MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

= WHAT IS A SET? =
 A set is a collection of objects which are called elements of the set.
 A set is any collection of objects (elements), which may be mathematical (e.g., numbers, functions) or not.
 A set is a group of things with a certain property in common.
 Simply, a set is a collection.
= NOTATIONS=
 A notation is a list of elements separated by a comma, and then put some curly brackets around the whole
thing.
 The curly brackets { } are sometimes called as set brackets or braces.
 The three dots (…) are called as ellipsis which means to continue on.
= TWO WAYS TO REPRESENTS THE ELEMENTS OF THE SET =
1. Roster Method – it lists all the elements.
Examples:
- Set of all vowels in the English alphabet: V = { a , e , i, o , u }
- Set of all odd positive integers less than 10: O= {1,3,5,7,9 }
- Set of all positive even integers greater than 8: S= { 10,12,14 , … }
- Set of all integers less than 20: A={ 19,18,17 , … }
2. Rule Method – it presents the elements by stating their common properties.
– it follows a certain form of rule
Examples:
- Set A is the set of counting numbers greater than 6.
Rule method: A={ x∨x ∈ N , x >6 } where N is the set of counting numbers
“The set of all x such that x is a counting number where is greater than 6.”
- Consider the set B= {11,13,17,19 }
Rule method: B= { x∨x is a prime number , 10< x< 20 }
“The set of all x such that x is a prime number where x is greater than 10 and less than 20.”
- Consider the set C={−3 ,−2 ,−1,0,1,2,3 }
Rule method: C={ x∨x is an integer ,−3 ≤ x ≤ 3 }
“The set of all x such that x is an integer where x is greater than or equal to -3 and less than or equal to
3.”
= UNION OF SETS =
 By using the Set Theory and Interval Notation, we can find the intersection and union of sets.
 Intersection is the set of items present in both sets.
= COMPLEMENT OF A SET =
 The complement of set A is the set of all elements in the universal set that are not in A.
= SUBSETS =
 When we define a set, if we take pieces of that set, we can form what is called a subset.
 A subset is a part of another set.
 A is a subset of B if and only is every element of A is in B.
 Each set is a subset of the main set.
 Empty set is a subset of an entire set.

Blood Transfusion
- In 1901, Viennese pathologist Karl Landsteiner discovered that centuries of attempted blood transfusion
had failed because practitioners had overlooked one simple factor: that bloods fall into distinct groups.
- In 1930, Landsteiner received Nobel Prize for medicine.
- A procedure that is used to transfer blood from a circulatory system of a human to another human.
Blood
- A body fluid that circulates and carries oxygen throughout the body.
- Blood groups: O, A, B, AB
- 100% genetic
- Type A: If the blood has only A molecules on it.
- Type B: If the blood has only B molecules on it.
- Type AB: If the blood has both the A and B molecules on it.
- Type O: If the blood has neither A nor B molecules on it.
- The universal blood donor is O-
- The universal plasma recipient is AB+