12. A concrete mix is specified at a 28-day strength of 65 MPa, a slump of 100 mm, using 52.

5 R
cement, 20mm maximum crushed coarse aggregate of 2.8 relative density, and fine aggregate
with 80% passing the 600 m sieve.

(a) The water to cement ratio required.

Cement Class = 52.5R (given)

Aggregate Type: Coarse = Crushed (given)

Graph from (Lecture 8, Slide 22)

Compressive Strength = 55Mpa (found)
Characteristic Strength, fc = 65Mpa @28 days (given)
Compressive Strength = 55Mpa (found)

Graph from (Lecture 8, Slide 24)

Water to Cement Ratio required = 0.43 (found)

(b) The free water content of the mix.

Slump = 100mm (given)

Maximum Aggregate Size = 20mm (given)
Type of Aggregate = Crushed (given)

Graph (Lecture 8, Slide 27)

Free Water Content = 225kg/m3 (found)
 (c) The cement content of the mix.

Cement Content = Free Water Content

Water to Cement Ratio

= 225kg/m3
0.43

= 523kg/m 3
 (d) i. The density of the concrete produced.

Relative Density of Aggregate = 2.8 (given)

Water Content = 225kg/m3 (found)

Graph (Lecture 8, Slide 30)

Concrete Density = 2442kg/m3 (found)

ii. The mass of aggregate required.

Total Aggregate Content = Concrete Density – (Free Water Content + Cement Content)
= 2442kg/m 3 – (225k/m3 – 523kg/m3)
= 1694kg/m 3
 iii. The mass of fine and coarse aggregates required.

Slump = 100mm (given)

Percentage Passing 600 m sieve = 80% (given)
Maximum Aggregate Size = 20mm (given)
Water to Cement Ratio = 0.43 (found)

Graph (Lecture 8, Slide 35)

Proportion of fine = 30% (found)

Fine Aggregate Content = Total Aggregate Content – Proportion of Fine

= 1694kg/m 3 x 30%
= 508kg/m 3

Coarse Aggregate Content = Total Aggregate Content – Fine Aggregate Content

= 1694kg/m 3 – 508kg/m3
= 1186kg/m 3
13. A concrete mix is specified at a 28-day strength of 60 MPa, a slump of 120 mm, using 52.5 R
cement, 40mm maximum crushed course aggregate of 2.8 relative density, and fine aggregate
with 40% passing the 600 m sieve.

(a) The water to cement ratio required.

Cement Class = 52.5R (given)

Aggregate Type: Coarse = Crushed (given)

Graph from (Lecture 8, Slide 22)

Compressive Strength = 55Mpa (found)
Characteristic Strength, fc = 60Mpa @28 days (given)
Compressive Strength = 55Mpa (found)

Graph below (Lecture 8, Slide 24)

Water to Cement Ratio required = 0.46 (found)
 (b) The free water content of the mix.

Slump = 120mm (given)

Maximum Aggregate Size = 40mm (given)
Type of Aggregate = Crushed (given)

Graph (Lecture 8, Slide 27)

Free Water Content = 205kg/m3 (found)

(b) The cement content of the mix.

Cement Content = Free Water Content

Water to Cement Ratio

= 205kg/m3
0.46

= 445.65kg/m 3
 (d) i. The density of the concrete produced.

Relative Density of Aggregate = 2.8 (given)

Water Content = 446kg/m3 (found)

Graph (Lecture 8, Slide 30)

Concrete Density = 2475kg/m3 (found)

ii. The mass of aggregate required.

Total Aggregate Content = Concrete Density – (Free Water Content + Cement Content)
= 2475kg/m 3 – (205k/m3 – 446kg/m3)
= 2716kg/m 3
 iii. The mass of fine and coarse aggregates required.

Slump = 120mm (given)

Percentage Passing 600 m sieve = 40% (given)
Maximum Aggregate Size = 40mm (given)
Water to Cement Ratio = 0.46 (found)

Graph (Lecture 8, Slide 36)

Proportion of fine = 38% (found)

Fine Aggregate Content = Total Aggregate Content – Proportion of Fine

= 2716kg/m 3 x 38%
= 1032kg/m 3

Coarse Aggregate Content = Total Aggregate Content – Fine Aggregate Content

= 2716kg/m 3 – 1032kg/m3
= 1684kg/m 3
14. A concrete mix is specified at a 28-day strength of 50 MPa, a slump of 100 mm, using 42.5 N
cement, 20mm maximum uncrushed course aggregate of 2.4 relative density, and fine aggregate
with 50% passing the 600 m sieve.

(a) The water to cement ratio required.

(b) The free water content of the mix.

(c) The cement content of the mix.

(d) i. The density of the concrete produced.

ii. The mass of aggregate required. [2]

iii. The mass of fine aggregate required. [4]

15. Discuss the factors that influence the durability of concrete and the steel reinforcements.

16. Discuss the impact of fire on concrete.

17. Compare and contrast the various model of concrete.

18. Discuss concrete as a sustainable material.