1. There are __ biscuits in the packet. 4.

He always gets __ presents than his sister on his

birthday.
a few
a lot of
a little
fewer
a lot
less
2. We've got __ time before the plane leaves.
5. I have __ money than you.
a few
a lot
a little
fewer
a lot
less
3. 'Few of my students remember the third person
singular 's' ending on verbs'' means that:: 6. There are __ people in the supermarket today.

not many students understand (maybe 2 or 3) a lot

some students understand (maybe 6 or 7) fewer

none of my students understand (0 students) little

7. She has __ friends. 14. They have __ customers.

lot of very little

lots of very few

a lot a lot

8. He earns __ money. 15. He eats __ sweet food.

a lot lots of

a lot of few

lots a lot

9. She wears __ gold jewellery. 16. He has __ free time.

lots lots

a lot few

lots of a lot of

10. He eats __. 17. There's only __ milk left in the fridge.

lots of lots

a lot a few

fewer a little

11. Do you like hip-hop music? 18. You smoke __

Yes, __ much

lots of a lot

much few

a lot 19. He doesn't earn __

12. There's __ money in my wallet. fewer

few little

much a lot

a little 20. I have __ good friends.

13. They have __ information on their website. a few

much a lot

few little

very little
Complete the sentences with the present simple or present
continuous form of the verbs in brackets. Use contractions where possible.

1. I (swim) a lot when I was younger.

2. John (not eat) vegetables, but now he eats them.

3. (they / have) a sports car?

4. That building (be) a cinema, but it's closed down.

5. We (not like) maths lessons - our teacher was horrible!

6. Where (you / go) to school?

7. You (live) next door to me.

8. I (not enjoy) studying, but I do now.

Have to Do—Responsibilities

Use 'have to' in the past, present, and future to express responsibility or necessity. NOTE:
'have to' is conjugated as a regular verb and therefore requires an auxiliary verb in
the question form or negative.

 We have to get up early.

 She had to work hard yesterday.
 They will have to arrive early.
 Does he have to go?

Must Do—Obligations

Use 'must' to express something that you or a person feels is necessary. This form is used only
in the present and future.

 I must finish this work before I leave.

 Must you work so hard?
 John must explain this if he wants his students to succeed.
 It's late. I must get going!

Don't Have to Do—Not Required, but Possible

The negative form of 'have to' expresses the idea that something is not required. It is ,
however, possible if so desired.

 You don't have to arrive before 8.

 They didn't have to work so hard.
 We don't have to work overtime on Saturdays.
 She didn't have to attend the presentation.

Mustn't Do—Prohibition

The negative form of 'must' expresses the idea that something is prohibited - this form is very
different in meaning than the negative of 'have to'!

 She mustn't use such horrible language.

 Tom. You mustn't play with fire.
 You mustn't drive more than 25 mph in this zone.
 The children mustn't go into the street.

IMPORTANT: The past form of 'have to' and 'must' is 'had to'. 'Must' does not exist in the
past.

 Did he have to leave so early?

 He had to stay overnight in Dallas.
 She had to pick the children up from school.
 Did they have to do the work over again?
Need to Do—Important for Someone

Use 'need to' to express that something is important for you to do. This form is usually used
for something that is important one time, rather than referring to a responsibility or duty.

 She needs to go to Seattle next week.

 Do you need to get up early tomorrow?
 I need to spend more time with my children because I've been so busy lately.
 We need to focus on getting new business this month.

Don't Need to Do—Not Necessary, but Possible

Use the negative form of 'need to' to express that something isn't necessary, but possible. At
times, English speakers use 'don't need to' to express that they don't expect someone to do
something.

 You don't need to come to the meeting next week.

 She doesn't need to worry about her grades. She's a great student.
 I don't need to work next Monday!
 Peter doesn't need to worry about money because he's independently wealthy.

1. Yesterday I ________ finish my geography
project.
a) must b) mustn't c) had to
2. She will ________ wait in line like everyone else.
a) must b) have to c) has to
3. All employees ________ on time for work.
6. Your daughter may ________ try on a few
different sizes.
a) have to b) had to c) must
7. The doctor _____ get here as soon as he can.
a) must b) mustn't c) have to
8. Do you _____ work next weekend?

a) must be b) mustn't c) have to a) have to b) must c) musn't

4. We ________ forget to take the chicken out of 9. Bicyclists _____ remember to signal when they
the freezer. turn.
a) have to not b) must c) mustn't a) mustn't b) must c) has to
5. If you are under 13 you _____ to get your 10. Angela, you _____ leave your clothes all over
parents' permission. the floor like this.
a) have b) must c) musn't a) mustn't b) must c) have to
1. According to the law, drivers ______________ at stop signs.
A. ? must stop
B. ? must stopping
C. ? must to stop
2. Son: Mom, I don't want to clean my room. _________________ it right now?
Mother: Yes, right now.
A. ? Do I have to clean
B. ? Have I to clean
C. ? Do I must clean
3. In order to log on to the Internet, Sally __________ her user I.D.
A. ? must enter
B. ? have to enter
C. ? has got to entering
4. If Richard wants to become a professional musician, he ______________ every day.
A. ? has to practise
B. ? haves to practise
C. ? have to practise
5. If you have a pet dog, you _____________ feed it every day or it will die!
A. ? have got to
B. ? have got
C. ? has got to
6. Friend: _________________________ pay to see the doctor?
Brother: No, she ________________ because she has medical insurance.
A. ? Must your sister / musn't
B. ? Does your sister have to / doesn't
C. ? Do your sister have to / don't
7. Mr. Wu: Hi, Mark. Where's your dad?
Mark: Oh, he ______________ to work because there was an emergency.
A. ? had got to go
B. ? musted go
C. ? had to go
8. When a police officer asks to see your driver's license, you _____________ to him/her.
A. ? have got to show it
B. ? have got show it
C. ? must to show it
Can’t
Can’t is the most common way to prohibit something in English. It is not as formal as
must not or may not, but it is the most common. Here are some examples:

 You can’t drive here.

 You can’t wear a hat in class.
 You can’t smoke in the office.

Can’t is normally used to show inability, but in these examples it shows prohibition. It
is like you are saying you do not have the ability because of the rules.

You could also ask questions about the rules:

 Can I smoke in here?

 Can I park my car here?

May Not
May not is the formal way to prohibit something. Here are some examples:

 You may not smoke in this house.

 You may not wear shoes in the office.
 You may not eat in the conference room.

Like can, you could ask questions about the rules with may:

 May I smoke here?

 May I eat in this room?

Because may is the most formal, you will often see it in writing. Finally, let’s look at the
strongest way to prohibit something.

Must Not
This is the third way you can prohibit an action or make a rule against something. Here
are some examples:

 You must not use a cell phone.

 You must not write with pencil.
 You must not play music.

Unlike the first two examples, you cant ask questions about rules with must.
 6. We ... eat sweets in the classrooms.
A. ? can
1. We ... be quiet.
B. ? must
A. ? must
C. ? mustn't
B. ? mustn't
D. ? don't have to
C. ? has to
7. You ... speak on the mobile phone on an
D. ? don't have to
aeroplane.
2.You ... make noise in this area.
A. ? can
A. ? can
B. ? must
B. ? must
C. ? mustn't
C. ? mustn't
D. ? don't have to
D. ? don't have to
8. I ... do my homework.
3. You ... take photos in this museum.
A. ? can
A. ? must
B. ? mustn't
B. ? can
C. ? have to
C. ? mustn't
D. ? don't have to
D. ? don't have to
9. You ... smoke in this room.
4. You ... put the rubbish into the bin.
A. ? must
A. ? must
B. ? mustn't
B. ? mustn't
C. ? can
C. ? has to
D. ? don't have to
D. ? don't have to
10. I ... listen to the music I like. My parents
5. I ... watch TV late at night. My parents say like it too.
I must go to bed early.
A. ? can
A. ? can't
B. ? must
B. ? must
C. ? mustn't
C. ? don't have to
D. ? don't have to
D. ? can
 Should
Using the modal of advice should is the most common way to
suggest something to someone in English. The pattern is should
+ base verb. The negative form, should not, often gets
contracted to shouldn’t.

You should tell your boss about the report.


 They should start getting ready to go because the bus leaves
at 4:00.
 She shouldn’t smoke outside because people are eating on the patio nearby.

Ought To
Ought to is a modal expression that sounds a bit stuffy these days. I always tell my students that
though they may occasionally see it in textbooks or in writing, they should avoid using ought to +
base verb themselves because it’s pretty old-fashioned. Some people would argue that ought to is a
bit stronger of a suggestion than should, but I’d argue that the difference isn’t important, especially
since it’s not commonly used nowadays.

As a general overview (in case students come across it), you may want to mention that in spoken
English, ought to is usually shortened to /aw-da/, and that the negative expression ought not to is
even less common and best avoided altogether.

 You ought to show your report card to your parents.

Had Better
Use had better + base verb to make a stronger suggestion than should. This modal of advice is used
when someone thinks the other person really should follow the suggestion, implying that there will be
more serious consequences if the advice isn’t taken.

Had better is a modal expression that is often contracted to ’d better. The negative form, had better
not, is also often contracted to ’d better not.

 We had better let someone know about the problem.

 He’d better study for the test because he’s failing the class.
 I’d better not eat another cookie because I’m on a diet.
1. A: I'm so hot.
B: You _________________ your coat!
A. ? should put on
B. ? should take off
C. ? should to take off

2. It's raining and I don't want to get my dress wet. I _________________ an umbrella.
A. ? had better not bring
B. ? had better bring
C. ? had better to bring

3. The airline only allows two pieces of luggage. You _________________ pack too much or
you will have to take it out at the airport!
A. ? had better not
B. ? better not
C. ? had not better

4. A: I think that the grade my teacher gave me on my test is wrong.

B: Really? You ______________ to her after class today.
A. ? ought to talk
B. ? should to talk
C. ? ought talk

5. My mother isn't feeling well, so I told her that she _______________ to the doctor.
A. ? ought to go
B. ? ought go
C. ? ought

6. Dave loves chocolate, but he _________________ too much or he will get fat.
A. ? should eat
B. ? should eat not
C. ? shouldn't eat

7. I need help, doctor. My baby doesn't sleep well. What ________________ ?

A. ? had I better do
B. ? I should do
C. ? should I do

8. I'm going to visit your country. Where _______________ if I want to go shopping?

A. ? ought to I go
B. ? should I go
C. ? I should go
 Would rather
would rather is used to decide a preference when making a choice among different options.
Positive Form: Subject + would rather ('d rather) + verb (base form) + than + verb (base form)
 I would rather stay home than go out tonight.
 She'd rather play tennis than sit here.
 They'd rather drink tea than cola.
 I would rather go by car.
 I'd rather stay at home.
 Would you rather have lemonade?
 Would she rather come with us than stay home?
 My father would rather drink tea than (drink) coffee.
 She'd rather buy a gold ring than a silver ring.
 I'd rather resign from my job than take a cut in salary.
 I 'd rather watch a match than go to the cinema.
When prefering a negative option, we use "not" before the verb.
 I'm tired. I'd rather not go out this evening.
 We'd rather not tell a lie.
 Sam would rather not talk to him.
 She'd rather not say that again.

Question Form: Would + subject + rather + verb

 Would you rather come with us?
 Would they rather talk in English or French?

Some example Conversations:

Cate: Let's go to the cinema? There's a new comedy movie.

Mike: I'd rather go home now. I have a terrible headache.

Teacher: There are two topics, science or math. Which would you rather write about?
Debby: I would rather write about math than science. I think I am better at science.

Contractions (short forms)

I would rather = I'd rather
She would rather = She'd rather
he would rather = He'd rather
They would rather = They'd rather
We would rather = We'd rather
You would rather = You'd rather
Choose the correct answer

1. I'd rather people rather than places.

2. Some people would rather happy than rich.

3. Tom would rather English than French.

4. She would rather Mozart than Bach.

5. I'd rather play tennis do my homework.

6. Tom and Micheal would rather out tonight.

7. We'd rather go to the cinema sit at home.

8. The man would rather go back wait in the coridor.

9. His sister would rather than go to the gym.

10. They would rather study English play football.