Unit - 3.

04
Particles and chemical equation 2
 3.04 Particles and chemical equation 2
Compound ion: A group of atoms with charge which are
covalently bonded.

Name and formula of some compound ions-

Name Formula
Sulfate SO42-

Carbonate CO32-

Nitrate NO3-

Hydroxide OH-
Ammonium NH4+
 3.04 Particles and chemical equation 2
SO42- :
In SO42- , sulphate and oxygen both has got 6 electrons
in its outer shell. We know oxygen has a charge of -2
as it needs two more electron to fulfill its outer shell.

So 4 oxygen atoms means a total of 4 x -2 = -8.

Sulphate can provide with 6 electrons. Still there is a

deficiency of 2 electrons. This compound ion still
needs 2 more electrons and so, the overall charge is
-2.
 3.04 Particles and chemical equation 2
Mole : Mole is defined as the amount of substance which
contains 6.02 x1023 particles.
For example:
•One mole of sodium is 6.02 x1023 atoms of sodium.
•One mole of water is 6.02 x1023 molecules of water.

•Mass of one mole of HCl = 1+35.5

= 36.5 g
3.04 Particles and chemical equation 2

How to calculate the mass of-

-> Given, atomic mass of Na=23, O=16, H=1, Mg=24,Cl=35
and C=12.

1. 1 mole of NaOH = 23+16+1=40g

2. 1 mole of MgCl2 = 24+ 2x35 = 94g
3. 1 mole of CO2 = 12+ 2x16 = 44g
Unit-3.05
Reactivity
 3.05 Reactivity
Reactivity series - A list of metals from the most reactive metal
to least.
K → Most reactive
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Pb
H
Cu
Ag
Au Least Reactive
 3.05 Reactivity

Reactivity:
Reactivity is measure of how fast an element reacts
with another element.
*In any chemical reaction, a more reactive metal
displaces a less reactive metal.
 3.05 Reactivity
Reaction of metals with water :
Metals Reaction with water Reaction with steam

K Products : Produce metal hydroxide Products : Produce metal

and hydrogen hydroxide and hydrogen
Na
Example: Example:
Li Sodium + Water →Sodium hydroxide + Sodium + Water →Sodium hydroxide +
Hydrogen Hydrogen

Ca
Observations : Observations :
•Metals moves on the surface of • Explode
water
•Fizzes/bubbles of gas
•Flame/catches fire
 3.05 Reactivity

Reaction of zinc with silver nitrate:

Zinc displace silver from silver nitrate and zinc nitrate is
formed. ( As zinc is more reactive than silver)
Equation-
zinc + silver nitrate →zinc nitrate + silver
EXERCISE QUESTIONS
2. Put these metals in order of reactivity with water : Mg, Cu, Ca,
Ag, K, Zn, Fe, Na.
Ans. Most reactive Least reactive :
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu and Ag.
3. If zinc metal is put into silver nitrate solution, what is the
reaction? Which metal is the more reactive?
Ans. zinc + silver nitrate → zinc nitrate + silver
Zinc is more reactive than silver.
 Unit-3.06
Acids and their reactions
 3.06 Acids and their reactions
What is an acid?
The substance which releases hydrogen ion, H+ when it dissolves
in water is known as an acid.
For example- hydrochloric acid- HCl, sulphuric acid- H2SO4 etc.

What causes of acidity?

The acidity is caused by the hydrogen ions, H+ that the acid
releases when it dissolves in water.
Eq, hydrochloric acid (aq) hydrogen ion + chlorine ion
HCl(aq) → H+ + Cl-
 3.06 Acids and their reactions
What is an alkali?
The substance which releases hydroxide ion, OH- when it
dissolves in water is known as an alkali. For example- sodium
hydroxide- NaOH, calcium hydroxide-Ca(OH)2 etc.

What causes alkalinity?

The release of hydroxide ions, OH- makes a solution alkaline.
Eq, sodium hydroxide(aq) sodium ion + hydroxide ion
NaOH(aq) → Na+ + OH-
 3.06 Acids and their reactions
Acid rain: Pollutant gases like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide mixes with cloud and forms acid rain. Acid rain has a pH
below 5.
Eg, SO2 + H2O → H2SO4
Eg, NO2 + H2O → HNO3

Acid rain damages limestone buildings, statues and kills

microorganism in the water. To prevent acid rain, we should stop
the emission of pollutants gases in the atmosphere.
 3.06 Acids and their reactions
Neutralization Reaction- The reaction of acid and alkali to form
metal salt and water is known as neutralization reaction.
Acid + Alkali Metal salt + Water

Example :
hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide sodium chloride +
water (word equation)

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O (chemical equation)

 3.06 Acids and their reactions
The reaction of acids with carbonates : Acid reacts with metal
carbonate to form metal salt, carbon dioxide and water.
Acid + Metal Carbonate Metal Salt + Carbon Dioxide +
Water
Example :
sulphuric acid + calcium carbonate calcium sulphate + carbon
dioxide + water (word equation)

H2SO4 + CaCO3 CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O (chemical equation)