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Chapter 10-a
Sinusoidal Steady-
State Analysis

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10.1 Characteristics of Sinusoids

10.2 Forced Response to Sinusoidal Functions
10.3 The Complex Forcing Function
10.4 The Phasor

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v(t)  Vm sin(t)

 the amplitude of the wave is Vm

  is ωt
the argument
 the radian or angular frequency is ω
 note that sin() is periodic
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v(t)  Vm sin(t)

the period of the wave is T




the frequency f is 1/T: units Hertz (Hz)
1 
f  
T 2   2f
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A more general form of a sine wave includes a phase θ

v(t)  Vm sin(t   )

 
The new wave (in red) is said to lead the original (in green) by θ.
 The original sin(ωt) is said to lag the new wave by θ.
 θ can be in degrees or radians, but the argument of sin() is always radians.

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When the source is sinusoidal, we often ignore

the transient/natural response and consider
only the forced or “steady-state” response.

The source is assumed to exist forever: −∞<t<∞

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1. Apply KVL:
di
L  Ri  Vm cos(t)
dt
2. Make a good guess:


3. Solve for the constants:

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Find the current 𝑖𝐿 in the circuit shown in Fig. 10.5a, if the transients
have already died out.
100
𝑣𝑜𝑐 = 10𝑐𝑜𝑠103 𝑡 = 8𝑐𝑜𝑠103 𝑡
100 + 25
25 × 100
𝑅𝑡ℎ = = 20 Ω
25 + 100
8 30
𝑖𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 103 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
202 + (103 × 30 × 10−3 )2 20

= 222cos(103 𝑡 − 56.30 mA

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Apply superposition and use e j  cos( )  j sin( )



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1. Apply KVL, assume vs=Vmejωt.

di
L  Ri  v s
dt

2. Find the complex response

 i(t) = Imejωt+θ

3. Find Im and θ, (discard the imaginary part)

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Find the voltage on the capacitor.

Answer: vc(t)=298.5 cos(5t − 84.3◦) mV

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The term ejωt is common to all

voltages and currents and can be
ignored in all intermediate steps,
leading to the phasor:
j
I = I me  I m
The phasor representation of a
current (or voltage) is in the
frequency domain
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In the frequency domain, Ohm’s Law takes the

same form:

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Differentiation in time becomes multiplication

in phasor form: (calculus becomes algebra!)

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Differentiation in time becomes multiplication

in phasor form: (calculus becomes algebra!)

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Time Domain Frequency Domain

Calculus (hard but real) Algebra (easy but complex)

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Applying KVL in time implies KVL for phasors:

V1  V2 L  VN  0
Applying KCL in time implies KCL for phasors:

I1  I2 L  I N  0
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

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