ASSIGNMENT NO.

1. Why must authorities have a comparison test of blood with both the victim and the suspect?

- The authorities must have a comparison test of blood with both the victim and the suspect

because generally, blood evidence is usually more informative in cases where a suspect and

victim are in contact or close proximity. For example, if a suspect stabs or beats a victim, there

could be an exchange of blood between the victim and the suspect. If a suspect shoots a victim

from across a room. It is less likely that an exchange of blood will occur. Also, blood analysis is

a comparison analysis (comparison of the victim's blood and the suspect's blood to blood found

at the crime scene), reference blood samples are needed from the victim and suspect. A

comparison must be made between the genetic markers in the victim s blood and the suspect's

blood. The blood samples from the crime scene can then be analyzed for those genetic markers
that are different in the suspect and victim.

2. Enumerate other testing methods for semen analysis not mentioned in the module.
* Acid phosphatase (AP) test - The AP test detects the enzyme acid phosphatase that is secreted
from the prostate gland. However, this test is only presumptive because acid phosphatase is
found in other bodily fluids.
The Christmas Tree Stain: The most reliable confirmation for the presence of semen is the
positive visual identification of sperm cells (or spermatozoa) using the Christmas tree stain.

* RSID-Semen Strip Test:  The RSID-Semen test provides sensitivity as well as specificity to
human semen. B.C.M. Pang & B.K.K. Cheung, Identification of human semenogelin in
membrane strip test as an alternative method for the detection of semen, 169 Forensic Science
International 29-30 (2007). 
*Visual and Alternate Light Tests:  If the area to be examined and analyzed for semen is larger
than an individual swab, forensic scientists resort to visual identification first. Clothing,
undergarments, and bedding can be quickly surveyed for potential semen stains using the naked
eye
* Prostate Specific Antigen:  Another presumptive test for semen is the detection of prostate
specific antigen (PSA) or the P30 molecule.  Forensic labs utilize a test known as ABAcard or
P30 test to screen for PSA. (This test was previously used by the SBI lab, but is no longer used).

3. What is the meaning of Convergence Area or Area of Convergence?

- Convergence area or the area of convergence is the point of origin or the spot where the “blow”
occurred. It may be established at the scene with measurement of angles by use of strings. The
location of the blood source can be determined by drawing lines from the various blood droplets
to the point where they intersect, that is why it is important to determine this area of convergence
or where the blood spatter has originated

4. What are three categories of blood stain. Differentiate each from the other, give examples and
images.

- The three categories of blood stain are: passive stains, transfer stains and projected/impact

stains. Passive stains are those stains which includes drops, flows and pools, and typically result

from gravity acting on an injured body. Moreover, transfer stains are result from objects coming

into contact with existing bloodstains and leaving wipes, swipes or pattern transfers behind such

as a bloody shoe print or a smear from a body being dragged. Lastly, projected/impact stains are

the result from blood projecting through the air and are usually seen as spatter, but may also

include gushes, splashes and arterial spurts.

LOOK FOR THE NEXT PAGE ASSIGNMENT AT THE BOTTOM…..

1. Width = 11mm 2. Width = 18mm

Length = 40.5mm Length = 28mm

11mm/40.5mm = 0.2716 18mm/28.5mm = 0.6315

0.2716 Sin-1 = 15.8° 0.6315 Sin-1 = 39.1°