Lecture 5 - Analysis of Continuous Beams

CES 3104
Structural Theory
Lecture 5:
Analysis of Continuous Beams
Engr. Abbey Dale Abellanosa, MSc

Department of Civil Engineering
CES 3104 – Structural Theory November 4 - 16, 2020

Lecture Outline
Three-Moment Equation
Derivation of the General Three-Moment Equation → Three-Moment
Equation Factors → Beam Stiffness Factor → Sign Convention
Application of Three-Moment Equation

Continuous Beams → Continuous Beams with Fixed Ends
→ Three-Moment Equation for Beam Deflection
Slope-Deflection Method
Derivation of the Slope-Deflection Method → Fixed-End Moments →
Pin-Supported End Span
Slope-Deflection Method: Continuous Beams

Application of the Slope-Deflection Method for Continuous Beams
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | November 4 – 16, 2020 Lecture 5-2
CE 3104 – Structural Theory
Lecture 5.1:
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | November 4 – 16, 2020

General Three-Moment Equation
Derivation of the Three-Moment Equation:
1 3
2
ℎ1 ℎ3
𝐿1 𝐿2
Simply Supported Beam
𝑤 Using the similar triangles created from
the tangential deviations, we can write
1 3
ℎ1 − 𝑡1/2 𝑡3/2 − ℎ3
2 =
𝐿1 𝐿2
ℎ1 ℎ3
𝐿1 𝐿2 ℎ1 𝑡1/2 𝑡3/2 ℎ3
− = −
𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿2
𝑡1/2 𝑡3/2 ℎ1 ℎ3
1 + = + →①
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
3
𝑡1/2
ℎ1
ℎ3
2
ℎ1 − 𝑡1/2 𝑡3/2
𝑡3/2 − ℎ3
Tangent 2
𝐿1 𝐿2
Theorems on Area-Moment
𝑦
𝑤 𝑥 𝑃
Recall from Lecture 4:
1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = 𝑥ҧ𝐵 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐵𝐴 )
𝐸𝐼
𝑥
𝐵 1
𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = 𝑥𝐴ҧ (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑡𝐵/𝐴
𝐸𝐼
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 𝜃𝐴𝐵 𝑑𝜃
Theorem II: The vertical deviation
Tangent at 𝐵 of the tangent at point 𝐴 on the
Tangent at 𝐴
𝑀 elastic curve with respect to the
𝑀 tangent extended from another
𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 point 𝐵 equals the moment of the
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 area under the 𝑀/𝐸𝐼 diagram
𝑀 between the two points. This
− 𝑑𝑖𝑎
𝐸𝐼 moment is computed about point
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝐴 where the deviation 𝑡𝐴/𝐵 is to
𝑥𝐴ҧ 𝑥ҧ𝐵
be determined.
𝑤
1 3
2
ℎ1 ℎ3
𝐿1 𝐿2
𝑀1 𝑀2 𝑀2 𝑀3
Loads on simply 2 3
supported spans
𝑉1 𝐿1 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝐿2 𝑉3
𝑎ത1 𝑏ത1 𝑎ത2 𝑏ത2

Moment diagrams due
to applied loads
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴1 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴2
𝑀1 Moment diagrams 𝑀3
𝑀2 due to end moments 𝑀2
𝑤 Solving for the values of 𝑡1/2 and 𝑡3/2 from
Theorem II of Area-Moment Method:
1 3 1
2 𝑡1/2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎12 ∙ 𝑥ҧ1
𝐸1 𝐼1
ℎ1 ℎ3
𝐿1 𝐿2 1 1 1
𝑡1/2 = ቈ𝐴 𝑎ത + 𝑀𝐿 𝐿
𝐸1 𝐼1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1
𝑀1 𝑀2
1 2
1 2 + 𝑀 𝐿 𝐿 ቉
2 2 1 3 1
𝑉1 𝐿1 𝑉2
1
𝑎ത1 𝑏ത1 𝑡1/2 = 6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 + 𝑀1 𝐿21 + 2𝑀2 𝐿21 → ②
6𝐸1 𝐼1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴1
𝑀1
𝑀2
𝑤 Solving for the values of 𝑡1/2 and 𝑡3/2 from
Theorem II of Area-Moment Method
1 3 (continued):
2
1
ℎ1 ℎ3 𝑡3/2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎23 ∙ 𝑥ҧ3
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐸2 𝐼2
1 1 2
𝑀2 𝑀3 𝑡3/2 = ത
ቈ𝐴 𝑏 + 𝑀 𝐿 𝐿
𝐸2 𝐼2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
2 3
1 1
𝐿2 + 𝑀 𝐿 𝐿 ቉
𝑉2 𝑉3 2 3 2 3 2
𝑎ത2 𝑏ത2
1
𝑡3/2 = 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 + 2𝑀2 𝐿22 + 𝑀3 𝐿22 → ③
6𝐸2 𝐼2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴2
𝑀3
𝑀2
Substituting the values of 𝑡1/2 and 𝑡3/2 to ① and simplify
𝑡1/2 𝑡3/2 ℎ1 ℎ3
+ = + →①
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
1 1 1 1 ℎ1 ℎ3
2 2
6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 + 𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 𝐿1 + 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 + 2𝑀2 𝐿22 + 𝑀3 𝐿22 = +
𝐿1 6𝐸1 𝐼1 𝐿2 6𝐸2 𝐼2 𝐿1 𝐿2
6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 𝑀1 𝐿1 2𝑀2 𝐿1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 2𝑀2 𝐿2 𝑀3 𝐿2 ℎ1 ℎ3

+ + + + + =6 +
𝐸1 𝐼1 ∙ 𝐿1 𝐸1 𝐼1 𝐸1 𝐼1 𝐸2 𝐼2 ∙ 𝐿2 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝐿1 𝐿2
𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿2 6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 ℎ1 ℎ3

𝑀1 + 2𝑀2 + + 𝑀3 + + =6 + →④
𝐸1 𝐼1 𝐸1 𝐼1 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝐸1 𝐼1 ∙ 𝐿1 𝐸2 𝐼2 ∙ 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
If modulus of elasticity 𝐸 is constant or 𝐸 = 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 , we can simply ④ to

𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿2 6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 ℎ1 ℎ3
𝑀1 + 2𝑀2 + + 𝑀3 + + = 6𝐸 + →⑤
𝐼1 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼2 𝐼1 ∙ 𝐿1 𝐼2 ∙ 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
If modulus of elasticity 𝐸 and moment of inertia 𝐼 are constants, we can reduce ④ to
6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 ℎ1 ℎ3
𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + = 6𝐸𝐼 + →⑥
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
In most applications, the three points in the three-moment equation are on the
unsettling supports, thus ℎ1 = ℎ3 = 0 and the equation is further simplified to
6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2
𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + =0 →⑦
𝐿1 𝐿2
Three-Moment Equation Factors
Table 5.1 - Factors for the Three-Moment Equation for Various Loadings
Case No. Type of Load 6𝐴𝑎/𝐿
ത ത
6𝐴𝑏/𝐿
𝑃
𝐿 𝐿
2 2 3𝑃𝐿2 3𝑃𝐿2
1
8 8
𝑅1 𝐿 𝑅2
𝑃
𝑎 𝑏
𝑃𝑎 2 𝑃𝑏 2
2 𝐿 − 𝑎2 𝐿 − 𝑏2
𝐿 𝐿
𝑅1 𝐿 𝑅2
𝑤𝐿3 𝑤𝐿3
3
4 4
𝑅1 𝐿 𝑅2
Table 5.1 - Factors for the Three-Moment Equation for Various Loadings (continued)
ത ത
6𝐴𝑏/𝐿
𝑤
7𝑤𝐿3 8𝑤𝐿3
4
60 60
𝑅1 𝐿 𝑅2
5
60 60
𝑅1 𝐿 𝑅2
𝐿/2 𝑤
6
32 32
𝑅1 𝐿 𝑅2
Table 5.1 - Factors for the Three-Moment Equation for Various Loadings (continued)
ത ത
6𝐴𝑏/𝐿
𝑎 𝑏
𝑀 𝑀 𝑀
7 − (3𝑎2 − 𝐿2 ) + (3𝑏2 − 𝐿2 )
𝐿 𝐿
𝑅1 𝐿 𝑅2
Sign Convention
𝑤
Since from the derivation of the three-
moment equation, points 1 and 3 are
1 3
above point 2, the heights ℎ1 and ℎ3
2
must be considered positive when
ℎ1 ℎ3 measured upward from point 2.
𝐿1 𝐿2
+𝑀1 +𝑀2
1
3
𝑡1/2
𝒉𝟏 𝑉1 𝐿1 𝑉2
𝒉𝟑
2
ℎ1 − 𝑡1/2 𝑡3/2
+𝑀2 +𝑀3
𝑡3/2 − ℎ3
2 3
Tangent 2 𝐿2
𝑉2 𝑉3
𝐿1 𝐿2
Lecture 5.2:
Application of the

Example 1: Determine the reaction at supports for the
continuous beam loaded as shown below. The supports are
assumed to be rigid or what amounts to the same thing, to
have equal deformations. This assumption applies to all
problems unless stated otherwise.
30 kips 20 kips
2.5 kips/ft
𝐵
𝐴 𝐶
8′ 8′ 8′ 20′
2𝐼 𝐼
𝐸 = constant
Solution: Modify ⑦ to establish the three-moment
30 kips 20 kips equation applicable for the given beam.
2.5 kips/ft
𝐵 𝑀1 𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝑀3 𝐿2
𝐴 𝐶 + 2𝑀2 + +
𝐼1 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼2
8′ 8′ 8′ 20′ 6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2
+ + =0
2𝐼 𝐼 𝐼1 𝐿1 𝐼2 𝐿2
Choosing the unsettling supports at Since 𝐼1 = 2𝐼, 𝐼2 = 𝐼;

points 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 for the three- 𝑀1 = 𝑀𝐴 = 0 and 𝑀3 = 𝑀𝐶 = 0, we
moment equation, thus we can use ⑦ can simplify the equation to
𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝑀3 𝐿2
𝐿1 𝐿2 6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2
6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 2𝑀𝐵 + + + =0
+ + =0 2𝐼 𝐼 2𝐼 ∙ 𝐿1 𝐼 ∙ 𝐿2
𝐿1 𝐿2
6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 𝑤𝐿3
30 kips 20 kips =
2.5 kips/ft 𝐿2 4
2.5 20 3
𝐴
𝐵
𝐶
=
4
6𝐴2 𝑏ത2
8′ 8′ 8′ 20′ = 5000 kips-ft 2
2𝐼 𝐼
𝐿2
The three-moment factors can be calculated Substitute the calculated values to

using the formulas from Table 5.1, thus
𝐿1 𝐿2 6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2
6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 𝑃𝑎 2 2𝑀𝐵 + + + =0
=෍ 𝐿 − 𝑎2 2𝐼 𝐼 2𝐼 ∙ 𝐿1 𝐼 ∙ 𝐿2
𝐿1 𝐿
24 20 9386.67 5000
30(8) 2𝑀𝐵 + + + =0
= 242 − 82 2𝐼 𝐼 2𝐼 𝐼
24
20(16) 128𝑀𝐵 + 19,386.67 = 0
+ 242 − 162
24
6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 𝑀𝐵 = −151.46 kips-ft
= 9386.67 kips-ft 2
𝐿1
30 kips 20 kips
2.5 kips/ft
𝐵
𝐴 𝐶
8′ 8′ 8′ 20′
𝐴𝑦 = 20.36 kips 𝐵𝑦 = 62.18 kips 𝐶𝑦 = 17.43 kips
30 kips 20 kips 𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 29.64 kips 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 32.54 kips

2.5 kips/ft
𝑀𝐵 = 151.46 kips-ft 𝑀𝐵 = 151.46 kips-ft
𝐴 8′ 8′ 8′ 𝐵 𝐵
𝐵 𝐶
𝐴𝑥 = 0 20′
24′
𝐴𝑦 = 20.36 kips 𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 29.64 kips 𝐵𝑦 = 62.18 kips 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 32.54 kips 𝐶𝑦 = 17.43 kips
Member-Joint Free-Body Diagrams
Example 2: For the continuous beam, determine the values
of the moments over the supports.
90 lbs
30 lb/ft
60 lbs 60 lb/ft
4′ 4′
𝐵 𝐶 4′
𝐴 𝐷
4′ 10′ 12′
𝐸 = constant
Solution: 90 lbs
30 lb/ft
60 lbs 60 lb/ft 60 lbs
4′ 4′
𝐵 𝐶 4′ 4′ 𝐵 𝑀𝐵 = 240 lb-ft
𝐴 𝐷 𝐴
4′ Span 1 = 10′ Span 2 = 12′

𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 60 lbs
Choosing the unsettling supports at points 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 for the three-moment equation,
thus we can use ⑦
𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + =0
𝐿1 𝐿2
𝑀𝐵 10 + 2𝑀𝐶 10 + 12 + 𝑀𝐷 12 + + =0
𝐿1 𝐿2
The values for 𝑀𝐵 and 𝑀𝐷 are −240 lb-ft and 0, respectively.
90 lbs
30𝑑𝑥
30 lb/ft
60 lbs 60 lb/ft
4′ 4′ 30 lb/ft 𝑥
𝐵 𝐶 4′
𝐴 𝐷 𝐶 𝐷
4′ Span 1 = 10′ Span 2 = 12′ 4′ 8′
Calculating for the three-moment equation

factors using Table 5.1. 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 𝑃𝑏 2
=෍ 𝐿 − 𝑏2
6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 8 8 𝐿2 𝐿
= 𝑤𝐿3 = 60 10 3
𝐿1 60 60 90 4
= (122 − 42 )
6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 12
= 8000 lb-ft 2 8
𝐿1 30 𝑥
+න 122 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 12
6𝐴2 𝑏ത2
= 12,800 lb-ft 2
𝐿2
90 lbs
30 lb/ft
60 lbs 60 lb/ft 60 lbs
4′ 4′
𝐵 𝐶 4′ 4′ 𝐵 𝑀𝐵 = 240 lb-ft
𝐴 𝐷 𝐴
4′ Span 1 = 10′ Span 2 = 12′

𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 60 lbs
Substituting all the calculated values to ⑦

𝑀𝐵 10 + 2𝑀𝐶 10 + 12 + 𝑀𝐷 12 + + =0
𝐿1 𝐿2
−240 10 + 2𝑀𝐶 10 + 12 + (0) 12 + 8000 + 12,800 = 0
44𝑀𝐶 + 18400 = 0
𝑀𝐶 = −418.18 lb-ft 𝑀𝐵 = −240 lb-ft
𝑀𝐷 = 0
Example 3: For the continuous beam, determine the values
of the moments over the supports.
45 kips
1.8 kips/ft
𝐴 𝐵
𝐷
𝐶
10′ 10′ 30′ 10′
𝐸 = constant
Solution:
45 kips
1.8 kips/ft
𝐴′ 𝐴 10′ 10′ 𝐵
𝐷
30′
𝐶
Span 0 Span 1 Span 2 10′
Imaginary
Choosing the unsettling supports at points 𝐴′, 𝐴 and 𝐵 for the first three-moment
equation, and 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 for the second equation.
𝑀𝐴′ 𝐿0 + 2𝑀𝐴 𝐿0 + 𝐿1 + 𝑀𝐵 𝐿1 + + =0 →①
𝐿0 𝐿1
𝑀𝐴 𝐿1 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝑀𝐶 𝐿2 + + =0 →②
𝐿1 𝐿2
45 kips
1.8 kips/ft 1.8 kips/ft
𝑀𝐶 = 90 kip-ft
𝐴′ 𝐴 10′ 10′ 𝐵
𝐷 𝐶 𝐷
30′ 10′
𝐶
Imaginary 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 18 kips
Calculating for the three-moment equation factors using Table 5.1.
6𝐴0 𝑎ത0
=0
𝐿0
6𝐴1 𝑏ത1 6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 3𝑃𝐿2 3 45 20 2
= = = = 6750 kips-ft 2
𝐿1 𝐿1 8 8
6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 𝑤𝐿3 1.8 30 3
= = = 3600 kips-ft 2
𝐿2 4 4
The other terms are:
𝑀𝐶 = −90 kip-ft 𝑀𝐴′ = 0 𝐿0 = 0
45 kips
1.8 kips/ft 1.8 kips/ft
𝑀𝐶 = 90 kip-ft
𝐴′ 𝐴 10′ 10′ 𝐵
𝐷 𝐶 𝐷
30′ 10′
𝐶
Imaginary 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 18 kips
Substitute the calculated values to ① and ②
0 + 2𝑀𝐴 0 + 20 + 𝑀𝐵 20 + 0 + 6750 = 0
40𝑀𝐴 + 20𝑀𝐵 = −6750 → ①′
𝑀𝐴 20 + 2𝑀𝐵 20 + 30 + −90 30 + 6750 + 3600 = 0

20𝑀𝐴 + 100𝑀𝐵 = −7650 → ②′
Therefore, the moment over the supports are:

𝑀𝐴 = −145 kip-ft 𝑀𝐵 = −47.5 kip-ft 𝑀𝐶 = −90 kip-ft
Example 4: Find the moments over the supports for the
continuous beam shown below. Both ends of the beam are
assumed to be perfectly rigid.
400 N
600 N/m
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶
2m 2m 3m
𝐸 = constant
Solution:
400 N
600 N/m
𝐴′ 𝐴 2m 2m 𝐵 𝐶′
4m 3m 𝐶
Span 0 Span 1 Span 2 Span 3
Imaginary Imaginary
𝐸 = constant
Choosing the unsettling supports at points 𝐴′, 𝐴 and 𝐵 for the first three-moment equation;
𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 for the second equation; and 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐶′ for the third equation
𝑀𝐴′ 𝐿0 + 2𝑀𝐴 𝐿0 + 𝐿1 + 𝑀𝐵 𝐿1 + + =0 →①
𝐿0 𝐿1
𝑀𝐴 𝐿1 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝑀𝐶 𝐿2 + + =0 →②
𝐿1 𝐿2
𝑀𝐵 𝐿2 + 2𝑀𝐶 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 + 𝑀𝐶 ′ 𝐿3 + + =0 →③
𝐿2 𝐿3
400 N
600 N/m
4m 3m 𝐶
Imaginary Imaginary
𝐸 = constant
In all terms that refers to the imaginary spans, we set the following values to zero:
𝑀𝐴′ 𝐿0 = 0 𝐿0 = 0 =0 𝐿3 = 0 𝑀𝐶 ′ 𝐿0 = 0 =0
𝐿0 𝐿3
Calculating for the three-moment equation factors using Table 5.1.
6𝐴1 𝑏ത1 𝑃𝑏 2 400 2
= 𝐿 − 𝑏2 = 42 − 22 = 2400 N-m2
𝐿1 𝐿 4
6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 𝑃𝑎 2 400 2
= 𝐿 − 𝑎2 = 42 − 22 = 2400 N-m2
𝐿1 𝐿 4
6𝐴2 𝑎ത2 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 𝑤𝐿3 600 3 3
= = = = 4050 N-m2
𝐿2 𝐿2 4 4
400 N
600 N/m
4m 3m 𝐶
Imaginary Imaginary
𝐸 = constant
Substituting the calculated values to the established three-moment equations gives
0 + 2𝑀𝐴 0 + 4 + 𝑀𝐵 4 + 0 + 2400 = 0
8𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 + 2400 = 0 → ①′
𝑀𝐴 4 + 2𝑀𝐵 4 + 3 + 𝑀𝐶 3 + 2400 + 4050 = 0

4𝑀𝐴 + 14𝑀𝐵 + 3𝑀𝐶 + 6450 = 0 → ②′
𝑀𝐵 3 + 2𝑀𝐶 3 + 0 + 0 + 4050 + 0 = 0
3𝑀𝐵 + 6𝑀𝐶 + 4050 = 0 → ③′
Solving ①′, ②′, and ③′ simultaneously gives
𝑀𝐴 = −147 N-m 𝑀𝐵 = −307 N-m 𝑀𝐶 = −522 N-m
Example 5: Use the three-moment equation to determine
the value of 𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐵 at 3 ft from the left support of the beam
loaded as shown below.
6′ 6′
60 lb/ft
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
3′ 9′
𝐸𝐼 = constant
Solution:
6′ 6′
60 lb/ft 𝑀𝐵 = 270 lb-ft
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐵
𝐴
ℎ1 𝑦𝐵 ℎ3 3′
𝑉𝐵 = 90 lb
𝐴𝑦 = 90 lbs 3′ 9′ 𝐶𝑦 = 270 lbs 𝐴𝑦 = 90 lbs
Span 1 Span 2
To solve for the deflection at 𝐵, this simply supported beam is segmented by the three
points 𝐴, 𝐵, and C. We can use ⑥ from the derivations to solve this problem
6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 ℎ1 ℎ3
𝑀𝐴 𝐿1 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝑀𝐶 𝐿2 + + = 6𝐸𝐼 +
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
Based on the figure above, we can establish the values of the following terms:
𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝑀𝐶 = 0 6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 ℎ1 = ℎ3 = 𝑦𝐵
=0
𝐿1
𝐿1 = 3 ft 𝐿2 = 9 ft
60𝑑𝑥
6′ 6−𝑥 𝑥
60 lb/ft
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
ℎ1 𝑦𝐵 ℎ3
𝐴𝑦 = 90 lbs 3′ 9′ 𝐶𝑦 = 270 lbs

Span 1 Span 2
Calculating for the three-moment equation factor using Table 5.1.

6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 𝑃𝑏 2 6
60𝑥 2
= 𝐿 − 𝑏2 = න 9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 7560 lb-ft 2
𝐿2 𝐿 0 9
Substituting all the calculated values to the established three-moment equation, we get
𝑦𝐵 𝑦𝐵
0 + 2 270 3 + 9 + 0 + 0 + 7560 = 6𝐸𝐼 +
3 9
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐵 = 5260 lb-ft 3
Example 6: Determine value of 𝐸𝐼𝑦 under the 60-lb load of
the continuous beam shown below.
90 lbs
30 lb/ft
60 lbs 60 lb/ft
4′ 4′
𝐵 𝐶 4′
𝐴 𝐷
4′ 10′ 12′
𝐸 = constant
Solution: 90 lbs
30 lb/ft 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 7𝑤𝐿3 7 60 10 3
60 lbs 60 lb/ft = =
4′ 4′ 𝐿2 60 60
𝐴
𝐵 𝐶 4′
𝐷 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2
= 7000 lb-ft 2
𝐿2
4′ Span 1 = 10′ Span 2 = 12′
Choosing points 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 with 𝑀𝐵 = −240 lb-ft and 𝑀𝐶 = −418.18 lb-ft (see Example 2)
for the three-moment equation to solve 𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐴 using ⑥
6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 ℎ1 ℎ3
𝑀𝐴 𝐿1 + 2𝑀𝐵 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝑀𝐶 𝐿2 + + = 6𝐸𝐼 +
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
𝑦𝐴
0 + 2 −240 10 + 12 + −418.18 12 + 0 + 7000 = 6𝐸𝐼 +0
10
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐴 = 2600 lb-ft 3
Lecture 5.3:
The Slope-Deflection Method

Derivation of the Slope-Deflection Method:
𝑤 𝑃 Undeformed
position
𝐴 𝐵
Deformed position
𝐿 (elastic curve)
Continuous Beam
𝑃
𝑤 The slope-deflection equations can
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐴 be derived by relating the member-
𝐴 𝐵 end rotations and chord rotations,
where
𝐿
𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐵 𝑡𝐵/𝐴 + ∆
𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝜃𝐴 =
𝐿
Tangent at 𝐴 𝑡𝐵/𝐴 𝑡𝐴/𝐵 + ∆
𝜃𝐵 =
𝜃𝐵 𝐿
𝐵′
𝜑
𝜃𝐴 By substituting ∆/𝐿 = 𝜑 into the
∆
preceding equations can be
𝐴′ 𝜑 Chord rearranged as
𝑡𝐵/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 − 𝜑 = →①
𝐿
𝑡𝐴/𝐵
Tangent at 𝐵 𝑡𝐴/𝐵
𝜃𝐵 − 𝜑 = →②
𝐿
𝑤 𝑃
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑡𝐵/𝐴1
𝑡𝐴/𝐵1
𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
𝑀𝐴𝐵
𝐿
𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐵 Tangential Deviations Due to 𝑴𝑨𝑩
𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝑀𝐵𝐴
𝐴 𝐵
𝑀𝐵𝐴
𝑡𝐵/𝐴2
𝑡𝐴/𝐵2
𝑀𝐴𝐵
Tangential Deviations Due to 𝑴𝑩𝑨
𝑴/𝑬𝑰 Diagram Due to End Moments
𝐴 𝐵
𝑔𝐵
𝑔𝐴 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼
𝑴/𝑬𝑰 Diagram Due to External Loading
Tangential Deviations Due to External Loading
𝑤 𝑃 The tangential deviation at 𝐴 with
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐴 respect to 𝐵 is determined as:
1 𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 𝐿
𝐴 𝐵 𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = ൤−
𝐸𝐼 2 3
𝐿
𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿 2𝐿
𝐸𝐼 = constant
+ + 𝑔𝐴 ቉
2 3
𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿2 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿2 𝑔𝐴
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 =− + +
6𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 The tangential deviation at 𝐵 with
respect to 𝐴 is determined as:
𝑴/𝑬𝑰 Diagram Due to End Moments
1 𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 2𝐿
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = − ቈ−
𝐸𝐼 2 3
𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿 𝐿
+ + 𝑔𝐵 ൨
2 3
𝑴/𝑬𝑰 Diagram Due to External Loading
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿2 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿2 𝑔𝐵
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = − −
3𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Substituting 𝑡𝐵/𝐴 and 𝑡𝐴/𝐵 to ① and ②, respectively, we write
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿 𝑔𝐵
𝜃𝐴 − 𝜑 = − − →③
3𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼𝐿
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿 𝑔𝐴
𝜃𝐵 − 𝜑 = − + + →④
Rewriting ③, so that
𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿 2𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 2𝑔𝐵
= − 2 𝜃𝐴 − 𝜑 − → ③′
Substitute ③′ to ④
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 2𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 2𝑔𝐵 𝑔𝐴
𝜃𝐵 − 𝜑 = − + − 2 𝜃𝐴 − 𝜑 − +
6𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼𝐿 𝐸𝐼𝐿
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 2𝑔𝐵 − 𝑔𝐴
0= − 2𝜃𝐴 + 2𝜑 − 𝜃𝐵 + 𝜑 −
2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼𝐿
2𝐸𝐼 2
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 2𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 − 3𝜑 + 2 2𝑔𝐵 − 𝑔𝐴 →⑤
𝐿 𝐿
Substituting ⑤ to either ③ or ④, gives
2𝐸𝐼 2
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝜃𝐴 + 2𝜃𝐵 − 3𝜑 + 2 𝑔𝐵 − 2𝑔𝐴 →⑥
𝐿 𝐿
The last terms of ⑤ and ⑥ are called fixed-end moments:
2 2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 2 2𝑔𝐵 − 𝑔𝐴 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 2 𝑔𝐵 − 2𝑔𝐴
𝐿 𝐿
Therefore, the slope-deflection equations are:

2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 2𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 →⑦
𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝜃𝐴 + 2𝜃𝐵 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 →⑧
𝐿
Sign Convention:
Actual end moments (𝑀𝐴𝐵 , 𝑀𝐵𝐴 ),

Fixed-end moments (𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 , 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 ), Counter-clockwise (+)
Chord rotations (𝜑) Clockwise (-)
Beam elastic curve rotations (𝜃𝐴 , 𝜃𝐵 )
Fixed-End Moments:
𝑤 𝑃
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴
𝐵
𝐴 𝐵
𝑉𝐴 𝐿 𝑉𝐵
Fixed-End Moments
Commonly Used Fixed-End Moments:
𝑃
𝑃𝑎𝑏 2 𝑃𝑎2 𝑏
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 =+ 2 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 =− 2
𝐿 𝑎 𝑏 𝐿
𝐴 𝐵
Concentrated Load
𝑤𝐿2 𝑤 𝑤𝐿2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 =+ 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 =−
12 12
𝐴 𝐵
Uniformly Distributed Load
Members with One End Hinged
𝑤 𝑃
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 0
𝐵
𝐴
From the previous derivations of the slope-deflection equations, we have:

2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 2𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 →⑦
𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝜃𝐴 + 2𝜃𝐵 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 0 →⑧
𝐿
We can rewrite ⑧ in terms of 𝜃𝐵
𝜃𝐴 3 𝐿
𝜃𝐵 = − + 𝜑− (𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 )
2 2 4𝐸𝐼
𝑤 𝑃
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 0
𝐵
𝐴
Substituting back 𝜃𝐵 to ⑦ to establish the equation for moment at the

restrained end.
2𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐴 3 𝐿
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 2𝜃𝐴 + − + 𝜑 − (𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 ) − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵
𝐿 2 2 4𝐸𝐼
2𝐸𝐼 3 3 1
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝜃𝐴 − 𝜑 − 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 0
𝐿 2 2 2
3𝐸𝐼 1
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝜃𝐴 − 𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 − 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴
𝐿 2
𝑤 𝑃
𝑀𝑅𝐻 𝑀𝐻𝑅 = 0
𝐻
𝑅
𝑉𝑅 𝐿 𝑉𝐵
Therefore, the modified slope-deflection equation for one end hinged

members is:
3𝐸𝐼 1
𝑀𝑅𝐻 = 𝜃𝑅 − 𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑅𝐻 − 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐻𝑅
𝐿 2
where:
𝑹 = denotes the restrained end
𝑯 = represents the hinged end
Lecture 5.4:
Application of the
Slope-Deflection Method

Example 1: Find the moments over the supports for the
continuous beam shown below. Both ends of the beam are
assumed to be perfectly rigid.
135 kN
22 kN/m
𝐵 𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
6m 3m 3m 4.5 m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 200 GPa
𝐼 = 210 × 106 mm4
Solution:
135 kN
22 kN/m
𝐵 𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
6m 3m 3m 4.5 m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
Establish the slope-deflection equations for each member of this continuous beam:
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 2𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 2𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐶
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝜃𝐴 + 2𝜃𝐵 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝜃𝐵 + 2𝜃𝐶 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐵
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 2𝜃𝐶 + 𝜃𝐷 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐷
𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 𝜃𝐶 + 2𝜃𝐷 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐷𝐶
𝐿
135 kN
22 kN/m
𝐵 𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
6m 3m 3m 4.5 m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
For member 𝐴𝐵: For member 𝐶𝐷:
𝑤𝐿2 22 6 2 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 0
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 = = = 66 kN − m ↺
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 22 6 2 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 0
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 = − =− = −66 kN − m ↻
12 12
For member 𝐵𝐶:
𝑃𝑎𝑏2 135 3 3 2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 2 = = 101.25 kN − m ↺
𝐿 62
𝑃𝑎𝑏2 135 3 3 2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐵 =− 2 =− = −101.25 kN − m ↻
𝐿 62
135 kN
22 kN/m
𝐵 𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
6m 3m 3m 4.5 m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
Substitute the calculated values to the respective slope-deflection equations
For member 𝐴𝐵: For member 𝐵𝐶:
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 0 + 𝜃𝐵 − 0 + 66 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 2𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 + 0 + 101.25
6 6
1 2 1
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 66 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 + 101.25
3 3 3
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 0 + 2𝜃𝐵 − 0 − 66 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝜃𝐵 + 2𝜃𝐶 + 0 + 101.25
6 6
2 2 1
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 − 66 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 − 101.25
3 3 3
135 kN
22 kN/m
𝐵 𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
6m 3m 3m 4.5 m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
Substitute the calculated values to the respective slope-deflection equations
For member 𝐶𝐷:
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 2𝜃𝐶 + 0 + 0 + 0
4.5
8
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶
9
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 𝜃 +0+0 +0
4.5 𝐶
4
𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶
9
135 kN
22 kN/m
𝐵 𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
6m 3m 3m 4.5 m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
Solving for the unknown joint rotations 𝜃𝐵 and 𝜃𝐶 by establishing joint equilibrium equations:
At joint 𝐵: 𝑀𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0
𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐵𝐶 2 2 1
𝐵 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 − 66 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 + 101.25 = 0
3 3 3
4 1
𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 = −35.25 → ①
3 3
At joint 𝐶: 𝑀𝐶𝐵 + 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 0
𝑀𝐶𝐵 𝑀𝐶𝐷 2 1 8
𝐶 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 − 101.25 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 = 0
3 3 9
1 14
𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 = 101.25 →②
3 9
Solving ① and ② simultaneously to solve for the joint rotations 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 and 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 :
𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 = −45.127 kN − m2
𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 = 74.759 kN − m2
Substitute the calculated joint rotations to solve for the member end moments:
1 2 1
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 66 𝑀 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 𝐵 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 + 101.25
3 3 3
1 2 1
= −45.127 + 66 = −45.127 + 74.759 + 101.25
3 3 3
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 50.96 kN-m ↺ 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 96.08 kN-m ↺
2 2 1
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 − 66 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 − 101.25
3 3 3
2 2 1
= −45.127 − 66 = 74.759 + −45.127 − 101.25
3 3 3
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 96.08 kN-m ↻ 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 66.45 kN-m ↻
Substitute the calculated joint rotations to solve for the member end moments:
8 4
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 𝑀 𝐷𝐶 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶
9 9
8 4
= 74.759 = 74.759
9 9
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 66.45 kN-m ↺ 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 33.23 kN-m ↺
Since 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = −𝑀𝐵𝐶 and 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = −𝑀𝐶𝐷 , we can say that the moment over the supports are:
𝑀𝐴 = −50.96 kN-m
𝑀𝐵 = −96.08 kN-m
𝑀𝐶 = −66.45 kN-m
𝑀𝐷 = +33.23 kN-m
Example 2: Determine the member end moment and
reactions for the continuous beam shown below by the
slope-deflection method.
60 kN
15 kN/m
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
10 m 5m 5m
𝐼 2𝐼
𝐸 = 200 GPa
𝐼 = 700 × 106 mm4
Solution: 60 kN
15 kN/m
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
10 m 5m 5m
𝐼 2𝐼
Establish the slope-deflection equations for each member of this continuous beam. In this
case, each span is hinged at one end
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 0
3𝐸𝐼1 1
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 − 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵
𝐿1 2
𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 0
3𝐸𝐼2 1
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝜃𝐵 − 𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐶 − 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐵
𝐿2 2
60 kN
15 kN/m
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
10 m 5m 5m
𝐼 2𝐼
Calculate for the corresponding fixed-end moments for each member.

𝑤𝐿2 15 10 2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 = = = 125 kN − m ↺
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 15 10 2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 = − =− = −125 kN − m ↻
12 12
𝑃𝑎𝑏2 𝑤𝐿2 60 5 5 2
15 10 2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 2 + = + = 200 kN − m ↺
𝐿 12 102 12
𝑃𝑎𝑏2 𝑤𝐿2 60 5 5 2 15 10 2
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐵 =− 2 − =− − = −200 kN − m ↻
𝐿 12 102 12
60 kN We can establish the equilibrium
15 kN/m equation at joint 𝐵:
At joint 𝐵:
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐵𝐶
𝐵
10 m 5m 5m
𝐼 2𝐼
Therefore, the slope deflections are: 𝑀𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0

3𝐸 𝐼 1 3 3
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝜃𝐵 + −125 − 125 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 − 187.5 + 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 300 = 0
10 2 10 5
3 9
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 − 187.5 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 112.5 = 0
10 10
𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 = −125 kN − m2
3𝐸 2𝐼 1
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝜃𝐵 + 200 − −200
10 2
3
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐵 + 300
5
60 kN
15 kN/m
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
10 m 5m 5m
𝐼 2𝐼
Therefore, the end moment are:

3 3
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = −125 − 187.5 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = −125 + 300
10 5
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = −225 kN − m ↻ 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = +225 kN − m ↺
60 kN
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 97.5 kN 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 127.5 kN 15 kN/m
15 kN/m
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 225 kN − m 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 225 kN − m
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶
10 m 5m 5m
𝐴𝑦 = 52.5 kN 𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 97.5 kN 𝐵𝑦 = 225 kN 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 127.5 kN 𝐶𝑦 = 82.5 kN
Example 3: Determine the reactions and draw the shear and
bending moment diagrams for the two-span continuous
beam shown below by the slope-deflection method.
90 kN
50 kN/m
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶
2m 3m 6m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
Solution: 90 kN
50 kN/m
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶
2m 3m 6m
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 2𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 2𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐶
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝜃𝐴 + 2𝜃𝐵 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝜃𝐵 + 2𝜃𝐶 − 3𝜑 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐵
𝐿 𝐿
Example 4: Determine the reactions and draw the shear and
bending moment diagrams for the continuous beam shown
below due to a settlement of 20 mm at support 𝐵. Use the
slope-deflection method.
𝐵 𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
8m 8m 8m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 70 GPa
𝐼 = 800 × 106 mm4
Solution:
𝐵 20 mm 𝐶
𝐴 𝜑𝐴𝐵 𝜑𝐵𝐶 𝐷
8m 8m 8m
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 2𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵 − 3𝜑𝐴𝐵 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 2𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 − 3𝜑𝐵𝐶 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐶
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝜃𝐴 + 2𝜃𝐵 − 3𝜑𝐴𝐵 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝜃𝐵 + 2𝜃𝐶 − 3𝜑𝐵𝐶 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐵
𝐿 𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 2𝜃𝐶 + 𝜃𝐷 − 3𝜑𝐶𝐷 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐷
𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 𝜃𝐶 + 2𝜃𝐷 − 3𝜑𝐶𝐷 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐷𝐶
𝐿
𝐵 20 mm 𝐶
𝐴 𝜑𝐴𝐵 𝜑𝐵𝐶 𝐷
8m 8m 8m
Since there are no external loads acting on the beam, the fixed-end moments are zero.
𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 0
Due to a support settlement at 𝐵, we need to calculate for the chord rotations

20
𝜑𝐴𝐵 = − = −0.0025 rad ⦪
8000
20
𝜑𝐵𝐶 = = 0.0025 rad ⦫
8000
𝜑𝐵𝐶 = 0
Substituting the calculated terms to the corresponding slope-deflection equations:
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 0 + 𝜃𝐵 − 3 −0.0025 + 0 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 0 + 2𝜃𝐵 − 3 −0.0025 + 0
8 8
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝜃𝐵 + 0.0075 → 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 2𝜃𝐵 + 0.0075 →
4 4
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 2𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 − 3 0.0025 + 0 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝜃𝐵 + 2𝜃𝐶 − 3 0.0025 + 0
8 8
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 2𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 − 0.0075 → 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 𝜃𝐵 + 2𝜃𝐶 − 0.0075 →
4 4
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 2𝜃𝐶 + 0 − 3 0 + 0 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 𝜃𝐶 + 2 0 − 3 0 + 0
8 8
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 2𝜃𝐶 → 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 𝜃 →
4 4 𝐶
We can establish the equilibrium equation at joints 𝐵 and 𝐶:
𝑀𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0
At joint 𝐵:
𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐵𝐶 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝐵 2𝜃𝐵 + 0.0075 + 2𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 − 0.0075 =0
4 4
2𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝐶 = 0 →①
𝑀𝐶𝐵 + 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 0
At joint 𝐶:
𝑀𝐶𝐵 𝑀𝐶𝐷
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝐶 𝜃 + 2𝜃𝐶 − 0.0075 + 2𝜃𝐶 =0
4 𝐵 4
𝜃𝐵 + 4𝜃𝐶 = 0.0075 →②
Solving ① and ② simultaneously gives
𝜃𝐵 = −0.0005 rad ⦫
𝜃𝐶 = +0.0020 rad ⦪
Substituting the values of 𝜃𝐵 and 𝜃𝐶 to the slope-deflection equations, the following end
moments are:
70 800 70 800
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = −0.0005 + 0.0075 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 2 −0.0005 + 0.0075
4 4
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 98 kN-m ↺ 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 91 kN-m ↺
70 800 2 −0.0005 70 800 −0.0005

𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝑀𝐶𝐵 =
4 + 0.002 − 0.0075 4 +2 0.002 − 0.0075
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = −91 kN-m ↻ 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = −56 kN-m ↻
70 800 70 800
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 2 0.002 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 0.002
4 4
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 56 kN-m ↺ 𝑀𝐷𝐶 = 28 kN-m ↺
𝐵 𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
8m 8m 8m
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 98 kN-m 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 28 kN-m

𝑀𝐵 = 91 kN-m 𝑀𝐶 = 56 kN-m
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐷
8m 8m 8m
𝐴𝑦 = 23.63 kN 𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 23.63 kN 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 18.37 kN 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 18.37 kN 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 10.50 kN 𝐷𝑦 = 10.50 kN
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 23.63 kN 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 18.37 kN 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 18.37 kN 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 10.50 kN
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 91 kN-m 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 56 kN-m 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 56 kN-m 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 56 kN-m

𝐵 𝐶
𝐵𝑦 = 42.00 kN 𝐶𝑦 = 28.87 kN
References
Textbooks:
1. Singer, F. and Pytel, A., “Strength of Materials”, Fourth
Edition, Harper & Row, NY, USA
2. Kassimali, A., 2010, “Structural Analysis”, Fourth Edition,
Cengage Learning, CT, USA

Lecture 5 - Analysis of Continuous Beams

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CES 3104

Engr. Abbey Dale Abellanosa, MSc

CES 3104 – Structural Theory November 4 - 16, 2020

Application of Three-Moment Equation

Slope-Deflection Method: Continuous Beams

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | November 4 – 16, 2020

Simply Supported Beam

𝑎ത1 𝑏ത1 𝑎ത2 𝑏ത2

6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 𝑀1 𝐿1 2𝑀2 𝐿1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 2𝑀2 𝐿2 𝑀3 𝐿2 ℎ1 ℎ3

𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿2 6𝐴1 𝑎ത1 6𝐴2 𝑏ത2 ℎ1 ℎ3

If modulus of elasticity 𝐸 is constant or 𝐸 = 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 , we can simply ④ to

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | November 4 – 16, 2020

Choosing the unsettling supports at Since 𝐼1 = 2𝐼, 𝐼2 = 𝐼;

The three-moment factors can be calculated Substitute the calculated values to

30 kips 20 kips 𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 29.64 kips 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 32.54 kips

Member-Joint Free-Body Diagrams

4′ Span 1 = 10′ Span 2 = 12′

4′ Span 1 = 10′ Span 2 = 12′ 4′ 8′

Calculating for the three-moment equation

4′ Span 1 = 10′ Span 2 = 12′

Substituting all the calculated values to ⑦

𝑀𝐶 = −418.18 lb-ft 𝑀𝐵 = −240 lb-ft

𝑀𝐴 20 + 2𝑀𝐵 20 + 30 + −90 30 + 6750 + 3600 = 0

Therefore, the moment over the supports are:

𝑀𝐴 4 + 2𝑀𝐵 4 + 3 + 𝑀𝐶 3 + 2400 + 4050 = 0

𝐴𝑦 = 90 lbs 3′ 9′ 𝐶𝑦 = 270 lbs

Calculating for the three-moment equation factor using Table 5.1.

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | November 4 – 16, 2020

Tangential Deviations Due to External Loading

Therefore, the slope-deflection equations are:

Actual end moments (𝑀𝐴𝐵 , 𝑀𝐵𝐴 ),

From the previous derivations of the slope-deflection equations, we have:

Substituting back 𝜃𝐵 to ⑦ to establish the equation for moment at the

Therefore, the modified slope-deflection equation for one end hinged

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | November 4 – 16, 2020

Calculate for the corresponding fixed-end moments for each member.

Therefore, the slope deflections are: 𝑀𝐵𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 0

Therefore, the end moment are:

𝐴𝑦 = 52.5 kN 𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 97.5 kN 𝐵𝑦 = 225 kN 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 127.5 kN 𝐶𝑦 = 82.5 kN

Due to a support settlement at 𝐵, we need to calculate for the chord rotations

Solving ① and ② simultaneously gives

70 800 2 −0.0005 70 800 −0.0005

𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 98 kN-m 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 28 kN-m

𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 23.63 kN 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 18.37 kN 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 18.37 kN 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶 = 10.50 kN

𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 91 kN-m 𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 56 kN-m 𝑀𝐶𝐵 = 56 kN-m 𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 56 kN-m

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