Wollo University Kombolcha Institute of Technology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Wollo University
Kombolcha Institute of Technology
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Introduction to power systems
ECEG-3154 (6 ECTS)
BY: Tadesse.Y
8/20/2021 1
Chapter Two: Power System Representation
Outlines
 Introduction
 Single Line Diagram
 Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
 Per-Unit System
8/20/2021 2
Power System Representation
Introduction
 The basic components of power system are generators , transformers, transmission lines and loads.
 The interconnection of these components in power system should be shown.
 However, it is very difficult to represent all the components of the system on a single frame.
 The complexities could be in terms of various types of protective devices, machines (transformers,
generators, motors, etc.), their connections (star, delta, etc.), etc.
 Circuit parameters are not shown , and a transmission line is represented by a single line between its two
ends. Such a simplified diagram of an electric system is called a single-line or one-line diagram .
 It indicates by a single line and standard symbols how the transmission lines and associated apparatus of an
electric system are connected together.
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Single Line Diagram (One Line Diagram)
 For the purpose of power system analysis, a simple single phase equivalent circuit is developed
called, the one line diagram (OLD) or the single line diagram (SLD).
 An SLD is thus, the concise form of representing a given power system network.
 The purpose of the one-line diagram is to supply in form the significant information about the
system.
 The advantage of such SLD representation in a power system is its simplicity.
Fig 1: SLD for two generation station

connected by transmission line
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Symbols used for Single Line Diagram
 Various symbols are used to represent the different parameters and machines as single
phase equivalents on the SLD.
 Some of the important symbols used are given in the figure below:
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Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
 In order to calculate the performance or a system under load conditions or the occurrence of a fault, the
one- line diagram is used to draw the single-phase or per-phase equivalent circuit of the system.
 The impedance diagram does not include the current limiting impedances shown in the one-line diagram
between the neutrals of the generators and ground because no current flows in the ground under balanced
conditions and the neutrals of the generators are at the potential of the neutral of the system.
 The impedance diagram on single-phase basis for use under balanced conditions can be easily drawn from
the SLD.
 The reactance diagram is drawn by neglecting all the resistances, static loads and capacitance of the line.
8/20/2021 6
Impedance Diagram
 The following assumptions are made in obtaining the impedance diagrams.
 Assumptions:
1. The single phase transformer equivalents are shown as ideals with impedances on appropriate side
(LV/HV),
2. The magnetizing reactance of transformers is negligible,
3. The generators are represented as constant voltage sources with series resistance or reactance,
4. The transmission lines are approximated by their equivalent
5. The loads are assumed to be passive and are represented by a series branch of resistance or reactance and
6. Since the balanced conditions are assumed, the neutral grounding impedances do not appear in the
impedance diagram.
8/20/2021 7
Reactance Diagram
 With some more additional and simplifying assumptions, the impedance diagram can be
simplified further to obtain the corresponding reactance diagram. The following are the
assumptions made.
 Additional assumptions:
1. The resistance is often omitted during the fault analysis. This causes a very negligible error
since, resistances are negligible
2. Loads are omitted
3. Transmission line capacitances are ineffective & Magnetizing currents of transformers are
neglected.
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Examples for Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
 The impedance and reactance diagrams corresponding to fig1. are shown in fig 2. (a) and (b)
respectively. Note that only a single phase is shown.
8/20/2021 9
The Per-Unit System
 Power system quantities such as current, voltage, impedance and power are often expressed in per unit
quantities. During the power system analysis, it is a usual practice to represent current, voltage, impedance,
power, etc., of an electric power system in per unit or percentage of the base or reference value of the
respective quantities.
 Per Unit value of a given quantity is the ratio of the actual value in any given unit to the base value in the
same unit. The percents value is 100 times the p.u value.
 Its main advantages are:
 The equivalent circuit of transformer can be simplified by properly specifying base quantities.
 The comparison of characteristics of various electrical apparatus of d/t types and ratings is facilitated by
expressing the impedances in per unit based on their ratings.
8/20/2021 10
Cont…
 Per unit quantities can be calculated as follows.
OR;
 Where, X can be the power, voltage, current and/or impedance.
 However, usually the base voltage and base power (VA) are given quantities while the base
current and base impedance are to be determined accordingly.
8/20/2021 11
Cont…
 The per-phase base voltage, current, apparent power, and impedance are:
 The base current and impedance in a per-unit system can also be expressed in terms of the three phase
apparent power (which is 3 times the apparent power of a single phase) and line-to-line voltages (which is
√3 times the line-to-neutral voltage):
 Example; if a base voltage of 20 kV is specified, then the voltage 18 kV is (18/20) = 0.9 per unit or 90%.
 Calculations can then be made with per-unit quantities rather than with the actual quantities.
8/20/2021 12
Change of Base Quantities
 The impedance of a device or a component is usually specified in per unit or percent on the basis
of its own rated MVA and rated kV.
 In a large interconnected power system, there will be various devices with different MVA and kV
ratings.
 Hence, it will be convenient for analysis to have a common base for the entire power system.
 Since all impedance in any part of a system must be expressed on the common base, it is
necessary to have a means of converting per unit impedances from one base to another.
 To convert a per-unit impedance from ‘‘old’’ to ‘‘new’’ base values, use:
8/20/2021 13
Cont…
 The per unit impedance of a generator, motor or transformer, as supplied by the manufacturer is
generally based on their own ratings of themselves.
 However such a per unit impedance can be referred to a new volt-ampere equation:
 When the base quantities are changed from and from
, the new per unit impedance can be given by:
8/20/2021 14
Summary of three phase circuit relationships
8/20/2021 15
Kombolcha Institute of Technology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
8/20/2021
Examples
16
8/20/2021
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Cont…
17
8/20/2021
Cont…
Fig. 1
18
Assignment 1
1. The voltage v(t) = 141.4 cos(ωt) is applied to a load consisting of a 10W resistor in parallel with an
inductive reactance XL = 3.77 Ω. Calculate the instantaneous power absorbed by the resistor and by the
inductor. Also calculate the real and reactive power absorbed by the load, and the power factor.
2. A distribution system is represented as the single-phase circuit shown in figure below.
(a) Find the apparent power S, active power P, reactive power Q and the power factor of the load.
(b) If a 0.95 lagging power factor is desired, what capacitance (in F) should be connected across the line to
correct the power factor to the desired value.
(c) Draw the power triangles before and after power factor correction.
8/20/2021 19
3.
8/20/2021
Cont…
20

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Wollo University

Kombolcha Institute of Technology

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Introduction to power systems

 Single Line Diagram

 Impedance and Reactance Diagrams

 The interconnection of these components in power system should be shown.

 The advantage of such SLD representation in a power system is its simplicity.

Fig 1: SLD for two generation station

2. The magnetizing reactance of transformers is negligible,

4. The transmission lines are approximated by their equivalent

2. Loads are omitted

 Its main advantages are:

 Where, X can be the power, voltage, current and/or impedance.

 To convert a per-unit impedance from ‘‘old’’ to ‘‘new’’ base values, use:

 When the base quantities are changed from and from

, the new per unit impedance can be given by:

2. A distribution system is represented as the single-phase circuit shown in figure below.

correct the power factor to the desired value.

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