Summary of Selected Primary Source 1: Readings in Philippine History

University of Saint Louis
SCHOOL of EDUCATION, ARTS, SCIENCES and HEALTH

Readings in Philippine History
SUMMARY of SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCE 1
Background Of The
Context Content Relevance
Author/s
 Chronicler of  th
16 century European economy was  Latitudes and Leagues!  The Pigafetta document gave a detailed
Magellan’s Expedition mercantilist. Wealth is measured based (Geographical Position of the Islands). chronicle of the significant events of
 He survived the on accumulation of bullion or precious  Descriptions of our early ancestors the exploration of Ferdinand Magellan.
challenges and metals.  The Cultural Milieu of the pre- colonial Filipinos  It provided a description, location and
catastrophes that the  16th century Europe was dominated by  Christian Names given to our Ancestors distances of the places visited thereby
Antonio Pigafetta, First Voyage Around the World, (pp. 23-48)
expedition encountered Holy Roman Empire. enhancing the knowledge of

along the way and he  Spices became the most expensive and cartography at that time.
even got wounded in in demand commodity among  The chronicle contributed immensely
the Battle of Mactan. Europeans because of their numerous to European historiography because it
uses. preserved and popularized the
 Asian goods reached Europe either via achievements of the Magellan-Elcano
the Silk Road or the Arabian-Italian expedition.
trade route. Both are expensive and  There was an evidence of agricultural
oftentimes disrupted by wars and natural activities based on their produce.
calamities.  They engaged in trade with
 Since land routes were expensive and neighboring countries such as China.
required consent of many powerful  On the other hand, the document also
armed groups, Portugal explored the narrated the status (inferiority) of the
ocean as alternative way to the Spice Filipinos in warfare, manner of
Islands. dressing and system of writing
 The competition between Spain and  The documents narrated the conversion
Portugal became heated enough that the of early Filipinos into Christianity
two countries had to get the pope to  Textbook writers use his book as their
[Chronicle]
divide up the New World into parts that source of historical information every
would be Spanish and parts that would time they discuss the beginning of
be Portuguese. Christianity in the Philippines.
 Plasencia belonged to  During the first century of Spanish rule,   The document described the customs of the  It vividly described the situation of the
Customs of
(1979). pp.
Plasencia,
Tagalogs,
the Franciscan order colonial officials had the hard time Tagalogs along political and social structure, Philippines before it was tainted with
221-234)
account]
(Garcia,
Juan de
and came together with running local politics because of the property, marriage, religion, superstition and Spanish and Christian influences.
[Friar
the first batch of limited number of Spaniards who burial practices.  Scholars like it because it covered
the
Franciscan missionaries wanted to live outside Intramuros. numerous topics that are relevant in
1
Background Of The
Author/s
who arrived in the  This situation forced them to allow many disciplines. Political scientists
Philippines on July 2, Filipinos to hold the position of for instance find it useful because it
1578. gobernadorcillo. contains a lot of information about the
 He and Fray Diego de  To ensure that they would remain loyal social classes, political stratifications
Oropresa were assigned to the Crown, they instructed the friars and legal system of the Tagalog region.
to do mission works in assigned in the parishes to supervise and  Plasencia also preserved and
Southern Tagalog area. monitor the activities of the popularized the unwritten customs,
 Aside from performing gobernadorcillo. traditions, religious and superstitious
sacerdotal and  Hence, the friars ended up performing beliefs of the Filipinos.
missionary functions, the administrative duties that colonial  Priests and missionaries also read
Plasencia also helped in officials should have been doing in the Plasencia’s Customs of the Tagalogs
the foundation and local level. and Doctrina Christiana because they
organization of  They supervised the election of the local get a lot of insights that help and
numerous towns in executives, helped in the collection of inspire them to become effective
Quezon, Laguna, Rizal taxes, directly involved in educating the evangelizers.
and Bulacan. youth and performed other civic duties.  Plasencia’s historical writings also
 His continuous  As years went by, the friars ended up disprove the claim of some Spaniards
interaction with the the most knowledgeable and influential that when they arrived in the
people he converted to figure in the pueblo. Philippines, Filipinos were still
Christianity enabled  Some duties of friars assigned in uncivilized and lacking in culture.
him to write a book mission territories:  All of these lead to the conclusion that
entitled Relacion de las 1. inform periodically their superiors prior to the coming of the Spaniards,
Costumbres de Los of what was going on in their Filipinos were already civilized and
Tagalos (Customs of respective assignments. maintained a lifestyle that was at par or
the Tagalogs, 1589). 2. report the number of natives they even better than other countries in
converted, the people’s way of life, Southeast Asia.
their socio-economic situation and
the problems they encountered.
3. some submitted short letters while
others who were keen observers
and gifted writers wrote long.
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 He joined KKK in 1894  Enlightened rationality gave way to the The Kartilya has14 points:  It serves as a guiding principle.
Emilio Jacinto, “Kartilla ng Katipunan” (Richardson, (2013). pp. 131-137) [Declaration
with pen names : rise of Romanticism. By the 1. A life that is not dedicated to a noble and divine  It enhances sense of nationalism
Pingkian (Inflammable) 19th-century it pave its way to cause is like a tree without a shade, if not, a  It advocates an anti- enslavement.
and Dimasilaw; Ka Liberalism and Classicism then in the poisonous weed.  It promotes spread of liberal ideas
Ilyong 20th-century, Modernism. 2. A deed that is motivated by self-interest or  Kartilya is a source of moral beacon
 He was the youngest  The French Revolution of 1789 was the self-pity and done without sincerity lacks nobility. for self transformation for the
member of the KKK. culmination of the High Enlightenment 3. True piety is the act of being charitable, loving contemporary times. It can be used as
 At 19 y.o., he became vision of throwing out the old one's fellowmen, and being judicious in behavior, guide:
the fiscal, secretary, authorities to remake society along speech and deed. 1. To institutionalize good governance
editor, and later, general rational lines. 4. All [people] are equal, regardless of the color of among our government officials.
of the Katipunan.  In 1856, Freemasonry was introduced their skin; While one could have more education, 2. To teach honor and dignity and
 He was the director of in the Philippines, however, native wealth or beauty than the other, none of them can curtail corruption among politicians
the printing shop and Filipinos were not allowed to join the overpass one's identity. 3. To inculcate generosity and
Library of the organization. In 1889, Graciano 5. A person with a noble character values honor compassion among us
Katipunan. Lopez-Jaena organized the Logia above self-interest, while a person with a base 4. To practice respect for women and
 He was proclaimed Revolución in Barcelona thru the character values self-interest above honor. love for our family
generalissimo of the support of Grande Oriente Español 6. To a [person] that respects, his/her word is a
North (Punong Hukbo hence the root of true Philippine pledge.
sa Hilagaan) Masonry. 7. Do not waste your time; lost wealth can be
 He served as Adviser of  Pedro Serrano Laktaw, with the help of retrieved, but time lost is lost forever.
the Supremo. Moises Salvador (initiated in Madrid) 8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
 He furnished Bonifacio and Jose A. Ramos (initiated in 9. A wise man is someone who is careful in all that
with weapons, money, London), organized Logia Nilad and it he says; learn to keep the things that need to be
printing materials and was approved by the Grande Oriente kept secret.
musical compositions. Español as Logia Nilad No 144 on 10. In the thorny path of life, the man leads the way
 He was the Editor of the March 20, 1892. and his wife and children follow; If the leader
newspaper “Kalayaan”  As the Fraternity grew, the Spanish goes the way of evil, so do the followers.
of Principles]
friars were alarmed and therefore 11. Never regard a woman as an object for you to
branded all Masons as insurrectos. trifle with; rather you should consider her as a
Masons were arrested, tortured, exiled. partner and a friend in times of need; Give proper
These event became the voice for considerations to a woman's frailty and never
freedom and democracy. forget that your own mother, who brought you
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 Most of the prominent personalities in forth and nurtured you from infancy, is herself
the Katipunan were members of the such a person.
Masonry. The influence of this fraternity 12. Don't do to the wife, children and brothers and
to the members were very evident in the sisters of others what you do not want done to
Kartilya written by Emilio Jacinto. your wife, children and brothers and sisters.
 During the revolution, the Spanish 13. (A (person's) worth is not measured by his/her
Friars believed that the root of all the station in life, neither by the height of his nose nor
problems was Masonry and Katipunan. the fairness of skin, and certainly not by whether
Katipunan as considered by the friars as he is a priest claiming to be God's deputy. Even if
“Huwad sa Masonerya.” he is a tribesman/tribeswoman from the hills and
 Jesuit Francisco Foradada wrote in his speaks only his/her own tongue, a (person) is
book that Filipino filibusterism honorable if he/she possesses a good character, is
(subversion) was not the son of true to his/her word, has fine perceptions and is
righteousness, morality or justice; but of loyal to his/her native land.
Masonry – the enemy of God. 14. When these teachings shall have been propagated
 The death of Gomburza in 1872 and the glorious sun of freedom begins to shine on
awakened strong feelings of anger and these poor islands to enlighten a united race and
resentment among the Filipinos. They people, then all the loves lost, all the struggle and
questioned Spanish authorities and sacrifices shall not have been in vain.
demanded reforms. The Filipino
ilustrados aimed for reforms and so they
created a systematic movement and they
used a peaceful means of battling the
Spanish government called the
Propaganda Movement.
 The writings produced by the
Propaganda Movement inspired Andres
Bonifacio and other radicals to establish
the Katipunan and set the Philippine
Revolution in place
 In 1892, Jose Rizal arrived home and
with the support of the Masonic
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Leaders, he established the La Liga
Filipina. However, he was arrested and
soon deported to Dapitan.
 Andres Bonifacio and other members of
Logia Taliba saw Rizal’s deportation as
a sign that reforms were no longer
attainable. Before the revival of the
Liga, Andres Bonifacio had
conceptualized a new secret society
called the Katipunan to advocate
separation from Spain. Thus,
Katipunan was established on July 7,
1892.
 On April 3, 1893, Andres Bonifacio of
Logia Taliba, Domingo Franco and
Apolinario Mabini, both of Logia
Balagtas, led the revival of the Liga
Filipina.
 Six months after the Liga’s revival two
factions emerged: one that wanted to
continue the society’s aim of peaceful
reforms, and another which advocated
the overthrow of the colonial
government. In October of 1893, the
Liga was dissolved.
 Mabini and other moderates formed the
Cuerpo de Compromisarios, they tried
to continue sending funds to finance the
Propaganda Movement in Spain.
However, most of the members became
increasingly disappointed over the
apathy of the central government in
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Background Of The
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Madrid.
 Some Filipinos were convinced that
separation from Spain was the only
alternative – some members united with
the radical movement - Katipunan of
Bonifacio, Arellano, Plata and other
Logia Taliba members.
 He solicited funds to  Outbreak of Spanish- American War in  Ferdinand Magellan landed on the shores of Cebu  Most significant achievement of
finance a campaign for April 1898. and occupied said island by means of a Pact of Aguinaldo’s Dictatorial Government
Declaration of Philippine Independence, The Malolos Constitution
reforms in the  Battle of Manila Bay in May 1898. Friendship with Chief Tupas, although he was  The Philippine was proclaimed
and the First Philippine Republic. Manila: National Historical
Philippines.  Fighting between the Filipinos and killed in the battle that took place in said shores to independent after decades of being a
National Historical Institute. (1997). Documents of the 1898
 He became a member Spaniards in various places in the which battle he was provokes by Chief Kalipulako colony.
of the La Liga Filipina, country. of Mactan.  The Philippine earned its own identity.
Cuerpo de  Miguel Lopez de Legaspi landed on the Island of  The document affirmed the following:
Compromisarios and La Bohol by entering into a Blood Compact with its 1. Atrocities of the Spaniards
Propaganda. Chief Sikatuna, and later went to Manila, winning towards Filipinos.
 Became the first adviser the friendship of Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula, 2. Struggles of the Filipinos for
to President Emilio and later taking possession of the city and the independence
Aguinaldo in 1898 whole archipelago in the name of Spain by virtue 3. Dictatorial government under

Institute. (pp. 19-23)[Proclamation]
Contrary to common of an order of King Philip II. Aguinaldo.

belief, it was Bautista,  International law does not recognize such vicious  It was a major step in creating the
and not Aguinaldo, who acquisition of private property. Filipino Identity.
waved the Philippine  Inequality between the Spaniards and Filipinos  The very first and solid proof of the
flag before the jubilant 1. Arbitrary arrests and abuses by the Civil struggle of the Filipinos for
crowd. Guards independence.
 July 14, 1899 - he was 2. Trial without hearing  It served as a culmination of our
elected to the position 3. Unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos. existence as a nation and a state.
of president in the 4. People are tired of bearing the ominous joke  It marked the start and beginning
Revolutionary Congress of Spanish domination where Filipinos had these
in Tarlac.  Establishment of Biak-Na-Bato to gain constitutional rights.
 Then was later independence and sovereign to liberate Philippines
appointed judge of the from yoke of Spanish dominion.
6
Background Of The
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Court of First Instance 1. Liberation from: abuses and unjust execution
of Pangasinan. of Rizal for opposing the friars Machiavellian
ends
2. Religious corporation abuses such as
execution of GOMBURZA
3. Oppressions
 Conferring to Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all
the powers necessary to enable him to discharge
the duties of government, including the
prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty
 Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio
Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and
independence of the Philippine Islands from the
colonial rule of Spain.
 The waiving of the first Philippine Flag
1. The white triangle signifying the distinctive
emblem of the famous society of the
Katipunan.
2. The three stars, signifying the three principal
islands of this Archipelago - Luzon,
Mindanao and Panay where this
revolutionary movement started.
3. The sun, representing the gigantic steps made
by the sons of the country.
4. The eight rays, signifying the eight provinces
- Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva
Ecija, Bataan, Laguna and Batangas.
5. And the colors of Blue, Red and White,
commemorating the flag of the United States
of America, as a manifestation of our
profound gratitude towards this great nation
for its disinterested protection which it lent us
7
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and continues lending us.
6. The first Philippine flag was sewn by Dona
Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and
Delfina Herbosa de Natividad in Hongkong.
7. It was first flown in battle on May 28, 1898.
8. Formally unfurled during the declaration of
Philippine independence.
9. Music was composed by Julian Felipe and
lyrics was not use during the declaration of
independence on June 12, 1898.
10. Lyrics of the national anthem was from Jose
Palma from his poem, Filipinas. This was
revised in 1960s.
 The Philippine Independence was solemnized and
proclaimed at Dambanang Aguinaldo
Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite on June 12,
1898.
 98 persons signed the Declaration of
Independence
 “Historian of the  The newspapers in the Philippine  The problem of homesteading and US-style  These historical caricatures are
Southeast Asia”
Caricatures of the American Era
Cartoons: tenancy during the American colonial relevant visual and contextual
 Born June 8, 1945 in 1. The Independent government- It presents the oppressed condition of realities that can fill-in the gap in
Massachusetts, USA  Founded in 1915 by the the farmers during the American colonial period. understanding the grand narrative of
 
Alfred McCoy, Political
McCoy graduated from Father of Cebuano letters The vulnerability of our economy to foreign Philippine history.
the Kent School in Vicente Sotto, one of the economic policy: Bankruptcy of the PNB  Using historical caricature is a dynamic
(Editorial cartoons)
1964. militant and aggressive  Tentativeness of the government to implement avenue of deciphering Philippine
 He earned his BA in advocates of immediate policy that will help the farmers: Exploitation of history providing relevant visual
European Studies independence. small farmers representations of the past and a
from Columbia College  A weekly newspaper and  Dramatic increase in Manila’s population resulted contextual approach of understanding
in 1968. published in English and to rising of rent and high food prices.: (a) historical meanings and implications.
 He earned his M.A. Spanish. Harrison’s solution to the problem was band aid  The featured caricatures were powerful
Asian Studies in  A forum for its publishers for solution rather than implementing fundamental tools in the political, economic and
8
Background Of The
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University of California political crusades. reform like public housing construction. (b) The social advocacies which can inspire
at Berkeley in 1969.  Discussed questions of Filipino elite were favoured for their loyalty to the and remind us also of our advocacies at
 He earned his tenancy, urban poverty, and government. (c) The cartoons presented the present time.
PhD in Southeast poltical issues. Filipino nationalists becoming economic aliens to  The caricatures depict the realities
Asian history from Yale  Where Fernando Amorsolo their own land because Americans dominated happening during the American period
University in 1977. began his career as the already the economic activities in the country. which expresses the sentiments of the
 McCoy served on the “angriest of Manila’s political  The political practice in the country especially Filipinos.
faculty of cartoonists”. during election.: It features the political irony of  We may not be in a specific period of
the University of New 2. The Philippine Free Press the election process in the Philippines wherein the past but we are not devoid in
South Wales for eleven  Founded in 1906 by Judge initially the candidates bow and beg favor from understanding history because
years. W.A. Kincaid but was taken the Filipino masses but at the end the Filipinos historical caricatures bring us to the
 In 1989, he joined over by McCullough Dick due masses begging. past and provide us a rich, dynamic
University of to bankruptcy  Police Corruption – to protect gambling clubs & and contextual source of depicting
Wisconsin-Madison.  Published in both Spanish and Passage of law authorizing all legislators to bear events and realities.
 Used the Philippine English firearms: (a) The Manila Police here is shown  In contemporary times, the use of
political caricatures to  Featured investigative taking bribes from the Chinese, while protecting editorial caricatures are still powerful
understand the social reporting about the the gambling clubs patronized by Filipinos. (b) tools that depict the temper of the
and political context of country’s development The editorial depicts the superiority of the present time and express the problems
the Philippines during  Appeared more personal than legislators. and sentiments of the present context.
the American period. national and not tied to a  Filipinos have always been historically divided.:  It is likewise a means of the present
 Worked with Alfredo particular political party. (a) Landlord vs. Tenants (b) Christians vs. time to trigger the awareness of the
Roces, his co-Author of  Advocated integrity, Non-Christians (c) Pro H-H-C-L vs. the Antis people concerning different issues.
Philippine Cartoons: democracy and Philippine  Ecclesiastical Encomienda (Frailocracy) & Bureau
Political Caricatures of national progress. of Public Health - Filipinos: (a) Poor people are
the American Era 3. Bag-Ong Kusog homeless while the Roman Catholic Church owns
 In 2001,  (Literally "New Force"), the big lands. (b) Filipinization of Bureau of Public
the Association for most popular Cebuano Health resulted to ineffective and inefficient
Asian Studies awarded pre-war periodical. service.
McCoy the Grant  It draws a picture of pre-war  The Americans introduced a free and a more
Goodman Prize for his social life in Cebu. democratic educational system in the Philippines.:
career contributions to  Featured the clash between Both editorials depict the results of the
the study of the the traditional introduction of American Education in the
9
Background Of The
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Philippines. Spanish-influenced culture Philippine system: Gender equality in education
 In October 2012, Yale and the new American and Accessibilty of education
University's Graduate orientation .  The Americans used the educational system to
School Alumni  Depicted the breaking down control/manipulate the Filipinos.: (a) The
Association awarded of hallowed customs and introduction of the English language. (b) As a
McCoy the Wilbur social practices due to result of American education, they were able to
Lucius Cross Medal. American Influence. develop an image worthy of Filipino love and
 Focused criticism on respect.
co-education introduced by
the Americans which
endangered the virtue of
women.
 Transition from Spanish colonial rule to
American colonial period.
 Filipino resistance on the American
Policy over the Philippines
 American colonial rule: (a) Filipino
representation in the Assembly, (b)
Filipinization in the government, (c)
Campaign for Philippine Independence,
(d) The Commonwealth period
 American initiatives on economic,
educational system, public health,
transportation and communication
 The freedom was more recognized such
as speech and press exercised unlike
during the Spanish period
 The American colonial government sued
the press through libel charges.
 The Chinese were still discriminated
 The friars were attacked in the press
 Filipino politicians were the new
10
Background Of The
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illustrados
 Police were corrupt and the rise of rural
poverty
 Prostitutions and gambling were
rampant
 Sanitation were poor, less hospitals for
the population
 Cartoons were used to seek reforms.
 Aquino was one of the  Corazon C. Aquino delivered her  The speech starts out with the narrative of the  The document significantly contributes
Corazon Aquino, President Corazon Aguino’s Speech before the
most prominent figures historic speech before the U.S. Congress assassination of Ninoy on August 21, 1986. to the development of diplomatic
of the 1986 People on September 18, 1986. Cory had to rush to the Philippines from their history of the country in general and in
Power.  Barely seven months after being sworn comfortable dwelling in United States. the U.S – Philippine relations in
 Wife of the into office under a revolutionary  Before Ninoy’s assassination, many events have particular.
Assassinated opposition government brought about by 1986 taken place in the history of which could be traced  The historic speech made by President
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZnnvbKyNCQ
figurehead during the EDSA People Power. back when Ferdinand Marcos’ Declaration of Aquino strengthened the political,
martial law era.  At that time, Cory’s presidency was martial law in September 21, 1972 and practiced economic and social ties between the
 Served as standing on an unstable ground. dictatorial powers. two nations.
the 11th President of  The economic situation she inherited  The re-establishment of the Communist Party of  The United States Congress granted the
U.S. Congress Sept. 18, 1986 [Speech],
the Philippines. was in shamble. the Philippines (CPP) in 1968 Philippines an initial $200 million as
 The first female  There is massive unemployment and  The New People’s Army only number to a few emergency aid to help build the
president in Southeast poverty. hundreds increasing to more than 20,000 strong by economy.
Asia.  The military’s loyalty to the new the 80’s.  The US also reiterated its long-time
 Named Time magazine' administration is still in question.  Marcos also considered the cessationist movement commitment to defend the security of
s "Woman of the Year"  Just five months from office, her in the south by the Moslems a threat to national the Philippines via the Mutual Defence
in 1986. administration was already besiege by a security. Agreement.
 In 1999, she was chosen coup attempt, backed by a multitude of  Marcos crushed the institution of democracy  With the present administration’s
by the Time Magazine civilian Marcos loyalist. enshrined in the constitution dissolving the foreign policy shift especially towards
as one of the 20 Most  The communist insurgency is still Philippine Congress, curtailing freedom of the the United States, the speech may be a
Influential Asians of the gripping the countryside (though she press. document that could be included in the
20th Century released political detainees).  Concocting cases rebellion and criminal acts for discourse on Philippine-US relations.
 Prior to this, she had  The newly established administration those who fought the dictatorship as evidenced by  The document speaks on the social
not held any other needs all foreign allies. the trial on Ninoy before a military commission. reality of the Philippines during and
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Background Of The
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elective office.  Ninoy challenged the authority of the military after the Marcos regime.
 She died on August 1, commission by means of a hunger strike.  The author who happened to be one of
2009 due to colorectal  His health which led to his medical exile in the main participants and key
cancer. Boston, USA. stakeholder of the political events
 Although Living in comfort with his family, unfolding in those years, sans her
Ninoy decide to go back home to the Philippines. personal and political prejudices adds
This eventually led to his assassination. to the level of credibility and
 Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. was fatally shot to the authenticity of this document.
ground as he exited the plane.  Do we really need foreign powers at
 Rolando Galman, the alleged assassin, was also present to help us build our country?
immediately gunned down by personnel of the  What should be the basis of our foreign
Aviation Security Command. policy?
 Upon investigation, however, another passenger  Should there be laws or statutes that
named Rebecca Quijano testified that she saw a should govern our foreign policy so
man, who was wearing a military uniform right that it is not dependent on the bias of
behind Ninoy, shoot him at the back of his head. the person in power?
 A post-mortem analysis confirmed that Ninoy was
indeed shot from the back, at close range.
 Approximately 2 million Filipinos set aside their
passivity and fear of the oppressive regime during
his funeral which lasted for 11 hours.
 Awakening of the peoples’ desire for democracy.
 Just a year before, in 1982, American secretary of
state George Schulz was reported to have
sneeringly dismissed the Philippines as “a nation
of 40 million cowards and one son of a bitch”
(Robles, 2014)
 Faced with mounting pressure here and abroad,
then president Ferdinand Marcos called for a snap
presidential election in February 7, 1986, to prove
that he still had the support of Filipinos.
 Cory became the standard bearer of the
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Background Of The
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opposition.
 The election that took place was marred by reports
of cheating, violence, and disenfranchisement of
voters but the people stood their ground in
protecting the ballot boxes.
 Among the highlights of the 1986 snap election
was the famous walkout of some 30 tabulators of
the COMELEC from the PICC convention hall
 The Marcos rubberstamp parliament proclaimed
Marcos the winner.
 In February 22, 1986, a small group of military
personnel headed by then Defense Minister Juan
Ponce Enrile and Gen. Fidel V. Ramos, head of
the Philippine Constabulary, issued a joint
statement demanding Marcos resignation.
 Then, Manila Archbishop Cardinal Jaime Sin
appealed to the people via Radio Veritas broadcast
to bring food and supplies for the rebels and to use
nonviolence to block pro-Marcos troop ordered to
crush the military rebellion.
 Culminating the EDSA PEOPLE POWER OF
1986 which led to the installation of Cory Aquino
as president.
Prepared by:
HERBERT S. CORPUZ, MAEd

Course Facilitator
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University of Saint Louis

SCHOOL of EDUCATION, ARTS, SCIENCES and HEALTH

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expedition encountered Holy Roman Empire. enhancing the knowledge of

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Contrary to common of an order of King Philip II. Aguinaldo.

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HERBERT S. CORPUZ, MAEd

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