Electromagnetism

When current is flown through a conductor magnetic field is created around it. This is called
magnetic effect of current. This magnetic effect of current was experimentally verified by
Oersted in 1819.

The Biot-Savart’s law

The magnitude of the magnetic field around a conductor of small length due to current flow
through it is directly proportional to the length of the conductor, directly proportional to the
current, inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the point from the mid-point of the
conductor and directly proportional to the sine of the angle between the conductor and the
straight line joining the point and the mid-point of the conductor.
Explanation-
𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝐵 ∝
𝑟2
𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝐵 = 𝐾
𝑟2
𝜇
In vacuum or free space, 𝐾 = 4𝜋0

In vacuum or free space The Biot-Savart’s law can be written as

𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟2
Magnitude of the magnetic field
The force experienced by a unit charge moving perpendicularly to the magnetic field with unit
velocity is called the magnitude of the magnetic field.

The magnitude of the magnetic field,

𝐹
𝐵=
𝑞𝑣

But if the charge moves with an angle θ instead of moving in right angles with the magnetic
field, then the magnetic field can be expressed as,
𝐹
𝐵=
𝑞𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
F = qv B sinθ

𝐹⃗ = 𝑞 𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗
Unit of the magnetic field is (T) Tesla or (NA-1m-1)
Problem 16: The magnitude of eastwards magnetic field at a certain place is 5 T. An
electron is moving at a velocity 107 ms-1 along north. Find the magnitude of force on the
electron. The charge of the electron is 1.6×10-19 C.

Magnetic field at the centre of a current carrying circular coil

Let us consider a circular coil, whose radius is r. current I is flowing through this coil. We have
to determine the magnitude of B at the centre of the coil P.

Let XY be the infinitesimal length dl of the coil. Now from Biot-Savart’s law, we find the
magnitude field at the centre of the coil P.
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟2
Here θ is the angle between dl and r. Now integrating eq.1 we get the magnitude of the magnetic
field at point P due to the whole coil.
𝑙=2𝜋𝑟
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐵 = ∫ 𝑑𝐵 = ∫
𝑙=0 4𝜋 𝑟2
Since, the distance of all points of the coil r from the centre of the circle P is same and the angle
θ = 90°. Then we have,
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑙=2𝜋𝑟
𝐵= ∫ 𝑑𝑙
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑙=0

𝜇0 𝐼
𝑜𝑟, 𝐵= 2
[𝑙]2𝜋𝑟
0
4𝜋𝑟
 𝜇0 𝐼
𝑜𝑟, 𝐵= × 2𝜋𝑟
4𝜋𝑟 2

𝜇0 𝐼
∴𝐵=
2𝑟
If the number of turns of the coil is N, then
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
𝐵=
2𝑟
This is the required expression for the Magnetic field at the centre of the current carrying circular
coil of N turns.

Problem 17: The diameter of a circular coil of 40 turns is 32 cm. To create a magnetic field
of 100 μT at the centre of the coil how much current is to be flown through the coil ?
Where, 𝝁𝟎 = 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑻𝒎𝑨−𝟏

History
After the discovery of magnetic effect of current by Oersted in 1819, a new thought aroused the
scientist. They started thinking to create electric current from magnetic field. The scientist from
different countries- Michel Faraday in England, Joseph Henry in USA, and Lenz in Russia
started working on this subject. Though all of them were successful in their works, Michel
Faraday first in 1831 published his experimental results. Hence, in the history of science he is
known as the inventor of electromagnetic induction. This invention of Faraday plays an
important role in the evolution of electricity and modern civilization.

Solenoid
A solenoid is a 3 dimensional structure of wire. When this wire is wrapped around a metallic block
in a coil and electricity is passed through it, it has some special magnetic properties. Electromagnetic
induction makes it an electromagnet that can be switched on or off. The solenoid works just like a
bar magnet, and therefore has many uses.
Electromagnetic induction
The process of developing electromotive force and current in a closed coil with the help of a
moving magnet or a current carrying circuit is called Electromagnetic induction.

Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux is the number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface (such as a loop of
wire). The SI unit of magnetic flux is the Weber (Wb).

Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction

Based on his studies on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, Faraday proposed the
following two laws.

First law: Whenever there is a change in the number of magnetic flux through a closed coil, then
an electromotive force is induced in the coil. The induced emf exists as long as the change in
magnetic flux continues.

Second law: The magnitude of emf induced in a closed coil is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

Let φ1 be the magnetic flux linked with the coil initially and
φ2 be the magnetic flux linked with the coil after a time t.

𝜑2 − 𝜑1
Rate of change of magnetic flux =
𝑡
According to Faraday’s second law, the magnitude of induced emf is,
𝜑2 − 𝜑1
𝐸∝
𝑡
𝜑2 − 𝜑1
⇒𝐸=𝐾
𝑡
Third Law (Lenz’s law): The direction of induced emf is such that it always tends to oppose the
cause of its production.
 𝜑2 − 𝜑1
𝐸 = −𝐾
𝑡

Where, K is proportional constant and its value is 1 when t = 1 sec, E = 1V, φ2 = 0 and φ = 1 Wb.
If we consider the change of magnetic flux in very short time then the instantaneous rate of
𝑑𝜑
change of magnetic flux = 𝑑𝑡
Thus we can write,
𝑑𝜑
𝐸=−
𝑑𝑡
If the number of turns of the coil is N, then the total magnetic flux can be written as

𝑑𝜑
𝐸 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡

Problem 18: There are 100 turns in a coil of wire. When coil is displaced from one point to
another in 0.01 s between the poles of two magnets a change of magnetic flux of 30×10-5 Wb
takes place. What is the induced electromotive force in the coil?

Self-Induction
The magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes if the current in the circuit changes or if the
circuit moves in a magnetic field. The electromagnetic induction due to this changes is called
Self-Induction.
Suppose, the magnetic flux crossing a coil is ϕ due to current I, then

𝜙∝𝐼

𝜙 = 𝐿𝐼
Here, L is proportionality constant. It is called self-inductance.

Mutual–Induction
If due to the change of current in a coil, electromagnetic induction is produced in another nearby
closed coil then that induction is called Mutual–Induction.
If for electric current I in primary coil, magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil is ϕ

𝜙∝𝐼
𝜙 = 𝑀𝐼
Here, M is proportionality constant. It is called Mutual-inductance.