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What Causes An Earthquake
What Causes An Earthquake
What Causes An Earthquake
Firstly, they can be linked to explosive volcanic eruptions; they are in fact very
common in areas of volcanic activity where they either proceed or accompany
eruptions.
Terminology
An earthquake can be likened to the effect observed when a stone is thrown into
water. After the stone hits the water a series of concentric waves will move
outwards from the center. The same events occur in an earthquake. There is a
sudden movement within the crust or mantle, and concentric shock waves move
out from that point. Geologists and Geographers call the origin of the earthquake
the focus. Since this is often deep below the surface and difficult to map, the
location of the earthquake is often referred to as the point on the Earth surface
directly above the focus. This point is called the epicentre.
Earthquakes are three dimensional events, the waves move outwards from the
focus, but can travel in both the horizontal and vertical plains. This produces
three different types of waves which have their own distinct characteristics and
can only move through certain layers within the Earth. Lets take a look at these
three forms of shock waves.
Types of shockwaves
P-Waves
Primary Waves (P-Waves) are identical in character to sound waves. They are
high frequency, short-wavelength, longitudinal waves which can pass through
both solids and liquids. The ground is forced to move forwards and backwards as
it is compressed and decompressed. This produces relatively small
displacements of the ground.
P Waves can be reflected and refracted, and under certain circumstances can
change into S-Waves.
S-Waves
Secondary Waves (S-Waves) travel more slowly than P-Waves and arrive at any
given point after the P-Waves. Like P-Waves they are high frequency, short-
wavelength waves, but instead of being longitudinal they are transverse. They
move in all directions away from their source, at speeds which depend upon the
density of the rocks through which they are moving. They cannot move through
liquids. On the surface of the Earth, S-Waves are responsible for the sideways
displacement of walls and fences, leaving them 'S' shaped.
L-Waves
Surface Waves (L-Waves) are low frequency transverse vibrations with a long
wavelength. They are created close to the epicentre and can only travel through
the outer part of the crust. They are responsible for the majority of the building
damage caused by earthquakes. This is because L Waves have a motion similar
to that of waves in the sea. The ground is made to move in a circular motion,
causing it to rise and fall as visible waves move across the ground. Together with
secondary effects such as landslides, fires and tsunami these waves account for
the loss of approximately 10,000 lives and over $100 million per year.
L-waves move particles in a circular path.
Tectonic Earthquakes
Tectonic earthquakes are triggered when the crust becomes subjected to strain,
and eventually moves. The theory of plate tectonics explains how the crust of the
Earth is made of several plates, large areas of crust which float on the Mantle.
Since these plates are free to slowly move, they can either drift towards each
other, away from each other or slide past each other. Many of the earthquakes
which we feel are located in the areas where plates collide or try to slide past
each other.
Perhaps the most famous example of plates sliding past each other is the San
Andreas Fault in California. Here, two plates, the Pacific Plate and the North
American Plate, are both moving in a roughly northwesterly direction, but one is
moving faster than the other. The San Francisco area is subjected to hundreds of
small earthquakes every year as the two plates grind against each other.
Occasionally, as in 1989, a much larger movement occurs, triggering a far more
violent 'quake'.
Volcanic Earthquakes
Volcanic earthquakes are far less common than Tectonic ones. They are
triggered by the explosive eruption of a volcano. Given that not all volcanoes are
prone to violent eruption, and that most are 'quiet' for the majority of the time, it is
not surprising to find that they are comparatively rare.
When a volcano explodes, it is likely that the associated earthquake effects will
be confined to an area 10 to 20 miles around its base, where as a tectonic
earthquake may be felt around the globe.
The volcanoes which are most likely to explode violently are those which produce
acidic lava. Acidic lava cools and sets very quickly upon contact with the air. This
tends to chock the volcanic vent and block the further escape of pressure. For
example, in the case of Mt Pelee, the lava solidified before it could flow down the
sides of the volcano. Instead it formed a spine of solid rock within the volcano
vent. The only way in which such a blockage can be removed is by the build up
of pressure to the point at which the blockage is literally exploded out of the way.
In reality, the weakest part of the volcano will be the part which gives way,
sometimes leading to a sideways explosion as in the Mt St.Helens eruption.