AGONCILLO

COLLEGE INC.
GENERAL
Poblacion, Agoncillo, Batangas MATHEMATICS
Tel: (043) 2102228 / (043) 2102905
email: agoncillocollege_inc.@yahoo.com
CONTENT STANDARD:

L M The learner demonstrates understanding of:

ABM 

key concept of rational functions.
key concepts of inverse functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic

E O functions.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD:

The learner is able to:

A D  accurately formulate and solve real-life problems involving rational

functions.

HUMSS  apply the concepts of inverse functions, exponential functions, and

logarithmic functions to formulate and solve real-life problems with

R U precision and accuracy.

MELCS:

N L 


determines the: (a) intercepts; (b) zeroes; and (c) asymptotes of rational
functions
solves problems involving rational functions, equations, and inequalities.

GAS 

represents real-life situations using one-to one functions.

I E 
determines the inverse of a one-to-one function.
represents an inverse function through its: (a) table of values, and (b)
graph.
 finds the domain and range of an inverse function

N S OBJECTIVES:

STEM  At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to represent real-life situations

G using one-to-one functions.

for INTRODUCTION:
In this lesson, we can perform various operations and evaluations of variable

Grade 11 powers by using logarithm. The laws and properties of logarithms simplify and
provide convenient ways in dealing with difficult calculations in higher mathematics
and scientific work, such as finding the values and roots of rather very small and
First Semester very large quantities.
Module 1
Week 3 - 4 SUBJECT MATTER:
PREPARED BY:
CHRISTIAN A. ENRIQUEZ Functions
SUBJECT ADVISER
General Mathematics by Leo Andrei A. Crisologo
NOTED:
CHRISTOPHER C. DE LEON Pages 47 - 69
PRINCIPAL
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Finding the vertical asymptotes of rational functions

They are the restrictions on the x –values of a reduced rational function. To find the restrictions, equate the
denominator to 0 and solve for x.

Let n be the degree of numerator and m be the degree of denominator:

 If n< m, y=0.
a
 If n=m , y = ,where a is the leading coefficient of the numerator and b is the leading coefficient of the
b
denominator.
 If n=m, there is no horizontal asymptote

Find the Degree of Polynomial

Degree Degree

5x 1 x 2−2 x5 −x 5

x−4 1 y 2− y +1 2

2 x3 −x−4 3 8 0

3
Given: f ( x )=
x−5
To find the vertical asymptote: To find the horizontal asymptote:

x−5=0 n< m
x=5
The vertical asymptote is x=5. The horizontal asymptote is y=0

ZEROS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Finding zeros of rational functions

Steps:

1. Factor the numerator and denominator.

2. Identify the restrictions.
3. Identify the values of x that make the numerator equal to zero.
4. Identify the zero of f ( x ) .

x 2−4 x
Example. f ( x )=
x +1
x ( x−4 )
. f ( x )= Factor the numerator and denominator
x +1
x +1
x=−1 Identify the restrictions

x=0 x−4=0
x=4 Identify the values of x that will make the numerator equal to zero.

x=0 Identify the zeros of f (x)

INTERCEPTS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Finding intercepts of rational functions

Intercepts are x – coordinates or y – coordinates of the points at which a graph crosses the x – axis or y – axis,
respectively.

Y – intercept is the y – coordinate of the point where the graph crosses the y – axis.
x – intercept is the x – coordinate of the point where the graph crosses the x – axis

Note: Not all rational functions have both x and y intercepts. If the rational function f has no real solution, then
it does not have intercepts.

Rule to find the intercepts

1. To find the y – intercept, substitute 0 for x and solve for y or f(x).

2. To find the x – intercepts, substitute 0 for y and solve for x.

x+ 4
Example: f ( x )=
x−2
For y – intercept For x - intercept

0+ 4 x +4
f ( 0 )= 0=
0−2 x−2
4
¿ 0=x+ 4
−2
¿−2 x=−4
The y – intercept is -2 The x – intercept is -4

GRAPHING RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

7
Example. f ( x )=
x
Domain: x=0 { x ϵ Rlx ≠ 0 }
7
x – intercept: 0= 0=7
x
7
y – intercept y= there is no x – intercept
0
Vertical Asymptote x=0
Horizontal Asymptote n< m y=0

ONE TO ONE FUNCTIONS

The function f is one – to – one if for any x 1 , x 2 in the domain of f , then f ( x 1 ) ≠ f ( x 2 ) . That is, the same y –
value is never paired with two different x – values.

Determining whether a function is one – to – one.

(a) For the following function, the domain represents the age of five males and the range represents their HDL (good)
cholesterol (mg/Dl).

This function is not one – to – one because two different inputs, 55 and 61, have
the same output of 38.

(b) { (−2 , 6 ) , (−1 ,3 ) , ( 0,2 ) , ( 1 , 5 ) ,(2,8) } This function is one – to – one because there are no two distinct
inputs that correspond to the same output.
(c) f ( x )=2 x−5
f ( x 1 ) =f ( x 2 ) f is one – to – one function

2 x1 −5=2 x 2−5

x 1=x 2

(d) f ( x )=x 2 +3
f ( x 1 ) =f ( x 2 ) f is not one – to – one because f ( 2 ) =f (−2 )=7

± x1 =± x 2

(e) The relation pairing an SSS member The relation is a function, and the function is one to one.

to his or her SSS number.

(f) The relation pairing a person to his The relation is a not function.

or her citizenship.

HORIZONTAL – LINE TEST

If every horizontal line intersects the graph of a function f in an at most one point, then f is one – to – one.

f ( x 1 ) =f ( x 2 )=h and x 1 ≠ x 2 ; f is not a one – to – one function.

INVERSE OF ONE – TO – ONE FUNCTION

A relation reversing the process performed by any function f (x) is called inverse of f (x). This means that the
domain of the inverse is the range of the original function and that the range of the inverse function is the domain of the
original function.

Original Function: y=2 x−1

Inverse Relation:

Inverse One – to – One Function

Let f be a one – to – one with domain A and range B. Then the inverse of f , denoted f −1 , is a function with
domain B and range A defined by f −1 ( y ) =x if and only if f ( x )= y for any y in B.

A function has an inverse if and only if it is one – to – one. Inverting the x – values or y – values of a function
results in a function if and only if the original function is one – to – one function.

Example. Find the inverse of the function described by the set of ordered pairs { ( 1 ,−3 ) , ( 2 ,1 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 4 , 5 ) ,(5 ,7) }

Solution. Switch the coordinates of each ordered pair.

Original Function: { ( 1 ,−3 ) , ( 2 ,1 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , ( 4 , 5 ) , ( 5 , 7 ) }

Inverse Function: { (−3 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 3 ) , (5 , 4 ) ,(7 , 5)}
To find the inverse of a one – to –one function:

(a) write the function in the form y=f ( x ) ;

(b) Interchange the x and y variables;

(c) Solve for y in term of x .

Example. Find the inverse of f ( x )=3 x +1.

Solution. f ( x )=3 x +1
y=3 x +1
x=3 y +1
x−1=3 y
x−1
=y
3
x−1
y=
3
x−1
f −1 ( x )=
3

GRAPHS OF INVERSE FUNCTION

Graphing Inverse Functions

Given the graph of its inverse can be obtained by reflecting the graph about the line y=x .

Example. Find the inverse of f ( x )=x +1

Solution. Applying the horizontal line test, we confirm that the function is
one – to –one. Reflect the graph of f (x) across the line y=x to get the plot

of the inverse function.

The result of the reflection of the graph of f ( x )=x +1 is the graph of y=x 3−1 ,
therefore, f ( x )=x 3−1.

5 x−1
Example. Consider the rational f ( x )= whose graph is below.
−x +2

Find its domain and range.

Solution.

Domain of f ( x )= { x ϵ Rlx ≠ 2 }

Range of f ( x )= { y ϵ Rly ≠−5 }

Activities

I. Direction: Which of the following relation is a one-to-one function? Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

(a) {(0,0), (1.1), (2,8), (3,27), (4,64)}

(b) {(-2,4), (-1,1), (0,0), (1,1), (2,4)}

(c) {(0,4), (1,5), (2,6), (3,7),..(n,n+4),…}

(d) Height to student

(e) Person to telephone number

(f) Height to age

(g) Birthdate of a family member

II. Direction: Match the following one-to-one function to its inverse. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1
III. Find the inverse of f ( x )= using its given graph.
x