50th INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE

50th
IGC
17th – 19th DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India

STUDY OF BLACK COTTON SOIL AND LOCAL CLAY SOIL FOR SUB-GRADE
CHARACTERISTIC

Chayan Gupta1, R.K. Sharma2

ABSTRACT

As the development of industries increase, produced quantity of waste materials also increases. As
resulted, the demand for disposing these industries wastes is increasing. The land disposal method for
disposing these industries waste materials is one of the common conventional method which is requires
a large area of land, but on the basis of present scenario due to scarcity of land in India but by default
these waste materials generate a big problem to the humans being surrounding that area as well as act as
a pollutant and contaminant the ground water so basically affect the ecological system of the
environment. It shows that there is urgent need for exploring the alternative of disposal of these materials
hence the necessity of area for arranging these materials is additionally a troublesome undertaking. From
geotechnical point of view, these waste materials having effective characteristics required for a good
soil stabilization admixture.

These waste materials used as a soil stabilizing agents in soil modification approaches. The utilization
of these waste materials as a constructional material, passage quantifiable advantage on the economy as
well as the strength, when used as construction materials in infrastructure projects like pavements,
hydraulics structures , clay liners etc and makes the environment eco-friendly. This paper shows the
comparative study for geotechnical characteristics of black cotton as well as locally available clayey soil
blended with river ganga sand and fly ash with an approach is made towards the way of improvement in
the various geotechnical properties of black cotton soil as well as clayey soil such as compaction
properties, hydraulic conductivity characteristics and sub grade characteristics by blending them with
waste materials such as river sand and fly ash. Hence from these approaches the impacting effect of
waste materials on the environment is reduces due to optimum utilization of these waste materials in the
improvement in various geotechnical properties of both soils. From geotechnical point of view both soils
having an impervious nature with poor geotechnical sub grade characteristics which creates the
considerable time taken in consolidation i.e. pore water dissipation.

In this study, the optimum mixtures of black cotton and clayey soil blended sand and fly ash were
identified by compaction tests and economical use. The optimum mix of black cotton and clayey soil
with sand was 70:30. The 15 % and 10 % of fly ash was obtained as optimum for sand blended black
cotton soil as well as clayey soil optimum mixture. It was also seen that the addition of optimum
percentage of fly ash increased the sub grade characteristic i.e. CBR value of both black cotton and
clayey soil mixture with sand. The soaked CBR values of black cotton soil and local soil blended with
waste materials were increased from 2.69 to 5.97 i.e. up to 221.93% increases and from 2.39 to 5.12 i.e.
214.22% increases respectively similarly the unsoaked CBR values of black cotton soil and local soil
were increased from 7.34 to 11.93 i.e. up to 162.53% increases and from 5.61 to 8.73 i.e. 154.32%
increases respectively, Also the permeability values of black cotton soil and local soil after stabilization
were increased from 1.12×10-07 cm/sec to 9.78×10-06 cm/sec and 1.45×10-07 cm/sec to 4.24×10-07 cm/sec
respectively which shows that the stabilized soil taken less time for consolidation. The cost analysis of
Chayan Gupta1, R.K. Sharma2

this studies in pavement application were also concluded on the basis of local schedule of rate and it is
resulted that these study will implies the good reduction factor in cost of construction of pavements.

Keywords: Black cotton soil, Local Clay, Sand, Fly Ash, Compaction Characteristics, California Bearing Ratio,
Permeability and Cost Analysis.

1
Gupta Chayan, Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department , IIT(BHU), Varanasi, India, chayanbagli@gmail.com
1
Sharma R.K, Professor, Civil Engineering Department, NITH, Hamirpur, India, rksnthp61@gmail.com
 50th INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE

50th
IGC
17th – 19th DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India

STUDY OF BLACK COTTON SOIL AND LOCAL CLAY SOIL FOR SUB-
GRADE CHARACTERISTIC
Chayan Gupta, Research scholar, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, India,chayanbagli@gmail.com
Ravi Kumar Sharma, Professor, NITH, Hamirpur, India, rksnthp61@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: The land disposal method for disposing these industries waste materials is one of the
common conventional method which is requires a large area of land, but on the basis of present scenario
due to scarcity of land in India but by default these waste materials generate a big problem to the humans
being surrounding that area as well as act as a pollutant and contaminant the ground water so basically
affect the ecological system of the environment. It shows that there is urgent need for exploring the
alternative of disposal of these materials hence the necessity of area for arranging these materials is
additionally a troublesome undertaking. From geotechnical point of view, these waste materials having
effective characteristics required for a good soil stabilization admixture. In this study, the optimum mixtures
of black cotton and clayey soil blended sand and fly ash were identified by compaction tests and economical
use. The optimum mix of black cotton and clayey soil with sand was 70:30. The 15 % and 10 % of fly ash
was obtained as optimum for sand blended black cotton soil as well as clayey soil optimum mixture. It was
also seen that the addition of optimum percentage of fly ash increased the sub grade characteristic i.e. CBR
value of both black cotton and clayey soil mixture with sand.

INTRODUCTION soil its causes swelling and when moisture content

Soil stabilization is defined as a technique in which
interchanging or altering finer particles of soil with
coarser particles takes place to enhance the required
engineering properties of soil so that mixture of soil
contain both cohesion and friction factors as well as
high load carrying capacity when properly mixed,
placed and compacted at site. The stabilized soil has
the beneficial properties which depend upon the
applications where soil is being used. Basically
stabilized soil reduces the pavement thickness,
eliminates the handling and hauling quantity of
excavation material, gives higher resistance value,
reduce the swelling characteristics and plasticity of
clayey soil. The black cotton soil is also known as
expansive soil. In India it is found in major parts of
Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. The
Expansive soil covers about 20-25 % land area of
India. Due to the cyclic swelling and shrinking
behavior of black cotton soil, many problems are
created during construction. Generally when the
moisture content comes in the contact of Expansive
reduce in the soil its causes shrinking. The estimated
results shows that the expansive soil causes the
structural damage about $1000 Millions in USA,
£150 UK, and many billions pounds in worldwide
annually[1]. There are many studies available in the
literature regarding expansive soil [2-8] and many
more. Similarly there are several works reported by
other researchers for the utilization of fly ash [9-15]
In present study, black cotton soil and clayey soil
are stabilized with the help of Ganga sand and fly
ash and were checked for economical uses as sub-
grade in pavements.
TESTING METHODOLOGY
All the laboratory tests were conducted in
accordance with ASTM standards and Indian
standard as shown in Table 1. [15-22]
Table 1 List of test standards used
Laboratory Test ASTM standards
Hydrometer analysis ASTM D422-63
Chayan Gupta1, R.K. Sharma2

Standard Proctor test ASTM D698-07e1 Coefficient Of - - 1.02 -

Specific gravity ASTM D854-10 Curvature, Cc
Soil Classification ASTM D2487-11 Soaked CBR (%) 2.69 2.44 9.09 1.94
Consistency limit tests ASTM D4318-10
Particle size distribution ASTM D6913-04 Table 3: Chemical composition of Fly Ash
Falling head permeability ASTM D5084-03 Chemical Composition Proportion (%)
Consolidation test ASTM D2435- 11
California bearing ratio ASTM D1883-05 Silica (Sio2) 55.90
Swell pressure ASTM D4546-08 Alumina (Al2o3) 26.57
Differential free swell IS 2911 part III-1980 Calcium oxide (Cao) 3.67
index Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 6.12
Potassium Oxide (K2O) 0.89
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM Sulphur (SO3) 0.41
Magnesium Oxide (Mgo) 0.66
Materials Loss on ignition 5.68
The materials used in this investigation are black
cotton soil, locally available clayey soil, river sand Method of Testing
and fly ash. The Black cotton soil, clayey soil, sand All the laboratory tests were conducted in
and fly ash are collected from Dist. Dewas, Madhya- accordance with various ASTM standards.
Pradesh, BHU campus, river Ganga and local Compaction tests were conducted on black cotton
thermal power plant respectively. The grain size soil and clayey soil with varying percentages of sand
distributions of these materials are given in Fig. 1. from 10% to 40% and optimum mixes were
Based on the percentage of finer particles present obtained.
the black cotton soil and clayey soil are classified as
CH and CL (ASTM classification). The 100
geotechnical properties of these materials are given
80
in Table 2. The chemical composition of fly ash is
given in Table 3. 60
%Finer

Table 2: Physical properties of Black cotton Soil, 40

Local clay, Sand and Fly Ash
Properties Black Clay Sand Fly 20
Soil Ash 0
Specific Gravity 2.30 2.62 2.63 1.96 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Maximum Dry 1.51 1.92 1.59 1.16 Partical size (mm)
Density (g/cc)
Black cotton clay sand
Optimum 22.03 12 7 32.0
Moisture Content fly ash marble dust
(%)
ASTM CH CL SP F Fig.1: Particle size distribution of black cotton
Classification class
Differential Free soil, clayey soil, sand and fly ash
58.86 - -
Swell Index (%)
Liquid Limit (%) 62.5 43 - 40.0 After obtaining optimum mix proportion varying
Plastic Limit (%) 32.5 22.6 - - percentages of fly ash is added with soil-sand mix
Plasticity Index 30.0 20.4 - - from 5 to 25% in increments of 5%. For conducting
(%) California bearing ratio tests the size of samples
Uniformity - - 1.73 - were of 150 mm diameter and 125 mm height.
Coefficient, Cu Soaked CBR tests were conducted in standard mold
 50th INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE

50th
IGC
17th – 19th DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India

for samples compacted statically at maximum dry occupied by the black cotton soil particles and
MDD and OMC. Surcharge weight of 50N was used reduction of OMC is due to lower quantity of water
during the testing. A metal penetration plunger of required to lubricate the sand particles which are
diameter 50 mm and 100 mm long was used to coarser compared with clay particles. The mixing of
penetrate the samples at the rate of 1.25 mm/minute BCS- Sand composite with 5, 10, 15 and 20 % of fly
using computerized CBR testing machine. ash content shows the reduction of MDD and
increase of OMC even the maximum dry density
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS achieved after the addition of fly ash is lesser
compared with black cotton soil- sand mix. This
Compaction Tests reduction of MDD is due to the reason that the clay
The maximum dry density and optimum water particles can fill most of the voids in the sand when
content for various percentages of black cotton soil mixed in the ratio of 70:30 and Increase in OMC is
and clayey soil with sand and fly ash is given in due to due to the fact that the optimum moisture
Table 4. The mixing of black cotton soil with 10, 20, content of fly ash is higher (since the fly ash
30 and 40 % of sand shows the increase of MDD particles are much finer and rounded in shape) as
and reduction of OMC. The increases in MDD is compared to that of soil and sand.
due to the void spaces between the sand particles are
Table 4 MDDS and OMC For Various Percentages of Black Cotton Soil and Clayey Soil blended with
Sand and Fly Ash
Materials Composites Proportions (%) Maximum dry Optimum water
density (gm/cc) content (%)
Black cotton soil Black cotton soil 100 1.517 22.5
Black cotton soil: 90:10 1.59 21.29
waste sand 80:20 1.653 20.60
70:30 1.73 18.56
60:40 1.75 17.8
Black cotton soil: 66.5:28.5:5 1.691 18.8
waste sand: fly ash 63:27:10 1.659 19.5
59.5:25.5:15 1.63 20.2
56:24:20 1.604 19.8
clay 100 1.91 22.8
clay: waste sand 90:10 1.92 12.21
80:20 1.985 10.76
Local clay 70:30 2.067 10.1
60:40 1.975 11.1
clay: waste sand: fly 63:27:10 1.915 11
ash 59.5:25.5:15 1.827 11.1
56:24:20 1.788 12.56
52.5:22.25:25 1.768 12.70

The mixture of clayey soil with 10, 20, 30 and 40 % due to the reason that the void spaces between the
of sand shows the increase of MDD and decrease of sand particles are occupied by the clay particles are
OMC up to 30 % of sand and at 40 % of sand, the occupied by the clay particles up to a certain
clayey soil shows the opposite trend. This occurs percentage thereafter the extra sand content tends to
Chayan Gupta1, R.K. Sharma2

reduce the density. The mixing of this clay-sand value of soaked CBR of black cotton and clayey soil
composite with fly ash decreases the MDD. This is increases from 2.69 % to 5.97 % and 2.39% to 5.12
because the fly ash is a light weight material as % respectively and similarly unsoaked CBR value
compared to clay and sand. Variation of MDD and of black cotton and clayey soil increases from 7.34
OMC of optimum mixture of black cotton soil and % to 11.93 % and 5.61% to 8.75 % respectively.
local clay blended with sand and fly ash is shown by
Black Cotton
Fig. 2 and Fig.3.
14
12
Maximum Dry Density (g/cc)

Black cotton

Optimum Water Content %

1.75 25 10

CBR Value
1.70 20
1.65 8
15
1.60
10 6
1.55
1.50 5 4
1.45 0
BCS:S 2
BCS:S AND:F
BCS: 0
AND:: A::59.5
100
70:30 :25.5:1
BCS+SA BCS+SA
BCS
5 ND ND+FA
MDD 1.517 1.73 1.63 Soaked 2.69 4.9 5.97
OMC 22.5 18.56 20.2 Unsoaked 7.34 9.8 11.93

Local clay
Fig. 2: Variation of MDD and OMC of optimum
mixture of black cotton soil with sand and fly ash. 10
9
8
Maximum Dry Density (g/cc)

Local Clay 7
Optimum Water Content %

CBR Value

2.10 25
6
2.05 20 5
2.00 15 4
1.95 10 3
2
1.90 5
1
1.85 0 0
CLAY:S CLAY+S CLAY+S
CLAY:S CLAY
CLAY:1 AND:F AND AND+FA
AND::7
00 A::63: Soaked 2.39 4.01 5.12
0:30
27:10 Unsoaked 5.61 7.2 8.75
MDD 1.91 2.067 1.915
OMC 22.8 10.1 11
Fig. 4- Variation of soaked and unsoaked CBR
value with optimum mixes of black cotton soil and
Fig. 3: Variation of MDD and OMC of optimum local clay blended with sand and fly ash
mixture of local clay blended with sand and fly ash
The improvement in CBR value may be attributed
California Bearing Ratio Tests to better compaction and packing of the mix
The results of California bearing ratio (CBR) tests particles with addition of sand and fly ash. The
on black cotton soil and clayey soil treated with sand California bearing ratio provides a basis of
and fly ash are shown in Fig. 4. It is observed that designing the sub-grades of flexible pavements.
soaked CBR value of black cotton soil and clayey Usually, a value of CBR more than 5.0 is considered
soil increased with addition of sand and fly ash. The to be satisfactory for the design of flexible
 50th INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE

50th
IGC
17th – 19th DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India

pavements with traffic intensity of 1 to 10 million

1.2E-05
standard axles (msa). Thus, the black cotton and Black Cotton
clayey soil blended with sand fly ash and marble 1.0E-05

Permeability (cm/sec)
dust can be effectively used in the construction of
sub-grades of roads with low traffic volume. 8.0E-06

Falling Head Permeability Test Results 6.0E-06

The permeability or hydraulic conductivity of soil is
the most important parameter in designing of 4.0E-06
hydraulic structure like dams, bridges,
2.0E-06
embankment, retaining walls etc.
0.0E+00
The utilization of river sand and fly ash blended BCS+SA BCS+SA
BCS
ND ND+FA
with black cotton soil and local clayey soil Composition 1.12E-07 7.78E-06 9.78E-06
influences the hydraulic conductivity of mix at a
lager extent. As per ASTM D5084-03 the falling
head permeability test was conducted in laboratory.
A stand pipe of known cross sectional area is fitted 4.5E-07
4.0E-07 Local clay
over the permeameter and water is allowed to run
Permeability (cm/sec)

3.5E-07
down. After achieving the steady flow observations 3.0E-07
are taken in the form of head and time interval so as 2.5E-07
to calculate the coefficient of permeability by the 2.0E-07
formula: 1.5E-07
1.0E-07
. 5.0E-08
= 0.0E+00
Clay Clay
Clay +SAN +SAN
D D +FA
Where, Composition 1.45E-07 3.07E-07 4.24E-07
a=cross-sectional area of stand pipe
t = time required for head drop
h1=initial head
h2= final head Fig. 5: Variation of coefficient of permeability for
L= length of soil column optimum mixes of black cotton soil and local clay
A= area of soil column blended with sand and fly ash soil blended with sand
The above results show the permeability value of and fly ash
black cotton soil was 1.12×10-07 (cm/sec). After soil
stabilization, the final optimum mix obtained by DESIGN AND COST ANALYSIS OF
blending of waste materials in the black cotton soil FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
possess higher permeability value i.e.1.87×10-05. According to IRC: 37-2001 (Guide lines for the
(cm/sec) .The comparative results show the impact design of Flexible Pavements), a flexible pavement
of these waste materials on the hydraulic has to be designed for cumulative traffic of 1, 5 and
conductivity both of soil as shown in Fig.5.
 50th INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE
50th
IGC
17th – 19th DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India

Local clay
Pavement thickness (mm)

750 Black Cotton 850

Pavement thickness (mm)

650 750
650
550
550
450 450
350 350
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cumulative traffic (msa) Cumulative traffic (msa)
Unstabilized soil stablized soil Unstabilized soil stablized soil

Black cotton
Local clay
Percentage savings in cost per

Percentage savings in cost

40 40
30 30
per sqm
20 20
sqm

10
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
cumulative traffic(msa)
cumulative traffic(msa)
soaked CBR soaked CBR
Cost of pavement in Rupees per sqm

Black cotton Local clay

Cost of pavement in Rupees per sqm

2200 2200

1800 1800

1400 1400

1000 1000

600 600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
cumulative traffic (msa) cumulative traffic (msa)

Unstabilized soil Stabilized soil Unstabilized soil Stabilized soil

Fig. 6 Comparative variation in thickness of pavement, percentage saving in cost , and cost of pavement
in rupees per square meter with optimum mixes of black cotton soil and local clay blended with sand
and fly ash
 50th INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE
50th
IGC
17th – 19th DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India
10 msa (million standard axles) for CBR values of
both stabilized and unstabilized soils. Generally, the
soaked CBR value greater than 5.50% is preferred
for sub-grade of flexible pavements having lighter
traffic intensity. The soaked CBR value of
unstabilized soil is 2.78% and the soaked CBR value
of stabilized soil mix is 8.81% which have been
considered for the design purpose.
The variation of percentage saving in cost of flexible
pavement construction per square meter for
cumulative traffic of 1 to 10 msa is shown in Fig.6.
It is observed that the saving in cost for the flexible
pavement constructed by using stabilized soil sub-
grade varies from 37 % to 28 % for cumulative
traffic of 1 msa to 10 msa respectively. Thus, the
stabilization of locally available soil utilizing
industrial and construction waste materials along
with the natural poorly graded river sand provides
improved compaction and strength characteristics
and reduces the cost of construction substantially.
The degradation caused to the environment due to
use of these waste materials can also be controlled
to some extent.
From the Fig.6 it is clear that the pavement thickness
with respect to cumulative traffic (msa), reduces
significantly, hence the cost in rupees per m2 for
pavement design, calculated by local standard
schedule of rates (SOR), also reduces with
stabilization of black cotton soil in the influence of
waste materials, shown by Fig.6, which shows that
the cost of flexible pavement construction per
square meter varies from 1068 to 1883.7 Rupees
using un-stabilized sub-grade and from 672 to 1356
Rupees using stabilized sub-grade for cumulative
traffic of 1-10 msa.
CONCLUSIONS
Black cotton and clayey soil in this study is
stabilized with the addition of sand. The optimum
value of maximum dry density is achieved for black
cotton soil and clayey soil-sand mix of 70:30
followed by other proportions. On further increasing
the percentage of sand in the composite, amount of
sand required increases and composite becomes
uneconomical. Based upon the test results, it can be
concluded that 15% of Fly Ash may be added when
70% black cotton soil+ 30% sand composite and 10
% of Fly Ash may be added when 70% clayey soil+
30% sand is used. On further increasing the
percentage of Fly Ash, the MDD decreases
significantly. Hence, higher percentage of Fly Ash
should not be used. The soaked CBR value of
expansive soil and clayey soil increases
significantly i.e. 221.93% and 214.22% respectively
and unsoaked CBR value of expansive soil and
clayey soil increases significantly i.e. 162.53% and
154.32% respectively with addition of optimum
percentage of sand and fly ash. Thus fly ash can be
utilized for sub-grade construction as a part in the
mixture of black cotton and clayey soil with sand.
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