pGgt cf]v/ v]tL k|lalw

c?0f vgfn*
kl/ro
n]sfnL xfjfkfgLdf x'g] tyf ;'Vvf kmn (Dry fruit) lbg] cf]v/sf] pTklQ
pQ/–klZrd lxdfnog If]q b]lv kl;{of -O/fg_ ;Ddsf] If]qdf ePsf] dflgG5 . ;
+;f/e/ o;sf sl/a @! hftLx? kfO{G5 -Fjellstrom and Parfitt, 1994_ . g]kfndf
kfO{g] cf]v/ h'unG8];L (Juglandaceae) kl/jf/ cGtu{tsf] h'un]G; /]lhof
(Juglans regia L.) gfds kl;{og cf]v/ -Persian walnut_ xf] . cf]v/ !)–$) ld6/
cUnf] ktem/ ?v xf] . o;sf] kft @)–$% ;]=ld nfdf] %–( efudf ljefhLt x'G5 .
r}q dlxgfdf km'Ng] cf]v/sf] efn] km"n Ps jif{ k'/fgf] xf+ufsf] 5]pdf
-Laterally_ em'l08P/ km"Nb5g eg] kf]yL km"n gof+ xf+ufsf] 6'Kkfdf
hf]8fdf -af]ltnf]sf] ?kdf÷with nutlet_ km"Nb5g . ljZje/ ;g\ @))(÷!) df !
@*@@$) d]= 6g cf]v/ pTkfbg eof] -USDA, 2010_ . k|d'v cf]v/ pTkfbs
b]zx?df rLg -%^)))) d]= 6g_, cd]l/sf -#(^$$) d]= 6g_, o"s||]g, 6sL{, cfbL
kb{5g eg] l5d]sL ef/tdf klg o;sf] v]tL jif]{gL a9L /x]sf] 5 . ljZje/ ;g\ @))
(÷!) df ;a} eGbf j9L cf]v/ cfoft ug]{ b]zx? o'/f]kLog o'lgog -!!$^)) d]= 6g_,
6sL{ -$@%)) d]= 6g_, ?; -#^%)) d]= 6g_, x+s+u -@&!)) d]= 6g_, hfkfg
-#)#)) d]= 6g_ cfbL x'g\ -USDA, 2010_ .

g]kfndf cf]v/ v]tLsf]] jt{dfg l:ylt

g]kfnsf] k|fo M ;a}h;f] n]sfnL xfjfkfgL ePsf klZrdL kxf8L lhNnfx?df
xf8] cf]v/sf la?jfx? h+unL cj:yfdf kmln /x]sf e]l6G5g eg] s]xL lhNnfx?df
-vf;u/L s0ff{nL c~rnsf_ bf+t] cf]v/sf la?jfx? klg kfOG5g . oBlk cem} klg
s'g} klg lhNnfdf cf]v/sf] Aofj;flos v]tL ul/Psf] kfO{+b}g, ljut s]xL
jif{ b]lvsf] ;'Vvf kmnkm"n ljsf; s]Gb|, a}t8Lsf] ljz]if k|of; tyf ljleGg lhNnf
s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox? Pj+ cGo s]xL ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? ;d]tsf] kxndf
bf+t] cf]v/sf] pGgt t/Lsfn] v]tL ug]{ k|rngdf lgs} a9]sf] 5 .
cf=j=@)^$÷)^% sf] tTYof+s cg'';f/ g]kfndf cf]v/ jfnLn] 9fs]sf]
If]qkmn #,!&* x]S6/ -pTkfbglzn If]qkmn !,!&@ x]=_, pTkfbg $,^$( d]=6=
/ pTkfbsTj $=) d]=6=÷x]= /x]sf] lyof] -kmnkm"n ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, @)^
%_ . cf]v/ v]tL eO{ /x]sf d'Vo d'Vo lhNnfx?df ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf] a}t8L,
88]Nw'/f, bfr'{nf, aemf+u / afh'/f, dWo klZrdf~rnsf] s0ff{nL c~rn cGt{ut
kg]{ % j6} lhNnfx? tyf klZrdf~rnsf] dgfË / d':tfË lhNnfx? kb{5g . b]zsf]
laleGg e]sdf /x]sf lztf]i0f afujfgL ljsf; s]Gb÷kmfd{x?, vf;u/L ;'Vvf
kmnkm"n ljsf; s]Gb|, a}t8L / o; j/k/sf !( j6f lghL kmnkm"n g;{/Lx?n] jif]
{gL xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf bf+t] cf]v/ -Thin shelled walnut_] sf] sndL Pj+ lah'
la?jfx? pknAw u/fO{ pGgt cf]v/ v]tLsf] If]q la:tf/df 7"nf] of]ubfg
k'¥ofO{ /x]sf 5g\ .
ef}uf]nLs / xfjfkfgLsf] ljljwtfsfn] pTkfbgzLn sfo{ åf/f cyfxf
;DefJotfsf cj;/x? k|bfg ubf{ ub}{ klg #)Ü eGbf j9L g]kfnL u/LaLsf] /]vf
d'gL 5g\ . pRr kxf8L e]udf u/LaL / s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of ljs/fn 5 . Toxf eL/fnf
gfËf 8f8fx? j9L ePsf]n] af9L kxL/f]sf] vt/f klg ;b}j b]vf k/L/xG5 .
xfjfkfgLsf] lx;fan]] /fd|f] ;Defjgf ePsf oL 7fFpx?df pGgt v]tL k|lawL åf/f
Aofa;flos ?kdf cf]v/ v]tL ug]{ xf] eg] o;n] cfDbfgL a9fpg, jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng
*kmnkm"n ljsf; clws[t, ;'Vvf kmnkm"n ljsf; s]G›, ;taf+h, a}t8L,
sfod /fVg / kf]if0f ;'/Iff ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . To;}n] cf]v/ v]tL tkm{ s[ifs / ;/sf/
g]kfn
b'a}sf] Wofgfsif{0f x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 .

cf]v/ v]tLsf nfuL pGgt k|lalw

 pko'St :yfg M
xfjfkfgL M– cf]v/ v]tLsf] nflu &))–!%)) 306f ;Dd & ) ;]= eGbf sd
tfkqmd rfFlxg] x'bf !@))–@%)) ld6/ prfO{ ePsf g]kfnsf pRr kxf8L If]qx?
df o;sf] v]tL ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
df6f] M– cf]v/ v]tLsf] nflu ^–& kL=Pr= ePsf] kfgL ghDg] t/ lr:ofg
/lx/xg] dlnnf] tyf kf+uf] -silt_ jf lrD6\ofO{nf] bf]d6 df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 .

 hftx? M
g]kfndf kfOg] æ:yfgLo bf+t]Æ / ljb]zaf6 NofO{Psf ælyg;]n -Thin
shell_Æ, æcfzn] -Ashley_Æ, ækfog] -Payne_Æ, æxf6{n] -Hartley_Æ /
ækm|fGSj]6 -ranquette_Æ hftsf cf]v/x? pGgt v]tLsf nfuL k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . ef/tsf] lxdfrn k|b]zdf kfO{g] æk/tfk -Partap_Æ, æuf]laGb
-Gobind_Æ / æs] 8ANo' )!@ -KW 012_Æ hftsf bf+t] cf]v/ v]tLsf]] ljsf;
ug{ ;lsG5 .

 k|;f/0f ljlw -k|hgg_ M

 jLpaf6 k|;f/0f -n}+lus k|hgg_M
o; lalwaf6 pTkflbt la?jfx?df k}t[s u'0f zt k|ltzt gx'g] ePklg g]kfndf
ckgfO{g] d'Vo ljlw olx xf] . o; ljlw cg';f/ cf]v/sf] jLp nfO{ ?vaf6
l6k]sf] !)–!% lbg leq} jf ;'sfP/ l9nf] klg /f]Kg ;lsG5 . cf]v/sf] jLp l56f]
/f]Kg] eP efb|sf] bf]>f] xKtf b]lv cflZjgsf] klxnf] xKtf ;Dd pko'St x'G5 .
jLpnfO{ t}of/ hdLg -Aof8_ df #)×#) ;]=dL= sf] b"/L sfod u/L &–!) ;]=dL=
ulx/f] /f]Kg' k5{ . o;/L jLp /f]Kbf /f]k]sf] @)–@% lbgd} jLp pld|G5 / d+l;/
dlxgf ;Dd la?jfsf] a[l4 ljsf; /fd|f] x'G5 . To; kl5 kf}if–df3sf] lr;f]n] a[l4
/f]lsG5, kftx? emb{5g\ t/ km]l/ kmfu'gsf] clGtd xKtfaf6 g;{/Ldf la?jfx?
knfpg yfNb5g . o;/L cuf8L g} /f]Kbf jLp l56f] pd|g], al9 pd|g] / la?jfsf]
2
prfO{ ;d]t /fd|f] x'g] x'Fbf u'0f:tl/o la?jf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 -;'= km= lj= s=],
@)^$÷^%_ .
cf]v/sf] jLpnfO{ l9nf] ul/ kmfu'gsf] klxnf] xKtf b]lv r}qsf] klxnf]
xKtf ;Dd klg /f]Kg ;lsG5 . t/ o; ;dodf jLp /f]Kbf /fd|f] pdf/sf] nflu /f]Kg' cl3
g} jLpsf] lr;f] pkrf/ -Stratification_ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o;sf] nflu kfgLdf
lehfPsf] cf]v/sf] jLpnfO{ pko'Qm dfWod -Vermiculite, Peat, Moss jf
afn'jf_ df tx tx u/L @–# xKtf ;Dd #—% ) ;]= tfkqmd sfod ul/ /fVg' k5{ .
;fy} pQm cjlwdf lr:ofg / xfjf ;+rf/sf] plrt Aoj:yf x'g' k5{ . o;/L pkrfl/t
jLpnfO{ pd|{g yfn] kl5 g;{/L Aof8df dfly pNn]v u/] cg';f/sf] b"/L / ulx/fO{
ldnfO{ /f]Kg' k5{ . cf]v/sf] jLpnfO{ kf}if–df3df @$ 306f hlt kfgLdf lehfP/
lr;f] pkrf/ gu/L ;f]em} -In situ Stratification åf/f_ klg g;{/L Aof8df /f]Kg
;lsG5 .

 jfg:klts k|;f/0f -cn}+lus k|hgg_ M

o; tl/sf åf/f t}of/ kfl/Psf cf]v/sf la?jfx?df ztk|ltzt dfp af]6sf] u'0f cfpF5
. jfg:klts k|;f/0f cGt{ut ;'Vvf kmnkm"n ljsf; s]Gb|, ;taf+h, a}t8Ln]
ckgfpFb} cfPsf] cf]v/sf] sndL ug]{ ljlw lha|] sndL -Tongue grafting_ xf] .
clxn] ;Ddsf] cg'ejdf o; ljlw af6 cf]v/df sndL ubf{ cf}ift &)Ü ;Dd ;kmntf
kfO{Psf] 5 . lha|] sndL ljlw af6 sndL ug{ kfn'jf cfpg' cl3sf] kmfu'gsf]
bf]>f] xKtf b]lv r}qsf] klxnf] xKtf ;Ddsf] ;do pko'Qm dflgPsf] 5 . o; tl/sf
cg';f/ ;a{k|yd ?6:6s la?jfx? -Root stocks_ t}of/ ug{ dfly bf+t] cf]v/sf] nflu
pNn]v u/] em}+ g;{/Ldf xf8] cf]v/sf] aLpx? /f]lkG5 . o;/L g;{/Ldf g}
-Insitu_ t}of/ kfl/Psf xf8] cf]v/sf lah' la?jfx? dWo] :j:y / pko'Qm cfsf/sf la?
jfx? 5gf}6 u/L To;nfO{ e"O{ af6 !%–@) ;]=dL= dfly sf6]/ To;df lha|f]
h:tf] sl6Ë agfO{G5 . o;} ul/ :j:y Pj+ /fd|f] hftsf] bf+t] cf]v/sf] cwj}+;] af]6
-dfp af]6_ af6 sf6]/ NofOPsf pko'Qm cfsf/sf ;fog -sndL ul/g] xf+uf_ sf] tn
k§L klg ;f]xL cg';f/sf] lha|] sl6Ë agfO{ ?6:6s ;+u hf]8L Knfli6ssf] 6]k jf
lkmtfn] af+lwG5 . o;/L u|flˆ6Ë -sndL_ ubf{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f -@!–@$ );]=
tfkqmd_ ePdf !%–@% lbg leq} la?jf knfpg yfN5 . ?6:6s af6 knfPsf d'gfx?
nfO{ eg] lgoldt ?kdf x6fpg'' kb{5 .

 hUufsf] t}of/L tyf la?jf /f]Kg] ljlw M

hUufsf] t}of/L la?jf /f]Kg' eGbf slDtdf ! dlxgf cuf8L ug'{k5{ .
;fdfGotof lah' cf]v/ aLr !@×!@ ld6/ -nfOg / la?jf aLrsf] b"/L_ tyf sndL
cf]v/ aLr !)×!) ld= sf] b"/L sfod x'g] u/L ux|f sfGnf -sG6'/_ jf juf{sf/ ljlw
af6 hUufsf] /]vf+sg ul/G5 -s[[ ;' ;+ s], @)^&_ . To; kl5 ! ld6/ ulx/fO{ / !
ld6/ uf]nfO{sf] vf8n vGg'k5{ . vf8n vGbf tnsf] df6f] Psflt/ / dflysf] df6f]
csf]{lt/ /fvL tnsf] df6f] ;+u k|lt vf8n #)–$) lsnf] kfs]sf] uf]7] jf sDkf]i6 dn
ld;fpg' k5{ . o:tf] df6f] dnnfO{ vf8nsf] dfly / dflysf] df6f]nfO{ tn kf/L
3
vf8nsf] sl/a !%–@) ;]= ld= dfly ;Dd cfpg] ul/ vf8n k'g'{ kb{5 / aLrdf s.7sf]
5]:sfn] lrgf] nufpg' kb{5 . kl5 kf}if–df3df la?jf nufpFbf Tof] 5]:sf
x6fO{ vf8nsf] aLrdf kg]{ u/L tyf sndL hf]8]sf] efu df6f] d"gL gk'l/g] u/L
la?jf /f]Kg' k5{ . o;/L /f]k]sf] la?jfnfO{ cfjZos eP 6]sf lbO{ ;f]emf] kfg]
{ tyf l;+rfO{ u/L 5fkf] lbg ;s]df /fd|f] x'G5 .
cf]v/nfO{ cGo kmnkm"n jfnL ;+u ld;fP/ nufpg] eP au}+rfsf] pQ/ /
klZrd k§Lsf] kf6fdf nufpg' kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ c? kmnkm"n jfnLnfO{ a9L
5f+of kb}{g . cr]n Aofj;flos ?kdf cf]v/ v]tL ug{ z'?df sndL la?jfx?nfO{ &–
*×&–* ld= sf] b"/Ldf /f]kL] sl/a @) jif{ kl5 lar–larsf] Pp6f la?jf x6fpg klg
l;kmfl/; ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . /f]lkPsf la?jfx?n] pTkfbg lbg z'? gu/];Dd au}+rfsf]
vfnL hUufdf 7fp+ ;'xfp+bf] t/sf/L Pj+ d;nf jfnLx? nufP/ kmfObf lng ;lsG5 .
 dnvfb / l;+rfO{M M
s'g} klg afnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng ;Gt'lnt dnvfb k|of]u ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .
olb cf]v/ jfnLnfO{ k|lt jif{ k|lt la?jf ;fgf gkmNg] la?jf eP !–@ 8f]sf] -@%–
%) lsnf]_ / kmNg] la?jf eP @–$ 8f]sf] -%)–!)) lsnf]_] uf]7] dn dfq pknAw
u/fpg ;s]df klg /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . /f;folgs dn xfNg] eP k|lt jif{ $)) u|
fd gfO6«f]hg / @))–@)) u|fd kmf:kmf]/; Pj+ kf]6f;o'Qm dn k|lt la?jf k|of]u
ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]5 -s[[ ;' ;+ s], @)^&_ . uf]7] dnsf] k'/} dfqf kf}if–df3df
sf+65f+6 u/]kl5 tyf /f;folgs dnsf] cflw efu kmfu'g–r}qdf gof+ kfn'jf cfpg
z'? x'+bf / cflw efu efb|–cflZjgdf kmn l6kfO{ kl5 k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . dnvfb k|
of]u ubf{ la?jfsf] km}nfj6 cg';f/sf] b"/Ldf la?jfsf] jl/k/L s'n];f] agfO{ k|of]u
ug'{ k5{ / df6f]n] 5f]kL l;+rfO{ ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
cf]v/ jfnLn] s]xL ;'Vvf jftfj/0f ;xg ;s] klg ;d'lrt j[l4, ljsf; / u'0f:tl/o
pTkfbgsf] nflu l;+rfO{sf] e/kbf]{ Aoj:yf ug{'] /fd|f] x'G5 . la?jf /f]k] b]lv
/fd|/L g;/];Dd / kmn nfUg] / a9g] a]nfdf df6f]df lr:ofg sfod /fVg ;s] af]6 /
kmnsf] j[l4 / ljsf;df d2t k'Ug'sf ;fy} u'bL el/g ;xof]u kUb5 . l;+rfOsf] ;d:of
sd ug{ cf]v/ au}+rf leq Knfli6s jf l;d]G6sf] kf]v/L agfpg'sf ;fy} la?jfdf
5fkf] -Mulch_ /fVg ;lsG5 . jiff{ ofddf kfgL lgsf;sf] Aoj:yf ldnfpg klg la;{g'
x+'b}g .

 tflnd tyf sfF65fF6 M

cf]v/ afnLnfO{{ kl/jlt{t d"n xf+uf k¢tL -Modified Central Leader
System_ åf/f tflnd lbg] cyf{t sf+65f+6 ul/ :yfoL Pj+ alnof] cfsf/ lbg' kb{5 .
o;sf] nflu la?jfnfO{ @–# jif{;Dd a9g lbO{ e"+O{ af6 ! dL6/ dfyL rf/}lt/
knfPsf, sl/a #) ;]=dL= sf] b"/Ldf /x]sf $–% j6f xf+ufx? dfq /fvL
cGonfO{ kf}if–df3df d"n xf+uf af6} sf6L x6fpg' k5{ . k|Tos zfvf xf+ufx?
df #–$ j6f k|zfvf xf+ufx? /fVg' kb{5 . e/v/} kmNg z'? u/]sf la?jfx?df
kmnnfO{ eGbf xf+ufx?sf] lasf;df a9L Wofg lbg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu kf}if–
df3df w]/} h;f] xf+ufsf 6'Kkfx? 5f]6\ofpg] -Heading-back_ / cgfjZos
4
xf+ufla+uf x6fO{ ktNofpg] -Thinning_ . k|ofKt kmn lbg yfln ;s]sf] la?jfdf
rflx+ k|Tos jif{ cfjZos ;+Vofdf gof+ kmNg] xf+ufx?sf] lasf; x'g] u/L dfq
sf+65f+6 ug'{ kb{5 . o;} ul/ ;'s]sf, d/]sf, /f]u ls/faf6 u|:t Pj+ sdhf]/ /
alNemPsf xf+ufla+ufx?nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf sf6L x6fpg' kb{5 . sf+65f+6 ul/
;s] kl5 nfu]sf 7"nf 3fpx?df af]8f]{ k]i6 nufpg' / k'/} la?jfdf af]8f]{ ldS;r/
5g'{ h?/L x'G5 .

 kmn l6kfO{ tyf pTkfbg M

lah' cf]v/ /f]k]sf] *–!) jif{ / sndL cf]v/ $–% jif{df kmNg z'? ub{5 .
cf]v/ kmn l6Kg' cl3 kmn kfs]sf] 5 jf 5}g elg 5'6\ofpg ;fdfGotof b'O{ j6f
tl/sfx? ckgfOG5 . klxnf] tl/sf cg';f/ ha cf]v/ kmnsf] af]qmf -ufn_ *)Ü hlt
km'6L kmn e"+O{df emb{5 / bf]>f] ha cf]v/ bfgf -af]qmf afx]ssf] kmn_ sf]
/+u v}/f] x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof g]kfndf v]tL ul/g] bf+t] cf]v/ efb| dlxgfdf l6Kg
t}of/ x'G5 . l6Kg w]/} l9nf] u/]df kmndf /f]u ls/fsf] cfs|d0f a9g ;S5 ;fy}
u'bLsf] /+u v}/f] sfnf] eO{ u'0f:t/df ;d]t x|f; cfpF5 . kmnnfO{ xftn],
xf+ufx? xNnfP/ jf af+;sf] kf]nn] lxsf{P/ emfl/G5 . o;/L kmn l6Kbf la?jfsf]
km]bdf s'g} sk8f jf kfn cf]5\ofpg' /fd|f] x'G5 eg] xf+ufdf sd;] sd rf]6 k'uf];
elg larf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . cf]v/sf] ;a} kmn Ps} k6s t}of/ gx'g ;S5, To;}n]
o;nfO{ @–# k6sdf s]xL lbgsf] cGt/ kf/L l6Kg' kb{5 . Ps} k6sdf tyf s]xL
lbg cuf8L g} kmn l6Kg] eP kmn kl/kSj eO{ ;s]kl5 l6Kg sl/a !%–@) lbg
cl3 O{y]kmg @))–%)) lk=lk=Pd= -)=@–)=% ld=ln= k|lt ln= kfgLdf_ k'/}
la?jfdf 5s{g' kb{5 . cf]v/ kmn l6kL ;s]kl5 o;sf] af]qmf unfpg $–% lbg
o;nnfO{ lr;f] / ;'Vvf 7fpFdf /fVg' kb{5 . To; kl5 kmnsf] af]qmf
x6fO{ bfgfnfO{ w'g], ;kmf ug]{ tyf kftnf] ul/ lkm+hfP/ s]xL lbg
3fddf ;'sfpg /fVg' kb{5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd e08f/0f u/L /fVg] eP o;/L ;'sfPsf]
cf]v/ bfgfdf sl/a *Ü dfq lr:ofg x'g' kb{5 .
cf]v/sf] pTkfbg To;sf] hft, la?jfsf] pd]/, :yflgo xfjfkfgL–df6f] / au}+rf
Aoj:yfkgdf e/ kb{5 . ;fdfGotof lah' la?jfn] /f]k]sf] !%–!* jif{ kl5 tyf sndL
la?jfn] *–!) jif{ kl5 k"0f{ Ifdtfdf kmn lbG5 . o:tf] Pp6f kl/kSj Pj+ :j:y af]6
af6 sl/a !%)–@)) lsnf] ;'Vvf cf]v/sf] kmn k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . cf}iftdf eg]
Pp6f la?jfn] $)–%) lsnf] dfq} pTkfbg lbg ;Sb5 . k|lt lsnf]df sfl:d/L lyg ;]n
hftsf] ()–!!) bfgf, :yflgo bf+t]sf] &)–() bfgf / xf8] cf]v/sf] %%–&% bfgf
x'G5 .

cf]v/ v]tLsf] dxTj

 kf}i6Ls dxTj M
cf]v/sf] u'bL :jflbi6 x'g'sf] ;fy} o;df k|;:t t]n, k|f]l6g, sfaf]{xfO8«]6,
vlgh tTjx? / le6fldg …aLÚ kfOG5 . h;n] s'kf]if0fsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf g]kfnLsf]
kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf d2t ub{5 .
5
 6]jn M cf]v/df kfOg] kf]ifs tTjsf] laj/0f -!)) u|fd u'bLdf_
vfB gfk vfB gfk vfB gfk
kf]if0f kf]if0f kf]if0f
zlQm ^%$ lsnf] le6fldg … @) DofUg]l;o !%* ld=u|f
Sofnf]/L PÚ cfO=o"= d
sfaf] !#=&! u|fd le6fldg … @=*@! DoflUgh #=$!$
{xfO8«]6 aLÚ ld=u|f ld=u|f
sDKn]s;
lrgL @=^! u|fd le6fldg !=# ld=u|f km:kmf]/; #$^ ld=u|f
…;LÚ
8fo6/L ^=& u|fd le6fldg … )=& ld=u|f kf]6flzod $$! ld=u|f
kmfO{j/ OÚ
t]n ^%=@! u| le6fldg … @=& ;f]l8od @ ld=u|f
fd s]Ú dfOqmf]
u|f=
k|f]6Lg !%=@# u| SoflN;od (* ld=u|f lh+s #)( ld=u|f
fd
kfgL $=)& u|fd cfO/g @=(!
ld=u|f
;|f]t M o"gfO{6]6 :6]6 l8kf6{d]G6 ckm cd]/Lsf, 8f6f a]z

 Jofj;foLs dxTj M
cf]v/ la?jf g;{/Ldf pTkfbg u/L las|L u/]/ jf pGgt v]tL u/L u'0f:t/Lo
kmn kmnfO{ las|L u/]/ 7'nf] /sd cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . j}t8L lhNnfsf
kmnkm"n g;{/L / cf]v/ au}rfF wgLx? ;usf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df tof/ kf/LPsf]
cf]v/ v]tL ubf{sf] cfDbfgL vr{ laj/0f lgDg adf]lhd 5 .
ljh' la?jf j]r]/ x'g] cfDbfgL vr{ laj/0f M laz lsnf] bfFt] cf]v/sf]
jLpdf cf}ift () bfgf k|lt lsnf]sf b/n] !*)) bfgf x'G5 . o;nfO{ !^@ dL @ df
nufpg ;lsG5 . h;df jLp -cf}ift ?=@%) sf b/n] ?= %)))_, jf/L vGg Ps hgf -?
=@))_, af/L lhnfpg / jLp nufpg -?=@))_, cfwf lbgsf b/n] # k6s ;Dd uf]8\g
-?=#))_, ^ 8f]sf uf]a/ dn -?=!*)_ af/L vGbf, @ lsnf] l8PkL -?=*)_ / ! lsnf]
o"/Lof -?=@%_ bf];|f] uf]8d]ndf cflb vr{ nfUb5 . o;/L nufO{Psf] jLp jf6
cf}ift &)Ü pdf/sf b/n] !@^) la?jf tof/ x'G5 . o;nfO{ vGgsf] nfuL # hgf
HofdL -?=^))_ rflxG5 . !@^) jf]6 dWo] !)Ü pvfNbf lau|g] / sd;n x'g] / @Ü
dg]{ x'Fbf hDdf !!)( jf]6 las|L of]Uo x'G5g\ . ;/sf/L b//]6 -?=@)_ cg';f/ o;
jf6 s'n cfDbfgL ?=@@!&^ x'G5 . To;}n] laz lsnf] jLp nufO{ jLh' la?jf
a]Rbfsf] gfkm vr{ cg'kft #=#& x'G5 .
sndL la?jf j]r]/ x'g] cfDbfgL vr{ laj/0f M laz lsnf] xf8] cf]v/sf]
jLpdf cf}ift ^% bfgf k|lt lsnf]sf b/n] !#)) bfgf x'G5 . o;nfO{ !!& dL @ df
6
nufpg ;lsG5 . h;df jLp -cf}ift ?=#) sf b/n] ?= ^))_, jf/L vGg / af/L lhnfpg Ps
hgf -?=@))_, jLp nufpg -?=!))_, cfwf lbgsf b/n] # k6s ;Dd uf]8\g -?=#))_,
#–# 8f]sf uf]a/ dn -?=!*)_ af/L vGbf / bf];|f] jif{, !–! lsnf] l8PkL -?=*)_ / )
=%–)=% lsnf] o"/Lof -?=@%_ bf];|f] uf]8d]ndf / bf];|f] jif{, ;fogsf] -?=@
sf b/n] ?=@#$)_, sndL vr{ -?=*))_ cflb vr{ nfUb5 . o;/L nufO{Psf] jLp jf6
cf}ift ()Ü pdf/sf b/n] !!&) la?jf tof/ x'G5 . h;df sndL u/L;s]kl5 cf}iftdf &)Ü
;kmnsf b/n] *!( jf]6 sndL la?jf tof/ x'G5 . o;nfO{ vGgsf] nfuL $ hgf HofdL
-?=*))_ rflxG5 . $!) dWo] !)Ü pvfNbf lau|g] / sd;n x'g] / @Ü dg]{ x'Fbf
hDdf &@! jf]6 las|L of]Uo x'G5g\ . ;/sf/L b//]6 -?=#)_ cg';f/ o; jf6 s'n
cfDbfgL ?=@!^#) x'G5 . To;}n] laz lsnf] jLp nufO{ sndL la?jf a]Rbfsf]
gfkm vr{ cg'kft #=(( x'G5 .
cf]v/sf] la?jf ?vf] df6f] ePsf] / c? v]tLsf] nfuL cof]Uo hdLgdf klg ug{
;lsg] x'bf o; jf6 jif{]gL nfvf}sf] cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 .
cf]v/ kmn j]r]/ x'g] cfDbfgL vr{ laj/0f M @) cf]v/ jf]6 nfO{ x'sf{pg
lgDg cg';f/ vr{ nfUb5 M !_ @) jf]6sf] al9df #) sf b/n] -?=^))_, @ hgf k|tL
% vf8nsf b/n] * hgf hUuf jgfpg / vf8n vGg -?= !^))_ . @_ * jif{ ;Dd k|Tos
jif{ !=% 8f]sf] dn -?=$%×*Ö?=#^)_, tflnd, sf65fF6 / uf]8d]n -?=!^))×*Ö?
=!@*))_ / cGo -?=!))×*Ö?=*))_ u/L hDdf ?=!#(^) nfUb5 . #_ * jif{ kl5 jf
kmn kmNg yfn] kl5 k|To]s jif{ # 8f]sf] dn -?=()_, tflnd, sf65fF6 / uf]8d]n
-?=!^))_, kmn l6Kg -?=*))_ / cGo -?=@))_ u/L hDdf ?=@^() nfUb5 .
cf]v/ jf]6n] cf}iftdf /f]k]sf &–( jif{df kmn lbg z'? ub{5 . g]kfnsf]
kl/k]Iodf Pp6f jf]6n] cf}iftdf $% lsnf] kmn lbPsf] kfO{G5 . h;sf] d'No
cf}ift ?=@%) sf b/n] !!@%) x'G5 . To;}n] cf]v/sf] au}rf :yfkgf ug{] xf]
eg] kmNg yfn]sf] klxnf] jif{sf] cfDbfgL jf6 ;'?df gkmNbfsf jif{sf] nfut
vr{ p7\b5 / To; kl5sf jif{df @) jf]6 jf6 cf}iftdf ?=!!@%) sf b/n] gfkmf
x'G5 . cf]v/ ;'Vvf kmn ePsf]n] 9'jfgL / e08f/0fdf ;d:of kb}{g To;}n] b'u{d
If]qsf ls;fgsf nflu o;sf] v]tL cfDbfgLsf] e/kbf]{ dfWod xf] .
 cf}wf]uLs dxTj M
cf]v/sf] k|of]u t]n pBf]u, kmlg{r/ pBf]u, 8fO{ pBf]u, cflbdf ul/G5 .
o;sf] sf7af6 :tl/o kmlg{r/ / ;hfj6sf ;fdfu|L agfpg ;lsG5 . kmnkmNg sd x'g
yfn]sf] Pp6f ?v af6 sDtLdf %) ef/L bfp/f / !) j6f kmn]s lg:sG5 . h;sf] s'n
d'No cf}iftdf ?=!)))) -%)×!)) / !) ×%))_ kb{5 . hlh{ofdf cf]v/sf] ;fN;f 8L
gf];L ;; -Salsa di Noci Sauce_ agfO{G5 . O6fnLdf cf]v/sf] jf:gf o"St
gf];Lgf] / gf];]nf] gfds k]o kbfy{ nf]sk|o 5g\ . a]nfotdf cf]v/sf] crf/ nf]sk|Lo
5.
cf]v/sf] kftsf] / jf]s|fsf] emf]n nfO{ laif]zu/L sk8f /Ëofpg] /Ë agfpg k|
of]u ub{5g\ . cf]v/sf] h/f / jf]s|f nfO{ b+tdGhg agfpg k|of]u ub{5g\ .
cf]v/sf] vf]:6fsf] w'nf] k]G6nfO{ afSnf] agfpg] x]t'n] k]G6 pBf]udf k|of]u

7
ub{5g\ . o;nfO{ knfl:6s pBf]udf kgL k|of]u ub{5g\ . o;nfO{ ;fa'g pBf]u /
8fOgfdfO6df kgL k|of]u ub{5g\ .

 jftfj/0fLo dxTj M
a9\bf] hg;+Vof / jg lagf;n] ubf{ pRr kxf8L If]qx?df af9L kxL/f]sf] k|
sf]k a9\bf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ jif]{lg sof}+ wghgsf] Iflt x'G5 . sd dlnnf] df6f]
ePsf le/fnf e"efudf klg ;lhn} x's{g ;Sg] x'bf cf]v/nfO{ pRr kxf8L If]qsf
gfËf 8f8fx?df nufO{ e"—Ifo lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n]
ubf{ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod x'g k'Ub5 . cf]v/ d';f, nf]vs]{, v/fof] cfbLsf]
nfuL /fd|f] cfxf/ k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} ljleGg k+5Lx?nfO{ jf;:yfg k|bfg ub{5 .
cf]v/sf] kftsf] / af]s|fsf] emf]n ljleGg jfnLdf nfUg] 9';L / JofS6]/Lof hGo
/f]u ls/f lgoGq0fdf klg k|of]u ul/G5 .

 wfld{s dxTj M
ltxf/df efO{ 6Lsfsf lbg lbbL–alxgLx?n] cfÎgf bfh'–efO{x?nfO{ lbg]
d;nfdf cf]v/sf] kmn ;dfj]z ug'{ klg h?/L dflgG5 . ef/tdf a}i0fj
b]aLnfO{ cf]v/ k|;fbsf] ?kdf r9fO{G5 .

 cf}ifwLo dxTj M
cf]v/df kfO{g] cf]d]uf # km\of§L P;L8 -Omega 3 fatty acid_ / ufdf
6f]sf]km]/f]n -gamma tocopherol_ n] d'6'nfO{ :j:Yo /fVb5 -Sabate et al.,
1993_ . cf]v/d kfO{g] cfh]{gLg -argenine_, kf]nLkmLgf]n -polyphenols_ /
cf]d]uf # km\of§L P;L8n] O{G8f]y]nLon -endothelial_ sf] sfdnfO{ ^)Ü n]
a9fp5 . o;n] ubf{ Pn\ 8L Pn\ sf]n]:6f]/n -LDL cholestoral_ 36L nLKkf] k|
f]l6gsf] dfqf a9\g uO{ lÅbo3ft sd ub{5 -Ros et al., 2004_ . cf]v/sf] t]n
gfDn] h'sfsf] pkrf/df klg k|of]u ul/GG5 . cf]v/ h/fdf JofS6]/Lof k|tL/f]ws
zlSt x'g] x'bf o;sf] k|of]un] d'v :j:Yo /fvL :jf;df tfhuL Nofp5 . cf]v/sf] kftdf
kfO{g] h'u'nf]g -Juglone_ tTjdf efO/;, JofS6]/Lof / 9';L k|lt/f]ws ePsf]n]
o;nfO{ sf6]sf] / ;'gLPsf] 7fFpdf cf}ifwLsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
cf]v/n] /ut ;kmf kfg'{sf ;fy} lbdfusf] la/fdLnfO{ klg l7s kfb{5 .

 cGo dxTj M
cf]v/sf] vf]:6f cfuf] tfKg k|of]u uGg ;lsG5 . cf]v/sf] t]n lgsfNbf ag]sf]
kLgf crf/df jf dnvfbsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . kftsf] emf]nn] pkLof / p8';
nfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5 . cf]v/sf] 8f7sf] af]s|fsf] n]bf] agfO{ skfndf v}/f]
rlDsnf] agfpg klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

cf]v/ v]tLsf k|d'v ;d:ofx? / ltgsf] Aoj:yfkg

8
] bf+t] / xf8] cf]v/ aLr pko'Qm -@ ls=dL=_ eGbf a9L b"/L sfod gePdf
k/;]rg eO{ bf+t] cf]v/ klg xf8] lg:sG5 .
 sndL w}/} k|tLztn] c;kmn x'g' cf]v/ v]tLsf] k|d'v ;d:of xf] . sndLsf] nfuL
;fog sf6\bf cf]v/af]6sf] kmNg] Ifdtf 36\g'sf ;fy} jf]7 rf9} db{5 .
 g]kfndf pko'Qm hft gkfpg' / o; af/]df cg';Gwfgsf] sdL x'g' cf]v/ v]tLsf]
nfuL ;d:of xf] . o; af/] ;/sf/L dfWod jf6 ah]6 5'6\6fpg' / cg';Gwfgdf sd{rf/L
v6fpg h?/L b]lvG5 .
 sd;n df6f]df o;sf] v]tL ug]{ rng ePsf] / o;nfO{ dnvfb klg glbg] rng
ePsf]n] of] v]tL af6 x'g' kg]{ htL cfDbfgL ePsf] 5}g . To;}n] o; v]tL af6
dgUu] cfDbfgL x'g] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ u/L o;sf] pGgt v]tLdf hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .
 o; v]tLdf ljleGg /f]u ls/fx?n] xfgL ug]{ x'bf oLgLx?sf] ;dodfg} Joj:yfkg
ug'{ kb{5 . cf]v/ v]tLsf d'Vo /f]u ls/fx? lgDg k|sf/ 5g\ .
 v}/f] kft yf]Kn] /f]u -Anthracnose / Leaf blotch_ M of] 9';L
-Gnomonia leptostyla_ af6 x'g] /f]u xf] . a9L cfb|tf / udL{ x'g] df};ddf
o;sf] cfqmd0f a9L x'g] ub{5 . z'?df kft tyf slnnf xf+uf Pj+ kmnx?df v}/f
wAafx? b]lvG5g h'g kl5 uP/ 7"nf wAafx?df kl/0ft x'G5g . /f]usf] cfqmd0f
a9b} hf+bf kft / kmn emb{5g . oj:yfkgsf nflu e"+O{df em/]sf kft / kmnx?
nfO{ ;+sng u/L hnfpg] . gof+ kfn'jf cfpg z'? eP kl5 !Ü -%M%M%)_ sf]
af]8f]{ ldS;r/ jf )=@%–)=#)Ü -! nL= kfgLdf @=%–# u|fd ljiffbL_ sf]
sk/clS;Snf]/fO8 !)–!% lbgsf] km/sdf @–# k6s la?jf k'/} leHg] u/L 5s{g'
kb{5 .
 6'Kkf ;'Sg] /f]u -Die-back_ M of] klg Ps k|sf/sf] 9';L
-Glomerella cingulata_ af6 nfUg] /f]u xf] . /f]usf] nIf0fdf z'?df kftdf
clgoldt v}/f yf]Knf b]lvG5g . kl5 oL yf]Knfx? a9]/ k'/} kft 9fS5 tyf xf+uf
gf¨f] x'g] ul/ kftx? Emb{5g . slnnf xf+ufx? 6'Kkf af6 sfnf] x'+b} ;'Sb}
hfG5g eg] ;fgf] la?jf dg{ klg ;S5 . f]u Aoj:yfkgsf] nflu /f]lu kft / xf+uf
la+ufx? sf6]/ x6fO{ hnfpg' kb{5 . /f]usf] nIf0f b]vf kbf{ lalQs}
sk/clS;Snf]/fO8 -AnfO6fS;–%)_ jf d}Gsf]h]a -8fO{y]g Pd–$%_ )=#Ü sf]
cfjZoStfg';f/ @–# k6s 5s{g' kb{5 . lx+pbdf sf+65f+6 ul/ ;s]kl5 clgjfo{ ?kdf
af]8f]{ ldS;r/ 5s{g] / sfl6Psf 7"nf xf+ufx?df af]8f]{ k]i6 nufpg' kb{5 .
 km]b tyf h/f s'lxg] /f]u -Foot and Root rot_ M of] /f]u
kmfO6f]Ïyf]/f -Phytophthora spp._ gfds 9';Ln] ubf{ nfUb5 . /f]un] sf08sf]
hldgnfO{ 5f]Psf] efu / h/f b'a}df cfqmd0f ug{ ;Sb5 . z'?df kftdf ;–;fgf
bfux? b]lvg], kl5 kftx? l5lKkb} emg]{ tyf cGtdf la/jf g} dg]{ x'G5 . /f]u
nfUg glbg au}rfdf kfgL lgsf;sf] clu|d Aoj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . gof+ la?jf
/f]Kbf lg/f]uL la?jf 5gf}6 ug]{, /f]uL df6f]df s]lx jif{ la?jf g/f]Kg] / /f]Kg'
g} kg]{ eP la?jf Pj+ df6f]sf] pkrf/ u/]/ dfq} /f]Kg' kb{5 . pkrf/sf] nflu h}las
-6f«Osf]8/df_ jf /;folgs laiffbL -a]leli6g jf kmd]{lN8xfO8_ k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 .
9
 cf]v/sf] af]qmfsf] /Ësf] rfdnsf lrn];f h:tf nfef{ x'g sf]8ln¨ df]y
-Codling moth_]] n] kmnsf] slnnf] ca:yfd} e]6gf]af6 leq k;L u'bL
vfO{ gf]S;fg k'¥ofpb5 . /ftf–kx]+nf / 6f6]kf6 kv]6fx'g] cf]v/sf] af]qm]
lem+uf -Husk fly_ n] kmnsf] af]qmfdf Kjfn kf/]/ km'n kfb{5, h;sf cf}+;fx?
n] kmnsf] af]qmf vfO{ kmn ;8fO{ gf]S;fg ub{5g\ . v}/f]–sfnf] /¨sf],
dflyNnf] efu s8f / kv]6fsf] k'R5f/ lt/ ;]tf] w;f]{ ePsf] cf]v/sf] vk6] sL/f
-Walnut weevil_ sf] nfef{x?n] kmndf leq leq} vfP/ ;'?¨
agfO{ kmnnfO{ kl/kSj gx'+b} emf/L gf]S;fg ub{5g\ . kftsf] tNnf] ;tx /
slnnf] xf+ufx? df a;L] /; r';L ltgdf 9';Lsf] cfqmd0fsf] nfuL of]Uo dx h:tf]
u'lnof] kbfy{ -Honeydew_ 5f]8\g] cf]v/sf] nfxL sL/f -Walnut aphid_ n] klg
cf]v/ v]tLdf 7'nf] gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpb5 . oL sL/fx? Aoj:yfkgsf] nflu em/]sf
kmnx? ;+sng u/L uf8g] jf hnfpg] ug'{ kb{5 . cfjZos k/] )=@ Ü sf] ;]leg
-sfaf{l/n_ jf 8folhgfg laiffbL !)–!% lbgsf] km/sdf @–# k6s 5s{g' kb{5 .
 8f+7df Kjfn kfg]{ sL/f -Shoot borer_ M o; sL/fsf] ujf/f]n] la?
jfsf] xf+uf / yfddf -d'n xf+uf_ Kjfn kf/L ;'?¨ agfp+5g h;n] ubf{ To; eGbf
dflysf kft / xf+ufx? cf]Onfp+5g eg] la?jf klg dg{ ;Sb5 . o;sf] nflu sL/f
nfu]sf] yfxf kfp+bf lalQs} Kjfndf kmnfdsf] dl;gf] tf/ jf ;'O/f] l5/fP/ sL/f
dfg]{ . o;} ul/ skf; nfO{ d§L t]n jf laiffbL -dfnflyofg_ df rf]k]/ Kjfndf
3';fpg] tyf aflx/ af6 lrD6ofOnf] lunf] df6f]n] 6fNg' kb{5 . ls/fn] a9L u|:t
xf+ufx?nfO{ sf6]/ x6fpg] tyf d"n xf+ufdf ls/f nfUg glbg af]8f]{ k]i6 k|of]u
ubf{ To;df ls6 gfzs laiffbL klg ld;fP/ bNg' kb{5 .

lgisif{
g]kfnsf pRr kxf8L If]qx?df cf]v/ v]tLsf nfuL ;'xfpbf], &))–!%))
306f ;Dd &) ;]= eGbf sd tfkqmd x'g] xfjfkfgL ePsf]n] oL If]qx?df ;/sf/L,
u}x| ;/sf/L / :jod\ s[ifssf tkm{ jf6 o; v]tLsf] Joj;foLs tj/n] a9fjf lbg' h?/L
b]lvG5 . cf]v/ v]tL jf6 Joj;foLs, jftfj/0fLo, wfdL{s, cf}wf}uLs, cf}ifwLo,
kf}i6Ls cfbL kmfO{bf x'G5 . cf]v/sf] g;/L{ af6 x'g] gfkmf vr{ cg'kft
jLh'sf] nfuL #=#& / sndLsf] nfuL #=(( x'G5 . o;sf] au}rf :yfkgf af6 aif]{gL
xhf/f} ?k}of+ cfDbgL ug{ ;lsG5 . cf]v/sf] k|Tos !)) u|fd u'bLdf ^%$ lsnf]
Sofnf]/L zlQm, !#=&! u|fd sfaf]{xfO8«]6, ^%=@! u|fd t]n, !%=@# u|fd k|
f]6Lg, le6fldgx? / ljleGg vgLhx? k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] pGgt v]tL k|
lawL åf/f Aofa;flos ?kdf cf]v/ v]tL ug]{ xf] eg] o;n] cfDbfgL a9fO u/LaL
lgjf/0f ug{, jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg / kf]if0f ;'/Iff ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?M
s[[ ;' ;+ s], @)^&= s[[lif 8fo/L= s[[lif ;'rgf tyf ;+rf/ s]Gb= xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/=
kmnkm"n ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, @)^$÷^% . afujfgL ljsf; sfo{qmd jflif{s k|utL
laa/0f . kmnkm"n ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, lstL{k'/, sf7df08f} @$* k]h .

10
;'= km= lj= s]=, @)^$÷^%= g]kfndf cf]v/ v]tL Ps kl/ro -lnkmn]6_ . ;'Vvf
kmnkm"n ljsf; s]Gb|, ;taf+h, a}t8L .
Fjellstrom, R .G. and D. E. Parfitt. 1994. Walnut (Juglans spp.) genetic
diversity determined by restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
Genome. 37:690-700.
Personal communication with technical staff of Dry Fruit Dev. Centre,
Satbanj, and farmers of Baitadi district during January, 2011.
Ros, E., I. Nunez and A. Perez-Heras. 2004. A walnut diet improves
endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized
crossover trial. Circulation. 109(13):1609-14.
Sabate, J., G. E. Fraser, K. Burke, S. F. Knutsen, H. Bennett and K. D.
Lindsted. 1993. Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood
pressure in normal men. N Engl J Med. 328(9):603-7.
USDA. 2010. Tree nuts: world market and trade. Unitate State Department
of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service. Office of Globle
Ana;ysis.
Wikipedia. 2011. Juglans regia. Online www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Juglans_regia on 21/01/2011.

11