance. Double glazing provides insulation due to which summer heat does not
enter inside and inside heat is also trapped during winter. Hence, provide thermal insulation.
For Glazing
Thermal conductivity (k)= 0.8 W/m K
Thickness (t) = 0.005m
Thermal Resistance (R)= t/k
= 0.005/0.8
=0.0063
For 4” air gap
Thermal conductivity (k)= 0.024 W/m K.
Thermal conductance = thermal
conductivity/thickness of cavity wall
=0.024/0.1
=0.24
Figure 11: double glazing window details

Thermal Resistance (R)=1/c =1/0.24

=4.16
Collectively,
Total resistance = 0.0063+4.16
= 4.1663
U-value = 1/4.1663
= 0.24

Figure 12: working procedure of double glazing

Source: (Duplus Architectural Systems Ltd., 2020)

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2.4 Material
Cork
Cork is used as the flooring material in our design
because of its following properties:
 It can be harvested from a living tree that
continues to grow and reproduce more cork,
which is tree bark.
 It grows very quickly
 It is resilient and flexible
 It is sustainable, bio degradable and eco friendly
 It absorbs noise, is impermeable and a good thermal insulator
 It is available with water-based finish with more environment friendly nature.

Straw Bales
Straw bales are used for the roofing insulation because it is locally available around the site. There
are some other reasons for choosing straw bales. They are:

 It is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and silica.

 High insulation values and good acoustic properties.
 It is surprisingly resistant to fire, vermin and decay.
 The structural capability of strawbale is good.
 Strawbale buildings may have a lifetime of 100 years, if water logged is not allowed.
 The natural minerals of strawbale are safe and biodegradable.

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  Straw has 6 month growing cycle making it a renewable material.
 They are inherently low in embodied energy.
 Greenhouse gas emissions associated with straw bales are very low as on ton concrete
requires more than 50 times the amount of energy in its manufacture than straw.
 The size of strawbale used is 36”X18”X14”.
 Thermal conductivity ranges from 0.055 to 0.065 (Cascone, Rapisarda & Cascone, 2019)

Vermiculite Concrete
Vermiculite concrete is used as the roofing material because of the following reasons:

 It is made up of waste aggregate, fly ash and water.

 It is a low-density non-structural construction product.
 It has good thermal and acoustics insulation
 It is intrinsically fire resistant.
 The compressive strength is increase by 11.68% for replacement of cement by 15% of fly
ash and addition of 10% silica fume. (Sairam and K., 2021)

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  The split tensile strength is increases 11.96% for replacement of cement by 105% of fly
ash addition of 10% silica fume. (Sairam and K., 2021)

Figure 13: Motion Sensor process

2.4 Features
 Motion photo sensors have also been added which promote a reduction in energy
consumption from lighting in various facilities when not in use.
 Piping of irrigation system run alongside the green wall and plantation in the building.

Figure 14: Green Wall

Bamboo Features
 Green eco-friendly and sustainable

 Grows 10 times faster than most hardwoods

 Durability: can resist more damage than traditional hardwood

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  Resistant to swelling and shrinking due to atmospheric changes.

 Tensile strength of bamboo is 28,000 per square inch versus 23,000 steel.

 If laminated bamboo’s strength is enhanced.

 Bamboo furniture has a fine grain and available in many stains and finishes.

Figure 15: Bamboo Furnitures

Solar Panels
 Average tilt angle for summer = 28 degree

 Average tilt angle for winter= 22 degree (Pant, Birendra, Sagun 2019)

 Average daily power gained during summer with 300 watt solar panels with 8 hours
exposure to sun = 100 kw

 Average daily power gained during summer with 300 watt solar panels with 5 hours
exposure to sun = 63 kw

 Average power utilized per day is 137 kw

Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater offers advantages in water quality for both irrigation and domestic use. Rainwater is
naturally soft (unlike well water), contains almost no dissolved minerals or salts, is free of chemical
treatment, and is a relatively reliable source of water for households.

35
One of the beauties of rainwater harvesting systems is their flexibility. Rainwater harvesting
systems are integrated with the house, which makes the water easily accessible. Rainwater
harvesting systems are personal, which prevents arguments about who should take care of
maintenance. One time Installation cost, roughly some 2500 to 5000 Rs per system including a
slow sand filter while sustainability of the construction is larger than that of a pump or well. The
used materials can be kept simple, are obtainable nearly everywhere at local (low) cost price. The
construction is easy and cheap in maintenance.
Rain water harvesting system comprises
 Roof catchment
 Gutters
 Down pipe and first flushing unit
 Storage tank
Roof surface area (A) = 378.77 m2
Average annual rainfall (R) = 1454.9 mm = 1.4549 m
Runoff coefficient (c) = 0.7 (Kumar, 2004)
Annual water harvesting potential = A X R X C
= 378.77 X 1.4549 X 0.7
= 385.75 cu. M
= 3,85,750 liters = 385.75 m3
For circular tank,
Height of the tank = 5 m
Volume of tank = area X height
385.75 = πr2 X 5
R = 4.95 m ≈ 5 m

Figure: Rainwater Harvesting detail

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Rain Garden
A rain garden is a type of basin that is designed to capture and infiltrate stormwater runoff. A
shallow depression is lined with an easy-draining soil mixture of topsoil, sand, and compost. Hardy
native plants are then planted in this basin. Stormwater runoff collects in the garden, is filtered
through the soil, and is slowly released back into the ground. Berms surround the perimeter of the
basin to keep the rainwater in the designated area. Unlike detention basins, which hold back and
release runoff at the surface, or retention basins, which maintain a permanent pool of water, rain
gardens are designed to dewater through both infiltration and evapotranspiration.

Rain garden benefits

 Stormwater management

One of the biggest benefits of rain gardens is its ability to absorb a significant amount of water.
Experts estimate these drainage systems can soak up 30% more water than typical grass[i]. Not
only does this help prevent flooding, but it diverts pollutants for a cleaner water supply.

 Creates a memorable outdoor space

Greenspaces have been shown to reduce stress, increase productivity, and even improve health.
Whether you’re designing a new office building, a senior living facility, or a church, everyone can
benefit from some time in nature.

Designing an attractive rain garden is an effective way to include more greenspaces in your project.
A variety of native plants also attract butterflies, hummingbirds, and other wildlife.

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Most rain gardens include a mix of perennials, shrubs, grasses, and even trees that are native to
your local area and can thrive in moist soil. This may include plants such as joe pye weed,
switchgrass, and scarlet bee balm.

 The depth of 2’10” is provided for the rain garden.

 It is planted with grasses and native flowering perennials.
 An additional filter layer is provided which helps retain media within the rain garden.
 Drainage system is provided in case of overflow.

Compost Bin
Compost bin is a pile of garden and organic refuse which decomposes to produce compost.
Layering is the recommended method for starting a compost pile. Layering is similar to making
lasagna, as you add thin, uniform layers of materials in a repeated pattern. Once the compost pile
is active, you can incorporate new material into the center of the pile or you can mix it in when
turning the pile.

Start your compost pile on bare ground, removing the sod or existing vegetation. Contact with the
soil will provide bacteria needed for composting. Do not place the pile on concrete or asphalt. You
may also place a pallet underneath the pile if poor drainage beneath the pile is a concern.

Layer 1
6-8 inch layer of organic matter is added both brown and green.
Layer 2
Adding a starter material, such as animal manures, fertilizers, or commercial starters. These
materials help to heat up the pile by providing nitrogen for the bacteria and other microorganisms.
Layer 3
Adding a 1-2 inch layer of top soil or finished garden compost. This is done to introduce the
microorganisms to the pile. Soil recently treated with insecticides should be avoided.

Figure: Rain Graden

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2.56 Elevations

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2.6 Rendered Images

Figure: Front View

Figure: Bird eyes view

Figure: Parking Area Figure: Fountain

2.7 Conclusion
The main objective of our project was to make a green building with sustainable and energy
efficient planning, technologies and material. The project has accomplished with at most five
sustainable features which were also studied in our case studies.
 Energy efficient – Solar energy through solar panels, Rain water Harvesting
 Sustainability – Green Materials, Reuse building materials
 Waste Management – Biodegradable waste to compost manure use in garden
 Indoor Air Quality – Natural Cross-ventilation, Thermal Comfort, Green Walls
 Landscaping – Rain Garden
Alternative transportation provision includes cycling, proposed café at close proximity to
residential buildings.

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