Friction

Syed Shaheer Uddin Ahmed

Lecturer, MPE
AUST
Friction - force that
opposes relative
motion. Friction
Static Sliding
Dynamic Rolling
Waste energy - Heat Pivot
 Limiting Angle of Friction/ Angle of Repose
Limiting Friction- maximum
possible friction before
movement occurs.
Zero ≤ Static friction ≤ Limiting
friction

Coefficient of Friction 𝝁 – 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝋 = 𝝁

Ratio of limiting friction to

normal reaction force
𝛍 = 𝑭ൗ𝑹
𝑵
Terminologies of a
Screw:
Helix, Pitch, Lead,
Depth of thread, Helix
angle α, External
thread, Internal thread,
V- Thread, Square
Thread
Screw Jack
Used for lifting heavy weight
by applying smaller effort.

Works on inclined plane

principle
A common form of a screw jack, consists of a
square threaded rod fitted into the inner
threads of the nut.

The load is placed on the head of the square

threaded rod which is rotated by the
application of an effort at the end of the lever.

𝑑𝑜 + 𝑑𝑖 𝑝 𝑝
𝑑= = 𝑑𝑜 − = 𝑑𝑖 +
2 2 2

p is the pitch of the screw

Torque required to overcome friction between the screw and
nut while raising the load.

𝒅 𝒅 tan 𝛼 + tan 𝜑 𝒅
𝑻𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒕 = 𝑷 × = 𝑾 (tan(𝛼 + 𝜑)) = 𝑾
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 − tan 𝛼 × tan 𝜑 𝟐

Torque required to overcome friction between the screw and

nut while lowering the load

𝒅 𝒅 tan 𝛼 − tan 𝜑 𝒅
𝑻𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑷 × = 𝑾 (tan(𝜑 − 𝛼)) = 𝑾
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 + tan 𝛼 × tan 𝜑 𝟐
The efficiency of a screw jack may be defined as the
ratio between the ideal effort to the actual effort.
Ideal effort is the effort required
to move the load, neglecting friction and actual
effort is the effort required to move the load taking
friction into account. It is denoted
by η.

𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝑾 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶

𝜼= = =
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝑾 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝜶 + 𝝋) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝜶 + 𝝋)

𝝋
𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝜶 = 𝟒𝟓𝒐 −
𝟐
Thrust Collar
When a thrust collar is used, axial load is taken up
by the thrust collar, so that the load does not rotate
with the screw.

Torque required to overcome friction at collar

𝑻𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 = 𝝁𝒄 . 𝑾. 𝑹
(𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑹 𝒊𝒔 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝁𝒄 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓)

Total torque required to overcome friction at screw

jack circumference (that is to rotate the screw),
𝑻𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑻𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒕 + 𝑻𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓

If a force Flever is applied at the end of a lever of arm

length l then the total Torque is

𝑻𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑭𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 × 𝒍
Clutches are required when shafts must be
frequently connected and disconnected.

The function of a clutch is twofold:

first, to provide a gradual increase in the
angular velocity of the driven shaft, so that its
speed can be brought up to that of the driving
shaft without shock;
second, when the two shafts are rotating at the
same angular velocity, to act as a coupling
without slip or loss of speed in the driving shaft.
 external contracting rim type

Types of and different application

of Clutch

Internal, expanding rim type

Practice Problem
a) A load of 10 kN is raised by means of a screw jack, having a square threaded screw of 12 mm pitch
and of mean diameter 50 mm. If a force of 100 N is applied at the end of a lever to raise the load, what
should be the length of the lever used? Take coefficient of friction = 0.15. What is the mechanical
advantage obtained? State whether the screw is self locking. (Hint: equate the 2 torques to find
length)

b) A multiple disc clutch has }ve plates having four pairs of active friction surfaces. If the
intensity of pressure is not to exceed 0.127N/mm2, find the power transmitted at 500 r.p.m. The outer
and inner radii of friction surfaces are 125 mm and 75 mm respectively. Assume uniform wear and
take coefficient of friction = 0.3. (Hint : Calculate the angular velocity from the rpm and then find the
power with the torque
Any Questions?