Nilsson Model

¾ Spherical Shell Model

¾ Deformed Shell Model
ƒ Anisotropic Harmonic Oscillator
ƒ Nilsson Model
o Nilsson Hamiltonian
o Choice of Basis
o Matrix Elements and Diagonalization
o Examples. Nilsson diagrams
 Spherical shell model
Nuclear properties described in terms of nucleons considered as independent
particles moving in an average potential create by all nucleons.
Experimental evidence for shell effects:

Existence of magic numbers: 2,8,20,28,50,82,126

• Large single particle separation energies

• Nuclei are strongly bound at shell closures

Derivation of the average field from microscopic two-body forces

(selfconsistent Hartree-Fock method).
Assume the existence of such a potential and construct it phenomenologically

Characteristics of the potential:

⎛ ∂V ( r ) ⎞ ⎛ ∂V ⎞
⎜ ⎟ =0 ⎜ ⎟ >0 V (r ) 0, r > R0
⎝ ∂r ⎠ r =0 ⎝ ∂r ⎠ r < R0
 Spherical potentials
Infinite square well Harmonic oscillator Woods-Saxon potential

V ( r ) = −V0 for r ≤ R 1 V (r ) = −
V0
V ( r ) = M ω0 2 r 2
= +∞ for r > R 2 1 + exp ⎡⎣( r − R ) / a ⎤⎦

Eigen-functions

ψ ∼ j ( kr ) Y m ( Ω ) ψ ∼ Rn ( r ) Y m ( Ω )
numerically
1
Ln+−1/1 2 ( r 2 )
− r2
Rn ( r ) = r e 2

Eigen-energies
2
E ( n, )= ξ
2 n
2
E ( n, ) = ω0 ( 2n + + 3 / 2 )
2 MR intermediate
ξ n : root of j (ξ ) = 0 = ω0 ( N + 3 / 2 )
 Spherical potentials

Woods-Saxon potential

V0
V (r ) = −
1 + exp ⎡⎣( r − R ) / a ⎤⎦

Harmonic oscillator

1
V (r ) = M ω0 2 r 2
2

Infinite square well

V ( r ) = −V0 for r ≤ R
= +∞ for r > R
Spherical potentials

H.O. W.S. Square

 Spherical potentials & spin-orbit

1
V ( r ) = M ω0 2 r 2 + C ⋅ s + D
2

⋅s =
2 (
1 2
j −
2
−s
2
)
E ( n, ) = ω0 ( 2 n + + 3 / 2) + D ( + 1) + Cε SO

1
ε SO = for j = +
2
1
ε SO = − − 1 for j = −
2

Δε SO = 2 + 1
 Deformed shell model
Spherical potential well valid for closed shells
Far from closed shells: deformed single particle potential
Experimental evidence:
• Existence of rotational bands: I(I+1) spectra
• Large quadrupole moments and quadrupole transition probabilities
• Single particle structure

Anisotropic Harmonic Oscillator −1

⎡ ⎛ r − R (θ , ϕ ) ⎞ ⎤
Generalized Woods-Saxon V ( r , θ , ϕ ) = −V0 ⎢1 + exp ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ a (θ , ϕ ) ⎠ ⎥⎦

(
VLS = λ ∇V ( r ,θ , ϕ ) ∧ p ⋅ s )
 Anisotropic Harmonic Oscillator
Ellipsoidal distribution: Anisotropic Harmonic Oscillator as average field

2
Δ + (ω x 2 x 2 + ω y 2 y 2 + ω z 2 z 2 )
m
H0 = −
2m 2
0 R0
Frequencies are proportional to the inverse of the ellipsoid axes ωi = ω0
ai
For axially symmetric shapes,
⎛ 2 ⎞
ω ⊥ 2 = ω x 2 = ω y 2 = ω0 2 ⎜ 1 + δ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
we introduce the parameter δ
⎛ 4 ⎞
ω − ωz ω z 2 = ω0 2 ⎜ 1 − δ ⎟
δ= ⊥ ⎝ 3⎠
ω0

From volume conservation

−1/ 6
3 0
⎡ 4 2 16 3 ⎤
ω0 (δ ) = ω0 ⎢1 − δ − δ ⎥
0
ω xω yω z = (ω0 ) , δ 0.95β
⎣ 3 27 ⎦
 Anisotropic Harmonic Oscillator
Introducing dimensionless coordinates through the oscillator length

b (δ ) = r' = r /b
mω0 (δ )

2
mω0 (δ ) m⎡ 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 4 ⎞ 2⎤
we get H 0 (δ ) = −
2m
Δ+ ω
⎢ 0
2⎣
( δ ) ⎜ 1 +
mω0 ⎝ 3 ⎠
δ ⎟ ( x + y 2
) + ω0
2
( δ ) ⎜1 − δ ⎟ z ⎥
mω0 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦
ω0 (δ ) ω0 (δ ) ⎡ 4 2⎤
=−
2
Δ+
2 ⎢⎣ x 2
+ y 2
+ z 2
+
2
3
δ ( x 2
+ y 2
) −
3
δz ⎥
⎦
ω0 ( δ ) 4 π 2
= ⎡⎣ −Δ + r 2 ⎤⎦ − δ ω0 (δ ) r Y20 ( Ω )
2 3 5
0
= H 0 + Hδ

Axial symmetry: cylindrical basis {N , n , n

z ρ , m , ms }
N = nx + n y + nz = nz + 2nρ + m

⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
ε ( nz , nρ , m ) = ∑ ωi ⎜ ni + ⎟ = ω z ⎜ nz + ⎟ + ω⊥ ( 2nρ + m + 1)
i= x, y, z ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
0 ⎡
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛N ⎞⎤
= ω0 ⎢ ⎜ N + ⎟ + δ ⎜ − n z ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎝ 2⎠ ⎝3 ⎠⎦
 Anisotropic Harmonic Oscillator
1
Ωπ [ Nnz m ] Ω=m ± π = ( −1)
N
Eigen-states characterized by
2

eim ϕ
( )
φn nρ m m R, σ = ψ nmρ
z s
( ρ )ψ nz ( z )
2π
χ ms (σ )

ψ nmρ ( ρ ) ∼ Lmnρ ( ρ )
ψ n ( z ) ∼ Hn ( z )
z z
 Anisotropic Harmonic Oscillator
Energy level structure: N=3
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
ε ( n z , nρ , m ) = ∑ ωi ⎜ nz + ⎟ = ω z ⎜ nz + ⎟ + ω⊥ ( 2nρ + m + 1)
i= x, y, z

⎡⎛ 0 3⎞
⎝
⎛N
2⎠
⎞⎤
⎝ 2⎠ N = nz + 2nρ + m
= ω0 ⎢ ⎜ N + ⎟ + δ ⎜ − n z ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎝ 2⎠ ⎝3 ⎠⎦
nz ml nρ Ω deg

( nz nρ m ) = 2 ω0 + ω0 δ (1 − nz )
9 0 0
ε N =3
0 3 0 5/2, 7/2
4
1 1 1/2, 3/2

1 2 0 3/2, 5/2
nz=3 3
energy

nz=2
nz=1 0 1 1/2
nz=0
2 1 0 1/2, 3/2 2

deformation 3 0 0 1/2 1
 The Nilsson model: Hamiltonian
Axially symmetric harmonic oscillator potential
+spin-orbit term
+l2 term

⎛
H = H0 + C ⋅ s + D ⎜ −
2 2 ⎞
⎟
⎝ N ⎠

⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎞⎤
= ω0 (δ ) ⎢ − Δ + r − β r Y20 ⎥ − κ ω0 ⎢ 2 ⋅ s + μ ⎛⎜
1 2 0 2 2
2
− ⎟⎥
⎣ 2 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ N ⎠⎦
0
C = −2κ ω0
0
D = −κμ ω0

1
= N ( N + 3)
2

N 2
The Nilsson model: Hamiltonian
0 0
H = H 0 + κ ω0 F
−1 / 6
δ ⎡ 4 2 16 3 ⎤ ⎧⎪ 4 π 2 ⎫⎪
r Y20 ⎬ − 2 ⋅ s − μ ⎛⎜ ⎞
2 2
F=
κ ⎢⎣1 − 3 δ − 27 δ ⎥⎦ ⎨−
⎝
− ⎟
⎠
⎪⎩ 3 5 ⎪⎭ N

⎛ 2
F = ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ ⎜ −
2 ⎞
⎟
⎝ N ⎠

⎛ 3⎞ 0
E = ⎜ N + ⎟ ω0 ( δ ) + κ ω 0 f
⎝ 2⎠

N,Z<50 50<Z<82 82<N<126 82<Z 126<N

κ 0.08 0.0637 0.0637 0.0577 0.0635

μ 0 0.60 0.42 0.65 0.325

 The Nilsson model: Basis

{N , n , n , m , m }
2
⋅s and nondiagonal in basis z ρ s

2
For large deformations ⋅ s, can be neglected:

Asymptotic quantum numbers { N , n , n , m , m } : [ Nn m ] Ωπ

z ρ s z

For small deformations δ-terms can be neglected:

Spherical basis {N , , j , Ω}

Nilsson used basis {N , , m , ms }

Diagonal terms
0
⎛ 3⎞ 0
H 0 N , , m , ms = ⎜ N + ⎟ ω0 N , , m , ms
⎝ 2⎠
( + 1) N , , m , ms
2
N , , m , ms =
The Nilsson model:Matrix elements
Matrix elements
= '
m = m ' , m ' ±1
' m ' m 's ⋅ s m ms
ms = m 's ± 1, m 's
m + ms = m ' + m 's

1
, m ± 1, ∓ ⋅ s , m , ± = ( ∓m )( ± m + 1)
2
1
,m ,± ⋅s ,m ,± = ± m
2

− ' 5 2 +1
' m ' Y20 m = i 2m 0 2 'm' 2 00 2 '0
4π 2 '+ 1

m = m' ms = m 's
= ', '± 2 N = N '± 2
The Nilsson model: Matrix elements
2 ( n − 1) !
2
1⎛ r ⎞
Radial matrix elements =
⎛r⎞ − ⎜ ⎟
2⎝ b ⎠
Ln+−1/1 2 ( r 2 / b 2 )
3 ⎜ ⎟ e
N
b ⎡⎣ Γ ( n + + 1/ 2 ) ⎤⎦ ⎝ ⎠
3 b

( n '− 1)!( n − 1)!

1/ 2
⎡ ⎤
⎥ b ( −1) μ !ν !
n '+ n
N ' ' r2 N =⎢ 2

⎢⎣ ⎡⎣Γ ( n '+ '+ 1/ 2 ) ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣Γ ( n + + 1/ 2 ) ⎤⎦ ⎥⎦

Γ ( p + σ + 1)
×∑
σ σ !( n '− 1 − σ ) !( n − 1 − σ ) !(σ + μ − n '+ 1) !(σ + ν − n + 1) !

1
p= ( + '+ 3) μ = p − '− 1/ 2 ν = p − − 1/ 2
2
N = 2 ( n − 1) +

N r2 N = ( 2n + − 1/ 2 ) = ( N + 3 / 2 )

N − 2 r2 N = 2 n ( n + − 1/ 2 )

N, N ± 2 admixtures N − 2 r2 N =− ( n − 1)( n + − 1/ 2 )

N − 2 − 2 r2 N = (n + − 1/ 2 )( n + − 3 / 2 )

N − 2 + 2 r2 N = ( n − 1)( n − 2 )
 The Nilsson model
Nilsson states: i {Ωπ }
= ∑ Ciα α ; α { N m ms }
α

N Ω N m ms Ωπ

N =0 Ω = 1/ 2 000 + 1/ 2+
N = 1 Ω = 3/ 2 111 + 3 / 2−
Ω = 1/ 2 110 + 1/ 2−
111 − 1/ 2−
N = 2 Ω = 5/ 2 222 + 5 / 2+
Ω = 3/ 2 221 + 3 / 2+
222 − 3 / 2+
Ω = 1/ 2 220 + 5 / 2+
200 + 5 / 2+
221 − 5 / 2+
N = 3 Ω = 7/2 333 + 7 / 2−
Ω = 5/ 2 332 + 5 / 2−
333 − 5 / 2−
Ω = 3/ 2 331 + 3 / 2−
311 + 3 / 2−
332 − 3 / 2−
Ω = 1/ 2 330 + 1/ 2−
331 + 3 / 2−
331 − 1/ 2−
311 − 1/ 2−
 The Nilsson model: N=0
Diagonalization in blocks Ω,π (with or without ΔN=2 admixtures)

{ }
0 0 0 0 2
H = H 0 + κ ω0 F = H 0 + κ ω0 ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ
−1/ 6
δ ⎡ 4 2 16 3 ⎤ ⎧⎪ 4 π 2 ⎫⎪
η= ⎢⎣1 − 3 δ − 27 δ ⎥⎦ U = ⎨− r Y20 ⎬
κ ⎪⎩ 3 5 ⎪⎭

N =0 Ω = 1/ 2 → n = 1, = 0
N m ms → 000+
N = 0 → μ =0
000 + ⋅ s 000+ = 0
⎛0 2 0⎞
000 + Y20 000+ ∼ ⎜ ⎟=0
⎝ 0 0 0 ⎠
2
000 + ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 000+ = 0
 The Nilsson model: N=1
N =1 Ω = 3/ 2 → n = 1, = 1 N = 1 Ω = 1/ 2 → n = 1, = 1
N m ms → 111+ N m ms → 110+ , 111-

N = 1 → μ =0 N = 1 → μ =0

111 + ⋅ s 111+ =
1 110 + ⋅ s 110+ = 0
2
4 π 2 4 π 2
4 π 2 4 π 1 110 + − η r Y20 110+ = −η 11 r 2 11 10 Y20 10 = − η
111 + − η r Y20 111+ = −η 11 r 2 11 11 Y20 11 = η 3 5 3 5 3
3 5 3 5 3 3
3 11 r 2 11 = 1 +
11 r 2 11 = 1 + 2
2 5 5 2
10 Y20 10 = 1200 1210 1200 1210 =
11 Y20 11 =
5
1210 1211 1200 1210 = −
5 1 4π 4π 5
4π 4π 5
2 2
2 1 110 + ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 110+ = − η
111 + ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 111+ = η − 1 3
3 2 1
111 − ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 111- = 1 + η
3
2
110 + ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 111- = − 2

110+ 111-
⎛ 2 ⎞ 1 λ
−
⎜ 3 η − 2 ⎟ 1 − η ± η + 2η + 9
2

⎜ ⎟ λ= 3 3

⎜ − 2 1+ η ⎟
1 2
⎜ ⎟ η
⎝ 3 ⎠
 The Nilsson model: N=2
N =2 Ω = 5/ 2 → {n = 1, = 2}{n = 2, = 0}
N m ms → 222+ N =2 Ω = 3/ 2
2 2 N m ms → 221+ , 222-
222 + ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 222+ = −2 + η
3 2 1
221 + ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 221+ = −1 − η
3 N = 2 Ω = 1/ 2
2
N m ms → 220+ , 200+ , 221-
2
222 − ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 222- = 2 + η
3
2 2
220 + ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 220+ = − η
2
222 − ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 221+ = −2
3
2

221+ 222-
200 + ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 200+ = 0
2 1
⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎞ 221 − ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 221+ = 1 − η
⎜ − ⎜1 + 3 η ⎟ −2 ⎟ 3
⎜ ⎝ ⎠ ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟ 220 + ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ
2
200+ =
2 2
η
⎜ −2 2+ η⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
2
220 + ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 221- = − 6
2
200 + ηU − 2 ⋅ s − μ 221- = 0

220+ 200+ 221-

⎛ 2 2 2 ⎞
⎜− η η − 6 ⎟
⎜ 3 3 ⎟
⎜ 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜ 1− η ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
 The Nilsson model: N=3
N = 3 Ω = 7/2
333 +
(η − 3 − 12μ )
N = 3 Ω = 5/ 2
332 + 333 −
⎛ −1 − 12 μ − 6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ η + 3 − 12μ ⎠
N = 3 Ω = 3/ 2
331 + 311 + 332 −
⎛ 3 4 ⎞
⎜ − 5 η − 1 − 12 μ 5
η − 10 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 3
η − 1 − 2μ 0 ⎟
⎜ 5 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜⎜ 2 − 12 μ ⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠
N = 3 Ω=1/2
330 + 310 + 331 − 311 −
⎛ 4 2 6 ⎞
⎜ − η − 12μ η −2 3 0 ⎟
⎜ 5 5 ⎟
⎜ 6 ⎟
⎜ − η − 2μ 0 − 2 ⎟
5
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 3
− η + 1 − 12 μ
4
η ⎟
⎜ 5 5 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜⎜ 3
η + 1 − 2 μ ⎟⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠
 The Nilsson model: ΔN=2
Ω=1/2+ with ΔN=2 admixtures

000 + 220 + 200 + 221 − 440 + 420 + 400 + 441 − 421 −

1
000 + 0 η 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3
2 2 2 6 2 2 2 2
220 + − η − η − 6 η η η 0 0
3 3 35 3 7 3 5
1
200 + 0 0 0 7η 0 0 0
3
1 6 1 2
221 − − η +1 0 0 0 η η
3 7 3 7
20 12 10
440 + − η − 20μ η 0 − 20 0
21 35
22 4
420 + − η − 6μ 35η 0 − 6
21 15
400 + 0 0 0
17 4
441 − − η + 1 − 20μ 3η
21 7
11
421 − − η + 1 − 6μ
21
 A
Z NucleusN → K π

27
14 Si13 → 5 / 2 +
27
13 Al14 → 5 / 2 + 25
12 M g 13 → 5 / 2 +
23
11 N a 12 → 3 / 2 + 19
8 O 11 → 3 / 2 +
19
9 F10 → 1 / 2 + 19
10 Ne9 → 1 / 2+

9
4 Be 5 → 3 / 2 −
7
3 Li 4 → 1 / 2 −
• Spherical levels split into (2j+1)/2 levels

• Levels (Ωπ) are twofold degenerate

• Asymptotic q-numbers not conserved for small

deformations but useful to classify levels

• For positive deformations (PROLATE

SHAPES), levels with lower Ω are shifted
downwards

• For negative deformations (OBLATE SHAPES),

levels with lower Ω are shifted upwards
N = nz + 2nρ + m [ Nnz m ] Ωπ
N = 0 Ω=1/2+ nz = 0 m = 0 [000]1/ 2+
N = 1 Ω =1/2− nz = 1 m = 0 [110]1/ 2−
nz = 0 m = 1 [101]1/ 2−
N = 1 Ω =3/2− nz = 0 m = 1 [101] 3 / 2−
N = 2 Ω =1/2+ nz = 2 m = 0 [ 220]1/ 2+
nz = 1 m = 1 [ 211]1/ 2+
nz = 0 m = 0 [ 200]1/ 2+
N = 2 Ω =3/2+ nz = 1 m = 1 [ 211] 3 / 2+
nz = 0 m = 2 [ 202] 3 / 2+
N = 2 Ω =5/2+ nz = 0 m = 2 [ 202] 5 / 2+
N = 3 Ω=1/2− nz = 3 m = 0 [330]1/ 2−
nz = 2 m = 1 [321]1/ 2−
nz = 1 m = 0 [310]1/ 2−
nz = 0 m = 1 [301]1/ 2−
N = 3 Ω=3/2− nz = 2 m = 1 [321] 3 / 2−
nz = 1 m = 2 [312] 3 / 2−
nz = 0 m = 1 [301] 3 / 2−
N = 3 Ω=5/2− nz = 1 m = 2 [312] 5 / 2−
nz = 0 m = 3 [303] 5 / 2−
N = 3 Ω=7/2− nz = 0 m = 3 [303] 7 / 2−
 Laboratory frame
Wave functions in the unified model ()
Ψ ∼ φ r Φ (θ k )

Ψ ( IKM ) =
16π 2
D {
2I + 1 I*
MK (θ k ) φ K r +()
( − 1)
I −J
D I*
( )}
M − K (θ k ) φ− K r

Intrinsic wave functions (Nilsson) Rotation matrices

Z lab.

M I R

J Z intr.

Ω
K
 3-j

⎛a b c⎞
abαβ | c − γ = ( −1)
a − b −γ
2c + 1 ⎜
⎝α β γ ⎟⎠