Communication Systems

EE-351
Huma Ghafoor
Lectures 1 and 2

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021

 Huma Ghafoor
PhD in Electrical Engineering
Office: Room C-202, UG Block
Email: huma.ghafoor@seecs.edu.pk

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021

Text Books
• An Introduction to Analog and Digital Communications, 2nd
Edition by Simon Haykin and Michael Moher
• B. P. Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems,”
4th Edition, Adapted by Hari M. Gupta, 2017, Oxford University
Press.

Reference Books:
• Introduction to Communication Systems by Ferral G. Stremler
• Analog and Digital Communication Systems by Martin S. Roden
• Communication System by John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi
Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021
Weightages
• Quizzes: 10%(Theory part of 75%) (6-8)
• Assignments: 10%(Theory part of 75%) (3-5 Assignments)
• OHTs: 30%(Theory part of 75%)
• Final Exam: 50%(Theory part of 75%)
• Lab Work: 25% (Lab Work, Lab Quizzes and Lab Exam/Project)

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021

Course Overview
• Introduction to Communication Systems

• Analog Communication Systems

• Amplitude Modulation
• Angle Modulation

• Analog to Digital Conversion

• Digital Communication Systems

• Baseband Digital Communication
• Digital Modulation Schemes

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021

Communication system
• What is communication?
• Transfer information from one point to another
• Components of communication system:
• Source/Transmitter
• Channel
• Destination/Receiver
Source Channel Destination

Information Information
generator sink
Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021
Components of Communication System
• Source: generates a message (digital or analog)
• human voice, images, data
• If data is nonelectrical, it must be converted by a transducer into an electrical
waveform referred to as the baseband signal or message signal

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021

Components of Communication System
• Transmitter: operate on the message to create a signal (in an appropriate
form) which can be sent through a channel

Modulation
Coding

• Channel is a medium such as wire, coaxial cable, optical fibre, or a radio link,
through which transmitter output is sent
• Channel impairments: unwanted undesirable effects which corrupt the message

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021

Components of Communication System
• Receiver: transform the received signal back into the message

• Destination: a person or a machine, for whom or which a message is

intended

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021

Signals and Systems
• Signal is set of information or data
• System is an entity that process a set of signals (inputs) to yield another set of signals (outputs)
Energy of a signal:
• Consider a signal x(t), energy of a signal is defined as:
∞
𝐸𝑥 = න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
−∞
Example:
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 ≥ 0
𝑥 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡<0
∞ ∞
1
𝐸𝑥 = න 𝑒 −𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 =න 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=
0 0 2
• For a signal x(t), if 𝐸𝑥 is finite, i.e., 𝐸𝑥 < ∞, then x(t) is termed as an energy signal.

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021

Signal Power
Power of a signal:
• power of a signal x(t) is defined as:
෨
1 𝑇Τ2
𝑃𝑥 = lim න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇෨ −𝑇෨ Τ2
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 ෩𝑇
= lim
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇෨
• If 𝑃𝑥 is finite, i.e., 𝑃𝑥 < ∞, then x(t) is termed as a power signal.

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021

Power of an energy signal
• If x(t) is an energy signal,
1 𝑇෨ Τ2
𝑃𝑥 = lim ෨ ‫׬‬−𝑇෨ Τ2 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇
1 ∞
≤ lim න 𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇෨ −∞
𝐸𝑥
= lim ෨ = 0
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇
• Power of an energy signal, 𝑃𝑥
𝑃𝑥 ≤ 0 from above inequality
𝑃𝑥 ≥ 0 since 𝑃𝑥 is non-negative quantity
only possibility is that 𝑃𝑥 =0
i.e., power of an energy signal is zero.
Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021
Energy of a power signal
Now, look at the energy of a power signal,
If x(t) is a power signal,
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 ෩𝑇
• Energy in a window of size 𝑇෨ ≈ 𝑃𝑥 . 𝑇෨ comes from (𝑃𝑥 = lim )
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇෨

෨
Total energy = lim (Energy in a window size 𝑇)
෨
𝑇→∞
= lim 𝑃𝑥 . 𝑇෨ = ∞ as 𝑃𝑥 is constant, 𝑇෨ tends to inf.
෨
𝑇→∞

Therefore, energy of a power signal is ∞.

What kind of signal is a power signal?

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021
Periodic Signals:
x(t) is periodic with time period, T
If 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑇 ∀𝑡, ∀𝑘 ∈ ℤ
• Shifting a signal t + an integer value times T, and the signal remains
unchanged –– is a periodic signal
• Sinusoidal signals are periodic signals: sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡) is a periodic signal,
sin 2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑇 = sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑘𝑓𝑇 = sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑇 + 𝑘2𝜋
= sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
where 𝑓T=1
T=fundamental period of the sinusoidal signal

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021

Power of a periodic signal
Let, T= time period
෨
1 𝑇/2
𝑃𝑥 = lim න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
෨
𝑇→∞ 𝑇෨ −𝑇/2
෨
෨
If 𝑇=mT, naturally, as m tends to infinity, 𝑇෨ tends to inf.
1 𝑚𝑇/2
= lim න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑚→∞ 𝑚𝑇 −𝑚𝑇/2

energy in m periods = m times energy in a single period, i.e.

𝑇/2
1
= lim 𝑚න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑚→∞ 𝑚𝑇 −𝑇/2
𝑇/2
1
𝑃𝑥 = න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 −𝑇/2
• 𝑃𝑥 is the power of the periodic signal, i.e., (energy in a single period T)/T

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021

Example
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝐹𝑡 , where T=1/F
1 𝑇/2 2 𝐴2 𝑇/2 1 + cos(4𝜋𝐹𝑡)
𝑃𝑥 = න 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2𝜋𝐹𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = න
𝑇 −𝑇/2 𝑇 −𝑇/2 2
𝐴2 1 𝐴2 1 4𝜋𝐹𝑇 𝑇 𝐴2
= T + [sin − sin 4𝜋𝐹 − ]=
𝑇 2 𝑇 8𝜋𝐹 2 2 2

𝐴2
• Hence, power of 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝐹𝑡 + ∅ = , does not depend on phase
2

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021