Page |1

AR-BT 3L | AR III-1B-FA

ARCHITECTURAL 5 -BUILDING TECH.

M 7:30-4:00 PM ; TH 7:30-4:00 PM

MT-RW-01

"Properties of concrete, minimum concrete cover, size and grades of rebars, etc. and maximum no.
& size of rebars in a single row for a given width of the beam"

CONTENT/S:

A.Properties of concrete cover …………………………4

BConcrete cover walls and colums…………………….6

C.Concrete cover in slabs………………………………..7

D.Rebars size and grades ………………………………..8

E.Maximum and minimum bars …………………………11

REFERENCE/S

Asa steel Works Inc. - products & SERVICES: PRODUCT GUIDE. Pag. (n.d.). Retrieved September
22, 2021, from
http://www.pagasasteel.com/products/guide.html?fbclid=IwAR25IzQeYauR1e95J6f73mWItK7UK2LzG
LC1Zz1VgRk2PwUDN-WfOiVNasU.

Krishna. (2020, April 30). Concrete cover for reinforcement In slabs, Columns, footings and beams.
CIVIL READ. Retrieved September 22, 2021, from https://civilread.com/concrete-cover-
reinforcement/?fbclid=IwAR3sIDK5Y_7QH-pi4YsF99pk1vDowkiJY3HluBVAtnHA27aXr3UvUKY7Ff4.

Alam, T. (n.d.). Tahsina Alam. Civil Engineering. Retrieved September 22, 2021, from
https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/concrete/338-properties-of-
concrete?fbclid=IwAR0Rr-q00pCSc17GoMfCK00AJnFJf1WXx1wqmH0sCyFxECqToy8gLBCuB9c.

INSTRUCTOR: STUDENT:

Ar./EnP. ROBERT V. ROMERO TENGAY, DICE MERYLL O.

 Page |2

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

Strength
Strength of concrete are of the following types:
Compressive strength
1.Tensile strength
2.Flexural strength
3.Shear strength

Compressive Strength
Two types of test specimens are used in Bangladesh -(1) Cube and (2) Cylinder.
The cube specimens of concrete of the desired proportion are cast in steel or cast iron molds,
normally 6-inch cube. The standard cylinder specimen of concrete is 6 inch in diameter and 12
inches in height and cast in a mold generally made of cast iron;
Standard cubes and cylinders are tested at prescribed ages, generally, 28 days, with additional tests
often made at 1, 3, and 7 days. The specimens are tested for crushing strength under a testing
machine. The cube tests give much greater values of crushing strength, usually 20 to 30 % more than
those given by cylinders.
According to British standard, the strength of a cylinder specimen is equal to three-quarters of the
strength of the cube specimen.

Figure: Cube and Cylinder Specimens for Compression Strength Testing.

(Source:https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/06103/chapt3.cfm
)
Effect of age on concrete strength:
Concrete attains strength with time. Ordinary cement concrete gains above 70 to 75% of its final
strength within 28 days and about 90 to 95 % in the course of one year. It is often desirable to check
the suitability of a concrete long before the results of the 28-day test are available. When no specific
data on the materials used in making concrete are available, the 28-day strength may be assumed
to be 1.5 times of the 7 days’ strength. Tests have shown that for concrete made with ordinary
Portland cement the ratio of the 28 days to 7 days’ strength generally lies between 1.3 to 1.7, and the
majority of the results fall above 1.5. The extrapolation of 28 days’ strength from the 7 days’ strength
is, therefore quite reliable;
 Page |3

The rate of gain of strength of the different type of cement concretes are shown in the figure below

Tensile strength
Concrete is very weak in tension. The tensile strength of ordinary concrete ranges from about 7 to 10
percent of the compressive strength.
Flexural strength
The flexural strength of plain concrete is almost wholly dependent upon the tensile strength.
However, experiments show that the modulus of rupture is considerably greater than the strength in
tension.
Shear strength
It is the real determining factor in the compressive strength of short columns. The average strength of
concrete in direct shear varies from about half of the compressive strength for rich mixtures to about
0.8 of the compressive strength for lean mixtures.
Workability
The strength of concrete of a given mix proportion is very seriously affected by the degree of its
compaction. It is therefore vital that the consistency of the mix be such that the concrete can be
transported, placed and finished sufficiently easily and without segregation. A concrete satisfying
these conditions is said to be workable.
Factors affecting the workability of concrete are:
▪ Water Content
▪ Mix Proportions
▪ Size of Aggregates
▪ Shape of Aggregates
▪ Grading of Aggregates
▪ Surface Texture of Aggregates
▪ Use of Admixtures
▪ Use of Supplementary Cementitious Materials
▪ Time
▪ Temperature
Usually, Slump test is done to indirectly determine the workability of a concrete mix.
Elastic Properties
Concrete is not perfectly elastic for any range of loading, an appreciable permanent setting taking
place for even low loads. The deformation is not proportional to the stress at any stage of loading.
The elastic properties of concrete vary with the richness of the mixture and with the intensity of the
stress. They also vary with the age of concrete.
Durability
Durability is the property of concrete to withstand the condition for which it has been designed,
without deterioration over a period of years. Lack of durability can be caused by external agents
arising from the environment or by internal agents within the concrete.
 Page |4

Causes can be categorized as physical, mechanical and chemical.

Physical cause arises from the action of frost and from differences between the thermal properties
of aggregate and of the cement paste, while mechanical causes are associated mainly with
abortion.
Impermeability
Penetration of concrete by materials in solution may adversely affect its durability, for instance, when
Ca(OH)2 is being leached out or an attack by aggressive liquids (acids) takes place. Permeability has
an important bearing on the vulnerability of concrete to water and frost. In the case of reinforced
cement concrete, the penetration of moisture and air will result in the corrosion of steel. This leads to
an increase in the volume of the steel, resulting in cracking and spalling of the concrete. Permeability
of concrete is also of importance for liquid retaining and hydraulic structures;
Segregation
The tendency of separation of coarse aggregate grains from the concrete mass is
called segregation. It increases when the concrete mixture is lean and too wet. It also increases
when rather large and rough-textured aggregate is used. The phenomenon of segregation can be
avoided as follows.
i. Addition of little air-entraining agents in the mix.
ii. Restricting the amount of water to the smallest possible amount.
iii. All the operations like handling, placing and consolidation must be carefully conducted.
iv. Concrete should not be allowed to fall from large heights.
Bleeding
The tendency of water to rise to the surface of freshly laid concrete is known as bleeding. The water
rising to the surface carries with it, particles of sand and cement, which on hardening form a scum
layer is popularly known as laitance. Concrete bleeding can be checked by adopting the following
measures.
i. By adding more cement
ii. By using more finely ground cement
iii. By properly designing the mix and using the minimum quantity of water
iv. By using little air entraining agent
v. By increasing the finer part of fine aggregate
Fatigue
Plain concrete when subjected to flexure, exhibits fatigue. The flexure resisting ability of concrete of a
given quality is indicated by an endurance limit whose value depends upon the number of
repetitions of stress. In concrete pavement design, the allowable flexural working stress is limited to
55% of the modulus of rupture.

CONCRETE COVER FOR FOOTINGS,BEAMS,CONCRETE WALLS AND SLABS

Concrete cover:-
Concrete Cover “ing” is the cover provided for the reinforcement in Reinforced Cement Concrete.
Cover is defined as the Distance between the outer surface of the concrete to the inserted
reinforcement.
Why we provide Concrete Cover?
Covering is provided to arrest the attack of corrosion. Reinforcement is prone to corrosion and fire for
atmospheric conditions. If the proper cover isn’t implemented then there is more chance of corrosion
and cracks in hardened RCC.
Covering is provided For every element of the building (Slabs, Beams, footings) where the
reinforcement is used. In order to maintain the proper arrangement of reinforcement and to provide
a covering for reinforcement. covering blocks are used.
Different Types of Concrete Cover Block:-
 Page |5

There are different types of covering blocks based on the type of material used:-
1. Wooden concrete cover Block
2. Steel concrete cover block
3. PVC Block
4. Cement Masonry concrete cover block
5. Aluminium Block
6. Stones

Images are copyrighted. Mention source if you use this image in your blog/website

Conditions for Concrete Cover :-

Covering varies according to the dimensions of the elements (Slab, beam, column, footings, etc.) the
conditions for providing covering in RCC is tabulated below:-
Condition Covering

If the length of the item is ≤ 0.3 1" or 25mm or 0.025m

If the length of the item is in between 0.4m to 0.5m then 2" or 50mm or 0.050m

If the length of the item is ≥ 0.6m then 4" or 100mm or 0.1m

Here the term "item" is referred to either slab or column or beam or retaining wall or footing
From above, The maximum concrete cover is 0.1m or 100cm
Concrete cover for different elements of building:-
 Page |6

1. Concrete Cover in Columns / Beams:-

#1 Below is the top view of a column ( the Same principle is applied for beams too).

From the above figure, The length and Width of the column are 0.5m and 0.45m. It satisfies the
second condition in the above table. Then, the covering for reinforcement in the column is 0.050m
from all sides and same reinforcement is designed accordingly. The Dimensions of Reinforcement in
the column are 0.40m and 0.35m.
#2:- Suppose the length and width of the column are 0.40 and 0.25. From the table, It satisfies both
the conditions (2) & (1). Don’t apply two conditions for a single column. Covering should be
Symmetrical. Consider the least dimension from the two dimensions. In below figure least dimension is
0.25. For 0.25m the covering of 0.025m is provided. Therefore the covering of 0.025m is provided in all
the sides. Hence, dimensions of reinforcement is 0.35m and 0.20m
 Page |7

Total Length of Stirrup from the above figure is 2x [0.35+0.20]+ 9D x 2 (hook length)
2. Concrete Cover for Slabs: –
From the below figure the length and width of the slab are 1.3m and 1.0m. As per the above table,
the covering of 0.1m is provided if the length of the bar is more than 0.6m. Apply the same condition
as mentioned. The covering of 0.1m is provided from all the sides of the slab.

3. Concrete cover for footings:-

As per the below figure the dimensions of Footing are 0.7m and 0.6m. To length and width
of Mesh (reinforcement) used in footings are obtained by deducting the cover. Apply the same
principle as above, the below footing is fallen under (3) condition. As per the condition, a concrete
cover of 0.1m is deduced from all the sides. Hence, the dimensions of reinforcement are 0.5m and
0.4m.
 Page |8

REBARS SIZE AND GRADES

THE PAG-ASA REBAR

Pag-asa Steel rebar products are identifiable through the Company Logo ("PSW", short for Pag-asa
Steel Works), which is hot-rolled and embossed onto each bar at specified intervals. The Rebar Size
Mark, which specifies the nominal diameter of the bar, is also hot-rolled adjacent to the company
logo.

Pag-asa Steel pioneered the practice of placing its logo on its bars in 1975, before it was mandated
by law. The Bureau of Product Standards of the Department of Trade and Industry of the Philippines
now requires all rebar manufacturers to put identifying marks on their bars.

STANDARDS

Pag-asa Steel produces superior reinforcing steel bars in an array of sizes, lengths, and grades in
adherence to Philippine National Standard (PNS 49:2002), as well as the global ASTM Standard (ASTM
A615/A706) established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (now known as ASTM
International).
 Page |9

BAR SIZES

Pag-asa Steel manufactures and sells the following standard sizes (in nominal diameters): 10mm,
12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 28mm, 32mm, and 36mm. Larger sizes such as 40mm and 50mm bars may
be produced via special order.

For steel bars, the terms "size" and "nominal diameter" are used interchangeably.

WEIGHT TOLERANCE

Because variation in cross sectional area occurs during hot rolling, a corresponding variation in linear
weight is to be expected. For this reason, PNS 49 provides for an allowable 'variation in mass' (VIM) of
±6%, measured using one meter of rebar.

COMMERCIAL LENGTHS

Pag-asa Steel rebars come in the following commercial lengths: 6.0m, 7.5m, 9.0m, 10.5m, and 12.0 m.
Special lengths of 13.5 and 15.0 meters may be produced via special order.
 P a g e | 10

Just like weight, the cut length of a rebar may also vary because of shrinkage as it cools down. The
minimum acceptable lengths of the finished rebar according to the Philippine Standard are as follows:

Std. Length (m) Min. Acceptable Length (m)

6.0 5.960
7.5 7.453
9.0 8.935
10.5 10.440
12.0 11.940

GRADES

Pag-asa Steel rebars comes in the following grades to meet high, intermediate, and low-tensile
building requirements.

ASTM vs PNS Codes Popular Nomenclature Typical Application

Grade 33 / PNS 230 Structural Grade Low-rise Buildings and Low Loading Conditions

Grade 40 / PNS 275 Intermediate Grade Medium-rise Structures / Infrastructure Work

Grade 60 / PNS 415 High-Tensile Grade Medium & High-rise Structures / Infrastructure

Higher tensile grades designated as Grade 75 / 500 and Grade 80 / 550 are also available subject to
agreement and availability.

The three grades are distinguished by different color markings painted at the ends of each bar, as
shown in the following table:
 P a g e | 11

Minimum and Maximum number of bars in a single layer in Beam

Table: Maximum number of bars in a single layer.

Bar Beam Width (in)

Siz
e 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 36 42 48
No.4 5 6 8 9 10 12 13 14 16 17 21 25 29
No.5 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 15 16 19 23 27
No.6 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 18 22 25
No.7 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 17 20 23
No.8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 19 22
No.9 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 14 17 19
No.10 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 12 15 17
No.11 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 11 13 15

𝑏w−2(𝐶𝑠+𝑑𝑠+𝑟)
 P a g e | 12

nmax=1+
(𝑚i𝑛i𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒)+𝑑𝑏

Where,
bw=beam width, in.
cc=clear cover to tension reinforcement, in.
cs=clear cover to stirrups, in.
db=diameter of ain flexural bar, in.
ds=diameter of stirrups.

3 in. for No. 3 stirrups

r={4

1in. for No. 4 stirrups

 P a g e | 13

: Minimum number of bars in a single layer (ACI 10.6)

Bar Beam Width (in)

Siz
e 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 36 42 48
No.4 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No.5 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No.6 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No.7 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No.8 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No.9 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No.10 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6
No.11 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6

Formula: nmin= 𝑏w−2(𝐶𝑐+0.5𝑑𝑏)

+ 1
𝑠
 P a g e | 14

Where, s = 15(40,000/fs)-2.5Cc ≤12*(4,000/fs)fs =

2/3fy
Where,
bw=beam width, in.
cc=clear cover to tension reinforcement, in.
cs=clear cover to stirrups, in.
db=diameter of ain flexural bar, in.
ds=diameter of stirrups.

Figure: Cover and Spacing Requirement