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1.2. Kuantitas Radiasi
1.2. Kuantitas Radiasi
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
CHAPTER 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Radiation field quantities (also denoted as Radiometric quantities)
2.3 Dosimetrical quantities: fundamentals
2.4 Dosimetrical quantities
2.7 Relation between radiation field and dosimetric quantities
1.2.7. Radioactivity
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.Slide 1
2.1 INTRODUCTION
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.1. Slide 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.1. Slide 3
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.1 Radiation Field
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.1 Slide 1
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.1 Radiation Field
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.1 Slide 2
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.1 Radiation Field
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.1 Slide 3
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.1 Radiation Field
• of particle type j
• at a point of interest r
• at energy E
• at time t
• with movement in direction
N = N j (r , E , t , )
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.1 Slide 4
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.2 Particle Fluence
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.2 Slide 1
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.2 Particle Fluence
• Generate a sphere by dA
rotating dA around P
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.2 Slide 2
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.2 Particle Fluence
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.2 Slide 3
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.3 Planar Particle Fluence
The definition of planar particle fluence refers to the case where the
area dA is not perpendicular to the beam direction.
P dA
❑ Planar particle fluence depends on the angle of incidence of the
particle beam.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.3 Slide 1
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.4 Energy Fluence
❑ Definition:
The energy fluence is the quotient dR by dA, where dR
is the radiant energy incident on a sphere of cross-sectional area dA:
dR
=
dA
The unit of energy fluence is J m−2 .
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.4 Slide 1
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.4 Energy Fluence
dN
= E = E
dA
where E is the energy of the particle and dN represents the
number of particles with energy E.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.4 Slide 2
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.5 Particle Fluence Spectrum
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.5 Slide 1
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.6 Energy Fluence Spectrum
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.6 Slide 1
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.6 Energy Fluence Spectrum
Example of Spectra:
Photon fluence spectrum and energy
fluence spectrum generated by an
orthovoltage x-ray unit with a kVp
value of 250 kV and an added filtration
of 1 mm Al and 1.8 mm Cu.
Target material: tungsten;
Inherent filtration: 2 mm beryllium
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.6 Slide 2
2.2 RADIATION FIELD OR RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.2.7 Particle Fluence Rate and Energy Fluence Rate
d d2N d d2R
= = = =
dt dA dt dt dA dt
−2 −1
Unit: m s Unit: J m−2 s−1
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.2.7 Slide 1
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.1 Slide 1
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.1 General Introduction
(1) Kerma
(2) Cema
(3) Absorbed dose
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.1 Slide 1
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.1 General Introduction
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.1 Slide 2
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.1 General Introduction
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.1 Slide 3
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.2 Fundamentals of the Absorption of Radiation Energy
i = in − out + Q Unit: J
where
in is energy of the incident ionizing particle (excluding rest energy)
out is the sum of energies of all ionizing particles leaving the
interaction (excluding rest energy),
Q is the change in the rest energies of the nucleus and of all
particles involved in the interaction.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.2 Slide 1
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.2 Fundamentals of the Absorption of Radiation Energy
fluorescence primary
photon, h electron, Eout
electron
in
Auger −electron, E
electron 1
EA,1
Auger
electron 2
EA,2
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.2 Slide 2
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.2 Fundamentals of the Absorption of Radiation Energy
positron, E+
h
electron, E-
i = h − (E+ + E− ) − 2m0c 2
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.2 Slide 3
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.2 Fundamentals of the Absorption of Radiation Energy
Auger
positron electron 1
in EA,1
Auger
electron 2
EA,2
h2
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.2 Slide 4
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.2 Fundamentals of the Absorption of Radiation Energy
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.2 Slide 5
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.2 Fundamentals of the Absorption of Radiation Energy
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.2 Slide 6
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIE: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.2 Fundamentals of the Absorption of Radiation Energy
V
❑ Therefore, all single energy deposits:
• that are caused from an initially generated secondary electron, and
• that from all further generations of secondary electrons
are correlated in time.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.2 Slide 7
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.2 Fundamentals of the Absorption of Radiation Energy
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.2 Slide 8
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.3 Stochastic of Energy Absorption
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.3 Slide 1
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.3 Stochastic of Energy Absorption
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.3 Slide 2
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.3 Stochastic of Energy Absorption
(ε ) 2
V1(ε )
V(ε ) = 1 + 2
N E1 (ε )
It follows: The variance of the energy imparted increases with
decreasing number of events!
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.3 Slide 3
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.3 Stochastic of Energy Absorption
General conclusions:
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.3 Slide 4
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.4 Energy Absorption and Energy Transfer
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.4 Slide 1
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.4 Energy Absorption and Energy Transfer
e-
=
transversed transversed
medium medium
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.4 Slide 2
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.4 Energy Absorption and Energy Transfer
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.4 Slide 3
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.4 Energy Absorption and Energy Transfer
E tr
tr =
h
with Etr the average energy transferred from the primary photon
with h energy to kinetic energy of charged particles (e- and e+).
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.4 Slide 4
2.3 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES: FUNDAMENTALS
2.3.4 Energy Absorption and Energy Transfer
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.3.4 Slide 5
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.1 Slide 1
2.4 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.4.1 Kerma
dE tr
K=
dm
❑ The unit of kerma is joule per kilogram (J/kg).
❑ The name for the unit of kerma is the gray (Gy), where
1 Gy = 1 J/kg.
❑ Kerma is a quantity applicable to indirectly ionizing radiations, such
as photons and neutrons.
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.4.1 Slide 1
2.4 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.4.1 Kerma
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.4.1 Slide 2
2.4 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.4.1 Kerma
Illustration of kerma:
secondary
Ek,3 electrons
photons
Ek,2
Ek,1
V
Collision energy transferred in the volume: E tr = Ek ,2 + Ek ,3
where Ek is the initial kinetic energy of the secondary electrons.
Note: Ek,1 is transferred outside the volume and is therefore not taken
into account in the definition of kerma!
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.4.1 Slide 3
2.4 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.4.1 Kerma
K col = K (1 − g )
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.4.1 Slide 4
2.4 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.4.1 Kerma
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.4.1 Slide 5
2.4 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.4.2 Cema
dE C
C=
dm
❑ The unit of cema is joule per kilogram (J/kg).
❑ The name for the unit of kerma is the gray (Gy).
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.4.2 Slide 1
2.4 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.4.2 Cema
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.4.2 Slide 2
2.4 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.4.3 Absorbed dose
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.4.3 Slide 1
2.4 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.4.3 Absorbed dose
Illustration:
V
( i )1
beam of photons
( i )3 ( i )2
secondary
( i )4 electrons
bremsstrahlung
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.4.3 Slide 2
2.4 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.4.3 Absorbed dose
V
beam of photons
secondary
electrons
Note:
Because electrons are traveling in the medium and deposit energy along their
tracks, the absorption of energy (= ) does not take place at the same
location as the transfer of energy described by kerma (= ).
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.4.3 Slide 3
2.4 DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.4.3 Absorbed dose
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.4.3 Slide 4
2.5 INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS: ELECTRONS
J
dosimetric quantity = radiation field quantity mass interaction coefficient
kg
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.5 Slide 1
2.5 INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS: ELECTRONS
2.5.2 Electrons: Stopping power for charged particles
dEK
Stot = in MeV/cm
dx
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.5.2 Slide 1
2.5 INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS: ELECTRONS
2.5.3 Electrons: Mass stopping power
S 1 dEK
= in MeV cm2/g
tot dx
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.5.3 Slide 1
2.5 INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS: ELECTRONS
2.5.3 Electrons: Mass stopping power
S S S
= +
tot col rad
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.5.3 Slide 2
2.5 INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS: ELECTRONS
2.5.3 Electrons: Mass stopping power
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.5.3 Slide 3
2.6 INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS: PHOTONS
E tr
tr =
h
with E tr the average energy transferred from the primary photon
with energy h to kinetic energy of charged particles (e- and e+).
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.6 Slide 1
2.6 INTERACTION COEFFICIENTS: PHOTONS
Repetition:
❑ A small part of the energy that is transferred in an photon interaction
to a light charged particle leads to the
• production of radiative photons as the secondary charged particles slow
down and interact in the medium.
• These interactions most prominently are bremsstrahlung as a result of
Coulomb field interactions between the charged particle and the atomic
nuclei.
❑ This loss through radiative processes is represented by the factor g
referred to as the radiation fraction.
❑ The remaining energy is absorbed. This process is described by the
energy absorption coefficient en (or ab )
en = tr (1 − g )
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.6 Slide 2
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.1 Slide 1
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.1 Energy fluence and kerma (photons)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.1 Slide 1
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.1 Energy fluence and kerma (photons)
K col = K (1 − g )
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.1 Slide 2
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.1 Energy fluence and kerma (photons)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.1 Slide 3
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.1 Energy fluence and kerma (photons)
en (E )
Emax
en E (E )
dE
=
0
Emax
0
E
(E ) dE
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.1 Slide 4
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.1 Energy fluence and kerma (photons)
=
0
E
(E ) dE
en E (E )
dE
=
0
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.1 Slide 5
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.1 Energy fluence and kerma (photons)
❑ It follows from:
en (E )
Emax
Emax
en en E (E )
dE
K col = E (E ) =
0
dE and
0
en
K col =
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.1 Slide 6
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.1 Energy fluence and kerma (photons)
en
K col,2 2 en
= =
K col,1 en 2 ,1
1
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.1 Slide 7
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.1 Energy fluence and kerma (photons)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.1 Slide 8
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.2 Fluence and dose (electrons)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.2 Slide 1
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.2 Fluence and dose (electrons)
Scol (E )
Emax
Dmed =
0
med ,E (E )
dE
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.2 Slide 2
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.2 Fluence and dose (electrons)
Scol 1
Emax
Scol (E )
=
med med
0
med ,E (E )
med
dE
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.2 Slide 3
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.2 Fluence and dose (electrons)
med1 = med2
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.2 Slide 4
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.3 Kerma and dose (charged-particle equilibrium)
We know already:
Because electrons travel in the medium and deposit energy along
their tracks, this absorption of energy (= ) does not take place at
the same location as the transfer of energy described by kerma (= ).
V
photons
secondary
electrons
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.3 Slide 1
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.3 Kerma and dose (charged-particle equilibrium)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.3 Slide 2
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.3 Kerma and dose (charged-particle equilibrium)
In the region of a
transient charged
D particle equilibrium:
>1
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.3 Slide 3
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.4 Collision kerma and exposure
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.4 Slide 1
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.4 Collision kerma and exposure
e
X = (Kcol )air
Wair
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.4 Slide 3
2.7 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS DOSIMETRIC QUANTITIES
2.7.4 Collision kerma and exposure
❑ Since
D = K col K (1 − g )
it follows:
Wair 1
K air = X 1− g
e
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.4 Slide 4
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 2.7.1 Slide 1
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 1
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 2
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 3
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 4
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 5
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 6
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 7
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 8
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
❑ The decay constant P and the half life (t1/ 2 )P are related
as follows:
ln 2
P =
(t1/2 )P
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 9
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
dND − t
= PNP (t) − DND (t) = PNP (0) e P − DND (t)
dt
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 10
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
NP (0)P D − Pt D
AD (t ) =
D − P
e −e − Dt
= AP ( 0)
D − P
e − Pt − e − Dt =
D
= AP ( 0)
1
P e − Pt
−e − Dt
= AP (t )
D − P
1 − e −( D −P )t ,
1−
D
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 11
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
At t = tmax
the parent and daughter
activities are equal and
the daughter activity reaches
its maximum.
dAD
=0
dt t =tmax
and
D
ln
P
tmax =
D − P
Parent and daughter activities against time for P ⎯ ⎯
P
→D ⎯⎯
D
→G
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 12
1.2 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
1.2.7 Radioactivity
Special considerations for the P ⎯ ⎯
P
→D ⎯⎯
D
→ G relationship:
D
❑ For D P or (t1/ 2 )D (t1/ 2 )P AD
=
AP D − P
1 − e− ( D −P )t
General relationship (no equilibrium)
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.2.7 Slide 13
IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 1.
16.5 QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION
16.5.1. Physical quantities
IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 16.5.1 Slide 4
16.5 QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION
16.5.2. Radiation protection quantities
IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 16.5.2 Slide 1
16.5 QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION
16.5.2. Radiation protection quantities (Equivalent dose)
IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 16.5.2 Slide 3
16.5 QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION
16.5.2. Radiation protection quantities (Equivalent dose)
IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 16.5.2 Slide 4
16.5 QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION
16.5.2. Radiation protection quantities (Equivalent dose)
IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 16.5.2 Slide 5
16.5 QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION
16.5.2. Radiation protection quantities (Equivalent dose)
IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 16.5.2 Slide 6
16.5 QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION
16.5.2. Radiation protection quantities (Equivalent dose)
IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 16.5.2 Slide 7
16.5 QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION
16.5.2. Radiation protection quantities (Equivalent dose)
IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 16.5.2 Slide 8
16.5 QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION
16.5.2. Radiation protection quantities (Effective dose)
❑ Unit of effective dose E is J/kg and its name is the sievert (Sv).
IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 16.5.2 Slide 9
16.5 QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION
16.5.2. Radiation protection quantities (Effective dose)
IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 16.5.2 Slide 10
16.5 QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION
16.5.2. Radiation protection quantities (Effective dose)
IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 16.5.2 Slide 11
16.5 QUANTITIES AND UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION
16.5.2. Radiation protection quantities (Effective dose)
IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 16.5.2 Slide 12