F.A.L.

CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

2ND Floor, 1901 (J) C.M. Recto Avenue, Sampaloc, Manila
ADVANCED ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
COMPLEX NUMBERS
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
 A. Form
L  f  t   e
 st
f  t  dt Rectangular z  x  yi
0 z  r
Polar
f t  L  f  t   F  s  f t  L  f  t   F  s  z  r cis 

k k tnf(t) ( 1)n
dn
L  f  t 
Exponential z  re i
s ds n
k
keat k eatsin kt B. Theorem
sa s  a
2
 k2 Theorem 1: Power Rule
sa zn  r n  cos  n   i sin  n    r n n
ktn kn ! eatcos kt
s  a
2
s n 1  k2
kn ! k Theorem 2: Root Rule
ktneat s  a
n1 eatsinh kt
s  a
2
 k2 1 1     360k     360k  
sa z n  r n  cos    i sin  
k   n   n 
sin kt eatcosh kt
s  a
2
s2  k 2  k2
1 1    360  k 
s NOTE: z n  r n  
cos kt  n 
s2  k 2 If the given expression is a
k
where k  0,1, 2 K n  1
sinh kt piecewise function, it must be
s2  k 2 8. Convert to rectangular and polar forms.
partitioned. 5𝜋𝑖
s
cosh kt 𝑧 = 4𝑒 3
s2  k 2 𝟓𝝅
Ans. Polar Form: 𝒛 = 𝟒∠ or 𝒛 = 𝟒∠𝟑𝟎𝟎º
𝟑

1. Find the Laplace Transform of f(t) = t3. Ans:

𝟔 Rectangular Form: 𝒛 = 𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟑 𝒊
𝒔𝟒

𝟓 9. Simplify 𝑖 2021 . Ans. i

2. Find the Laplace Transform of f(t) = sin 5t. Ans:
𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝟓
𝜋𝑖

𝒔−𝟑
10. Evaluate √𝑖 in exponential form. Ans: 𝑧 = 𝑒 4
3. Find the Laplace Transform of f(t) = e3t cos 2t. Ans: (𝒔−𝟑)𝟐 +𝟒
31 31𝜋
11. Write (1 + √3𝑖) in the polar form. Ans: 231 cis ( )
𝟖𝒔 3
4. Find the Laplace Transform of f(t) = t sin(4t). Ans: (𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟔)𝟐
12. What are each of the three cube roots of (2 + 4𝑖) in the
INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS rectangular form
Ans: k=0 z = 4.171 + 1.613i
k=1 z = -3.805 + 2.806i
F s f t  F s f t 
k=2 z = -0.688 - 4.419i
k 1 1
s k 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑘𝑡
s2  k 2 𝑘
s MATRIX
1 eat cosh kt
sa s2  k 2 Properties of Matrix and their different operations
1
1 1 𝑎𝑡 A. Definition of a matrix: An m × n matrix A is a rectangular
tn-1/(n-1)! 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑡
s  a
2
sn  k2 𝑘 array of elements aij (as a rule, these are numbers or functions),
1 sa 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 cos kt consisting of m rows and n columns.
s  a
n tn-1eat/(n-1)! B. A square matrix of order n has n rows and n columns.
s  a
2
 k2
1 1 k 1 𝑎𝑡 C. A square matrix [aij] is called a symmetric matrix if aij =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑡 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑘𝑡 aji, i.e., the elements of the matrix are symmetric with respect to
s  a
2
s2  k 2 𝑘  k2 𝑘
sa
the main diagonal.
s 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 cosh kt
cos kt D. A square matrix [aij] is called skew-symmetric if aij = −aji.
s  a
2
s2  k 2  k2
E. A square matrix is called diagonal if all its elements outside
the main diagonal are equal to zero.
NOTES:
F. A diagonal matrix is called the identity matrix if the elements
a. For Inverse Laplace Transform, watch out for the
on its main diagonal are all equal to 1. (All other elements are
format similar on the table above.
zero).
b. If the format is not like the table above, it means that
G. A matrix consisting of only zero elements is called a zero
it can be resolve through partial fractions
matrix or null matrix.
𝟑 𝟑 H. Equality of matrices: Two matrices A and B are equal if and
5. Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of . Ans. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝟒𝒕
𝒔𝟐 −𝟏𝟔 𝟒 only if they have the same size m × n and their corresponding
𝟖 𝟏 𝟒
6. Find the Inverse Laplace of . Ans. 𝒕 elements are equal.
𝒔𝟓 𝟑
7. Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of
𝟏 𝟏
. Ans. + I. Addition and subtraction of matrices: Two
𝒔(𝒔+𝟑) 𝟑
𝟏 −𝟑𝒕 matrices A and B can be added (or subtracted) if and only if they
𝒆 have the same size m × n.
𝟑
J. Multiplication of a matrix by a number: When a scalar
number is multiplied to the matrix, the scalar number will be
multiplied to the individual entries of the matrix.
K. Matrix multiplication: Let A and B be two matrices.
The product of the matrices AB exists if and only if the number
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, 1901 (J) C.M. Recto Avenue, Sampaloc, Manila
of columns in the first matrix is equal to the number of rows in 1 1 𝑥 2
21. Given the matrix expression [ ] [ ]=[ ] , solve for x and
the second matrix. 3 2 𝑦 0
y, respectively. Ans. -4, 6
L. Transpose of a matrix: If the rows and columns in a
matrix A are interchanged, the new matrix is called
the transpose of the original matrix A. The transposed matrix is 3 4 4 4 2 −1 𝑇 4 1 5
denoted by AT. 22. Evaluate: det [[6 6 1 ] [1 1 2 ] −3[ 6 1 3]]
M. A square matrix A is called orthogonal if AAT=I, where I is 3 4 8 3 1 −1 −2 1 4
the identity matrix. Ans. 2172
N. If the matrix product AB is defined, then (AB)T=BTAT.
O. Adjoint of a matrix: If A is a square matrix of order n, then 23. What is the cofactor of element X in the matrix is:
the corresponding adjoint matrix, adj (A), is a matrix formed by 2 3 4 8
 5 7 6 3 
the cofactors Aij of the elements of the transposed matrix AT.  
P. Trace of a matrix: If A is a square matrix of order n, then 7 1 2 3
 
its trace, denoted as tr A, is the sum of the elements on the main  5 2 X 7 
diagonal: tr A= a11 + a22 + a33 + … + ann. Ans. -402
Q. Inverse of a matrix: The inverse of a matrix A is defined as a
matrix A−1 such that the result of multiplication of the original 2 1 3
24. Given: A =[0 −1 2] and its inverse 𝐵 =
matrix A by A−1 is the identity matrix I: AA−1 = I.
4 3 1
𝑋 8 𝑌
1
An inverse matrix exists only for square nonsingular matrices 6
[8 −10 4 ] , find the value of X, Y, and Z, respectively
(whose determinant is not zero). If A is a square nonsingular 4 𝑍 −2
matrix of order n, the inverse matrix A−1 is given by Ans. -7, 5, - 2
A−1=adj(A)/det(A).
25. Solve for a in  1 3 3  b   2 
 3 7 9 c   5
R. If the matrix product AB is defined, then (AB)−1=B−1A−1.     
S. Eigenvalues of a matrix: If A is a square matrix,  1 a 5  3  8 
the eigenvalues λ are determined by the characteristic equation Ans. -31
det(A−λI) = 0.
T. Eigenvectors of a matrix: If A is a square matrix, 26. Compute the eigenvalues of A =  4 2
 3 1 
its eigenvectors X satisfy the matrix equation AX=λX,  
Ans. 5, -2

13. Given matrices 𝐵 = [

1 2
] and 𝐶 = [
3 6
], find the 27. Compute the eigenvalues of A   1 3 
0 −5 4 1  4 5
𝟏𝟏 𝟖  
elements of the two matrices BC. Ans. [ ]
−𝟐𝟎 −𝟓 Ans. 7, -1

2 1 −1 2 𝟎 𝟓
14. Evaluate [
−1 3
] + 2[
1 1
]. Ans. [
𝟏 𝟓
] 28. Compute the eigenvectors of A   4 2 
 3 1
 
15. Find the element in the second row, first column of the 142 Ans.  2  ,  1
1 2 −4 1 3
times the given inverse matrix [ 3 1 2 ]. Ans. 46    
−4 1 5
29. Compute the eigenvectors of A   3 4  .
 2 6 
 
2 3𝑇 3 52
16. Evaluate: det([ ] [ ] ). Ans. 343 Ans.  1  ,  4 
1 5 2 1 2   1
   
17. Find the value of a + 3 b in the matrix
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 3 3 4 8 3 4
equation:[𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 ] [1 5 7 ] = [1 9 7 ]
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 3 1 2 3 1 5
Ans. -0.5

1 6 0
18. Evaluate the determinant : |4 2 7|
0 5 3
Ans. -101

2 14 3 1
19. Evaluate the determinant: 𝑑𝑒𝑡 [ 1 5 −1 3 ]
1 −2 2 −3
3 −4 −3 −4
Ans. 326

20. Given that F = A3 + 2A2 + 3I where I is an identity matrix

 2 3 1
and , compute determinant of F. Ans. 770612
A   3 4 2 
 5 1 7 