CHAPTER 9

GASES

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the topic the students should be able to:
1. Describe the characteristic of gases
2. State the laws of gases
3. Solve problems relating to gases

Competency:
Computing some problems relating to gas laws

Topic Outline:
I. Define what gases are
II. General Properties of gases
III. Important Variables in gases
IV. Standard Temperature and Pressure
V. Gas Laws
1. Boyles Law
2. Charles Law
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law
4. Combined Gas Law
5. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
6. Ideal Gas Law

What are Gases?

• State of matter consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined
shape. (http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/gasdefinition.htm)
• Examples: oxygen gas, Chlorine gas, methane, butane

General Properties of Gases:

1. Gases have no shape and volume.
They will fill any container they are placed in.
Gas volume is equal to the volume of the container.

2. Gases diffuse very readily and any two gases will mix completely when combined.
3. Gases can be compressed or expanded very readily.
Gas can be compressed readily due to the large amount of space between the
molecules. When the gas is compressed, the molecules are simply forced a little
closer together and have less space between them.

4. Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.

This is due to the larger amount of space between the molecules in a gas.

Important Variables in Gases:

1. Volume
This is the space occupied by the gas sample.
Units: Liters, milliliter, cubic meter, cubic centimeter
2. Temperature
In making quantitative calculations involving gases, the temperature must be expressed
on the Kelvin (absolute) temperature scale.

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 3. Pressure
It refers to the force exerted by the gas molecules when it strikes the sides of the
container.
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Units: atmosphere (atm), millimeters of Hg (mm Hg), torr, Pascal (Pa or N/m ), Pound per
2
sq inch or lb/in (psi)

4. Amount of gas
Number of particles or molecules present
Express in terms in moles (n)

n=
/

Standard Temperature and Pressure, STP

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At STP: Temperature: T = 0 C = 273 k

Pressure: P = 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 29.92 in Hg

= 1.01325 bar = 101,325 Pa = 14.696 psi

1 mole of any gas = 22.4 Liters

THE SIMPLE GAS LAWS:

1. Boyle’s Laws (Pressure and Volume Relationship at constant temperature)

• At constant temperature, for a given amount of gas, volume is inversely proportional to pressure.
• ∝ or = or = ; this means that the product of PV is constant at any
condition.

Formula: =

• Sample Problem:
A sample of gas occupies a volume of 400 ml at a pressure of 0.895 atm and a
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temperature of 30 C. Calculate the new pressure if the volume is increased to 650 ml at
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30 C.

Given: at constant temperature

V1 = 400 ml V2 = 650 ml
P1 = 0.895 atm P2 = ?
Required: P2
Solution:
=
"#.%&' (")## (
P2 = = = 0.551 atm
! *'#

Answer: P2 = 0.551 atm

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2. Charle’s Law (Volume and Temperature Relationship at constant pressure)
• At constant pressure, for a given amount of gas, the volume is directly proportional to the
absolute (Kelvin) temperature.
• ∝ + ,- = .+ or =K
+

!
Formula: =
/ /!

• Sample Problem:
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A sample of gas occupies a volume of 300 ml at 30 C and 1 atm pressure. What is the
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volume of the gas if the temperature is changed to 10 C at 1 atm.?

Given: at constant pressure

V1 = 300 ml V2 =?
O O
T1 = 30 C = 303 K T2 = 10 C = 283 K
Required: V2
Solution:
!
=
/ /!
" ("/! ( "0## (" %0 (
= = = 280.2 ml
/ 0#0

Answer: 1 = 280.2 ml

3. Gay-Lusscac’s Law (Temperature and Pressure relationship at constant volume)

• At constant volume, the pressure of a given sample of gas is directly proportional to the absolute
(Kelvin) temperature.
• ∝ + ,- = .+ or =.
+

!
Formula: =
/ /!

• Sample Problem:
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A sample of gas at 25 C has a pressure o 1.1 atm. Calculate the final pressure in mm Hg
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if the temperature is changed to 100 C, at constant volume.
Given:
O O
T1 = 25 C = 298 K T2 = 100 C = 373 K
P1 = 1.1 atm P2 = ?
= 836 mm Hg
Required: P2 in mm Hg
Solution:
!
=
/ /!
" ("/! ( "%0* 2 ("030 (
= = = 1,046.4 mmHg
/ &%

Answer: P2 = 1,046.4 mmHg

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4. Combined Gas Law

! !
=
/ /!

• Sample Problem:
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Nitrogen gas occupies a volume of 513 ml at 22 C and 740 torr. What volume would this
gas occupy at STP?

Given: at STP
V1 = 513 ml V2 = ?
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T1 = 22 C = 295 K T2 = 273 K
P1 = 740 torr P2 = 760 torr
Required: V2
Solution:
! !
=
/ /!

/! "3)# ("' 0 (" 30 (

V2 = = "3*# (" &' (
= 462.25 ml
! /

Answer: V2 = 462.25 ml

5. Avogadro’s Law
• At constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the amount
of gas.

=
A A

• Sample Problem:
What is the mass of 1.2 liters of cyclopropane gas, C3H6 (used as an anesthetic), when
measured at STP?

Given: at STP
V1 = 1.2 L V2 = 22.4 L
n1 = ? n2 = 1 mol
Required: mass of cyclopropane gas at 1.2 L
Solution:
!
=
!
! " ( " . 4(
n1 = = = 0.0536 mol
! .) 4

Solving for the mass of C3H6 if the number of moles is 0.0536;

Since the molecular weight of C3H6 is 42 g/mol, the mass of C3H6 is:
m = MW x n = "42 g/mol( "0.0536 mol( = 1. 1? @
Answer: m = 2.25 g

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6. The Ideal Gas Law (The ideal Gas Equation)
• Combining the relationships between volume and temperature (V ∝ B(, volume and pressure (V
∝ 1/ (, and volume and number of moles (V ∝ A( gives:

PV = nRT where: P = pressure

V = volume
T = absolute temperature
n = number of moles
R = universal gas constant

Universal Gas constants, R: The value of R depends on the units of pressure, volume and
temperature.

R = 0.0821 liter·atm/mol·K (P = atm, V = L and T = K)

R = 8.3145 J/mol·K (Pressure x Volume is energy, T = K)
R = 8.2057 m3·atm/mol·K (P = atm, V = cubic meters and T = K)
R = 62.3637 L·Torr/mol·K or L·mmHg/mol·K (P = torr or mmHg, V = L and T = K)

• Sample Problem:
6.2 liters of an ideal gas are contained at 3.0 atm and 37 °C. How many moles of this gas
are present?
Given:
V = 6.2 L
P = 3.0 atm
T = 37 °C = 310 K
Required: n
Solution:
PV = nRT
"0.# ("*. 4(
n= = "#.#% = 0.731 mol
D/ 4. / ("0 # (

Answer: n = 0.731 mol

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 Exercise 9.1

Name: ___________________________________ Score: __________

Class Schedule: ___________________________ Date: ___________

Fill-in the Blanks:

1. The molar gas volume at STP, in liters, is ______________________.

2. If the pressure of the gas decreases, its volume ____________________.

3. Charle’s law applies when __________________________ remains constant.

4. Boyle’s law applies when ________________________ remains constant.

5. Volume is _______________ proportional to the number of moles of gas sample.

6. At STP the pressure of gas sample is __________ atmosphere or __________ torr.

7. At STP the temperature of a gas sample is _______ Kelvin or ______ degree Celsius.

8. The universal gas constant is _____________L.atm/mol K or ___________ L.mmHg/mol K.

9. Gay-Lussac’s law applies when _________________ remains constant.

10. __________________ refers to the space occupied by the gas sample.

11. __________________ refers to the force exerted by the gas molecules when it strikes the wall of the
container.

12. The amount of gas molecules in number of moles can be determined by dividing the mass of gas
molecules to its ______________________ .
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13. Oxygen gas is placed in a 500 cm cylindrical tank. The volume of oxygen gas is 500 cm . True of
false? ______________ .

14. Gases have higher density than solids and liquids. True or false? _________________ .

15. Gases can be mixed readily and gases easily diffuse. True or false? ______________ .

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 Exercise 9.2

Name: ___________________________________ Score: __________

Class Schedule: ___________________________ Date: ___________

Solve the following problems. Show all your solutions and enclose your final answer in a box.
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1. A sample of gas has a volume of 4.25 L at 25 C and 750 mm Hg. What will be the volume of this gas
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at 30 C and 700 mm Hg?
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2. 100 ml of a gas at 0 C and 0.8 atmospheres occupy what volume at 0 C and 1.5 atmospheres?
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3. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 1.25 L at 100 C and 760 torr. Calculate the new temperature, in
degree Celsius, if the volume is changed to 1.75 L and the pressure remains constant.
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4. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 1.25 L at 100 C and 760 torr. Calculate the new pressure in
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atmosphere, if the temperature is changed to 20 C, at constant volume.

5. How many moles of NO2 gas are in 5.6 L at STP?

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6. A sample of gas has a volume of 500 ml at 35 C and 700 mm Hg. What will be the volume of the gas
at STP?
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7. A 13 L cylinder contains 35.8 g of O2 at 40 C. What is the pressure of this gas, in atmosphere?
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8. Kr(g) in 20 L cylinder exerts a pressure of 11 atm at 28 C. How many grams of gas are presents?

9. A 130 g piece of solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes into CO2(g). How many liters of gas are formed
at STP?
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10. A small cylinder of helium used for filling balloons has a volume of 2.5 L at 23 C. The helium
pressure inside the cylinder is 80 atm. How many balloons with a volume of 2 L at a pressure of 2 atm
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and a temperature of 23 C can be filled by the cylinder?

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