Biology 211 Flowering Plant Taxonomy Fall 2004

Linnaeus’ Sexual System

Species Plantarum (1753)
Class 1. Monandria Stamens one
2. Diandria Stamens two
3. Triandria Stamens three
4. Tetrandria Stamens four
5. Pentandria Stamens five
6. Hexandria Stamens six
7. Heptandria Stamens seven
8. Octandria Stamens eight
9. Enneandria Stamens nine
10. Decandria Stamens ten
11. Dodecandria Stamens 11-19
12. Icosandria Stamens 20 or more, on the calyx
13. Polyandria Stamens 20 or more, on the receptacle
14. Didynamia Stamens didynamous (2 + 2 arrangement)
15. Tetradynamia Stamens tetradynamous (4 + 2 arrangement)
16. Monadelphia Stamens monadelphous (all fused)
17. Diadelphia Stamens diadelphous (all fused except 1 or in fused in 2 groups
18. Polyadelphia Stamens polyadelphous (fused in several clusters)
19. Syngenesia Stamens syngenesious
20. Gynandria Stamens united to the gynoecium
21. Monecia Plants monoecious (unisexual flowers, and both sexes on one plant)
22. Dioecia Plants dioecious (unisexual flowers, but only 1 sex/plant)
23. Polygamia Plants polygamous (both unisexual and hermaphroditic flowers on one
plant)
24. Cryptogamia Flowerless plants

de Jussieu’s System
Genera Plantarum (1789)
Class 1. Acotyledones (fungi, algae, mosses)
Monocotyledones
2. Stamens hypogynous
3. Stamens perigynous
4. Stamens epigynous
Dicotyledones
Apetalae (no petals)
5. Stamens epigynous
6. Stamens perigynous
7. Stamens hypogynous
Monopetalae (Petals fused)
8. Corolla hypogynous
9. Corolla perigynous
Corolla epigynous
10. Anthers connate (fused)
11. Anthers distinct (separate)
Polypetalae (Petals separate)
12. Stamens epigynous
13. Stamens hypogynous
14. Stamens perigynous
15. Diclines irregulares (unisexual plants with no corolla)
(100 total orders = families)
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de Candolle’s System
Prodromus (1819)
I. Vasculares (vascular plants with cotyledons)
Class 1. Exogenae (vascular bundles in a ring; dicotyledons)
A. Diplochlamydeae (both calyx and corolla present)
a. Thalamiflorae (polypetalous, hypogynous) Orders 1-46
b. Calyciflorae (perigynous or epigynous, polypetalous or sympetalous) Orders 47-84
c. Corolliflorae (gamopetalous, hypogynous) Orders 85-108
B. Monochlamydeae (calyx only present) Orders 109-128
Class 2. Endogenae (vascular bundles scattered; monocotyledons)
A. Phanerogamae (flowers present) Orders 129-150
B. Cryptogamae (flowers absent, hidden, or unknown)
II. Cellulares (plants without vascular bundles or cotyledons)
Class 1. Foliaceae (leafy, sexuality unknown)
Class 2. Aphyllae (not leafy, sexuality unknown)

Bentham and Hooker’s System

Genera Plantarum (1862)
DICOTYLEDONS
I. Polypetalae (petals separate)
Series 1. Thalaminflorae (hypogynous) Orders 1-33
Series 2. Disciflorae (receptacle expanded as a disc) Orders 34-55
Series 3. Calciflorae (perigynous, sometimes epigynous) Orders 56-82
II. Gamopetalae (petals united)
Series 1. Inferae (epigynous) Orders 83-91
Series 2. Heteromerae (ovary usually superior, carpels more than 2) Orders 92-103
Series 3. Bicarpellatae (ovary usually superior, carpels usually 2) Orders 104-127
III. Monochlamydeae (only one perianth whorl, i.e., only sepals)
Series 1. Curvembryeae (embryo curved) Orders 128-134
Series 2. Multiovulatae Aquaticae (submerged herbs) Order 135
Series 3. Multiovulatae Terrestres (terrestrial plants) Orders 136-138
Series 4. Micrembryeae (embryo very small) Orders 139-142
Series 5. Daphnales (ovary of 1 carpel, ovule 1) Orders 143-147
Series 6. Achlamydosporeae (pistil 1-loculed, ovules 1-3) Orders 148-150
Series 7. Unisexuales (flowers unisexual) Orders 151-159
Series 8. Ordines Anomali (relationships uncertain) Orders 160-163
GYMNOSPERMAE Orders 164-166
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Series 1. Microspermae (no endosperm) Orders 167-169
Series 2. Epigynae (with endosperm, ovary inferior) Orders 170-176
Series 3. Coronarieae (ovary superior) Orders 177-184
Series 4. Calycineae (perianth sepaloid) Orders 185-187
Series 5. Nudiflorae (perianth lacking) Orders 188-192
Series 6. Apocarpae (carpels single or separate) Orders 193-195
Series 7. Glumaceae (flowers in spikelets or heads) Orders 196-200
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Engler and Prantl’s System

Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien (1887-1911)
Division Embryophyta Siphonogama — Seed-bearing plants
Subdivision Gymnospermae — Plants with naked ovules that are directly pollinated
Subdivision Angiospermae — The flowering plants; ovules enclosed in carpels
Class I. Monocotyledonae
Class II. Dicotyledonae
Subclass I. Archichlamydae — No petals or separate petals
“Amentiferae” ament or catkin, primitive according to Pseudantial Theory
Subclass II. Metachlamydae — Fused petals

Bessey’s System
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2:109-164 (1915)
Class Alternifoliae (Monotyledoneae)
Subclass Strobiloideae
Subclass Cotyloideae
Class Oppositifoliae (Dicotyledoneae)
Subclass Strobiloideae (hypogynous)
Superorder Apopetalae-Polycarpellatae (separate petals and many carpels) - Euanthial
Superorder Sympetalae-Polycarpellatae (fused petals and many carpels)
Superorder Sympetalae-Dicarpellatae (fused petals, two carpels)
Subclass Cotyloideae (epigynous or perigynous)
Superorder Apopetalae (separate petals)
Superorder Sympetalae (fused petals)

Hutchinson’s System
Families of Flowering Plants (1959)
Phylum Angiosperms
Subphylum Dicotyledons
Division Lignosae (woody plants)
Division Herbaceae (harbaceous plants)
Subphylum Monocotyledons
Division Calyciferae (calyx bearers)
Division Corolliferae (corolla bearers)
Division Glumiflorae (reduced flowers)

Cronquist’s System
An Integrated System of Classification of Flowring Plants (1981)
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
Subclass Magnoliidae – undifferentiated perianth, many separate stamens and carpels
Subclass Hamamelidae – shrubs or trees, flowers reduced, often clustered in catkins
Subclass Caryophyllidae – free-central placentation, betalains
Subclass Dilleniidae – tendency toward epigyny, sympetaly, clustered stamens
Subclass Rosidae – well developed nectary disk
Subclass Asteridae – sympetalous, many epigynous, few stamens, 2 carpels, one integument
Class Liliopsida (Monocotyledons)
Subclass Alismatidae – aquatic, herbs, separate carpels,
Subclass Arecidae – flowers small, in spadix with subtending spathe
Subclass Commelinidae – fused carpels, distinct sepals and petals or absent
Subclass Zingiberidae – flowers zygomorphic, epigynous, septal nectaries
Subclass Liliidae – sepals are petaloid, nectarines often present