Jimma University: Jimma Institute of Technology (Jit)

JIMMA UNIVERSITY
JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (JiT)
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

(ECEG)
ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING STREAM
PROJECT ON
POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY USING SERIES

COMPENSATION
Jimma University, Ethiopia
January, 2016
i
Power system stability enhancement by using series compensation 2016
No. NAME OF THE STUDENTS ID NO

1 MASRESHA MELKIE 02412/04
2 WORKENEH ALEMU 03367/04
3 LENCHO KASAYE 02350/04
4 MULUKEN TSEGAYE 02703/04
5 YIMAM SEID 03444/04
ii
Table of Contents
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ vii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. viii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1Statement of the problem ....................................................................................................... 3
1.2General Objective .................................................................................................................. 4
1.3Specific objective ................................................................................................................... 4
1.4Methodology and tools .......................................................................................................... 4
1.4.1Methodology ................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Scope of the Project .............................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 6
THEORY & RELATED REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................. 6
2.1 Literature review ................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Review of the components and theories used in this project Definition of power
system stability........................................................................................................................ 6
2.1.3 TYPES OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ................................................................ 6
2.1.4 STABILITY LIMITS: - ................................................................................................. 7
2.2 Transient Stability ................................................................................................................. 7
2.2.1 The methods to improve the transient stability are: ....................................................... 8
2.3 EQUAL AREA CRITERION ............................................................................................. 11
2.4.1 Some Advantages of the TCSC in power system transmission and distribution lines. 15
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 18
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 18
iii
3.1MODELING AND SIMULATION OF THE SYSTEM ..................................................... 18
3.2 SYSTEM MODELLING .................................................................................................... 28
3.2.2 SIMULATION DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM WITH THYRISTORE

CONTROLED CAPACTOR (TCSC) .................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 32
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 35
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE -SCOPE OF WORK .............................................................. 35
5.1CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................................. 35
5.2 ASPECTS OF FUTURE WORK........................................................................................ 35
Reference ...................................................................................................................................... 36
APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 37
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 angle curve of equal criteria ........................................................................................... 12
Figure 2: TCSC basic Module ...................................................................................................... 15
Figure 3: Operational region of TCSC.......................................................................................... 16
Figure 4: Single line diagram of the power system ...................................................................... 18
Figure 5: The mathematical modeling of the swing equation....................................................... 20
Figure 6: post-fault power-angle curve ......................................................................................... 26
Figure 7: the internal sub system for TCSC model...................................................................... 29
Figure 8: Simulation diagram of the system with thyristore......................................................... 31
Figure 9: The matlab simulation results of with TCSC system .................................................... 32
v
DECLARATION
We declare that the work entitled “POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY
USING SERIES COMPENSATION” is our original work. We have not copied from any other
student’s work or from any other sources except where due reference or acknowledgement is made
explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for us by another person.
Declared by:
1, Masresha Melkei ______________
Signature
2, Workenrh Alemu ______________
Signature
3, Lencho Kasaye ______________

Signature
4, Muluken Tsegaye ______________

Signature
5, Yimam Seid ______________

Signature
Place: Jimma, Ethiopia
Date of Submission: February 1, 2016
Mr. Alebachew T. _____________
Advisor’s Name Signature
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, we would like to say thanks to us what we are today. words can’t express our gratitude for
all they have provided us our appreciation and heart full thanks also goes to our project advisors,
Mr. Alebachew Tenna for their guidance to follow the right way in our project and a heart full
thanks to for his responsible to help us and thanks to all school of electrical engineering
departments of jimma university for their encouragement, love and emotional supports that they
had given to us throughout the progress of this project.
vii
ABSTRACT
The stability of an interconnected power system is its ability to return to normal or stable operation
after having been subjected to some form of disturbance. Transient stability analysis has recently
become a major issue in the operation of power systems due to the increasing stress on power
system networks. This problem requires evaluation of a power system's ability to withstand
disturbances while maintaining the quality of service. A Thyristor controlled series capacitor
(TCSC) belongs to the flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) family of
devices. It is a variable capacitive and inductive reactance device that can be used to provide series
compensation in power transmission lines. One of the significant advantages that a TCSC has over
other series compensation devices is that the TCSC's reactance is instantaneously and continuously
variable. This means that the TCSC can be used not only to provide series compensation but can
also be used to enhance the stability of the power system .In this project, performance of TCSC is
analyzed. Initially, Real and reactive power flow through the transmission line have been analyzed
for fixed and then after the same parameters are evaluated by inserting controllable capacitor in
the same transmission network. The considered topology of TCSC consists of back to back
thyristors that controls the reactance of the TCSC. By changing the firing angle of these back to
back thyristors it is possible to vary the reactance of the TCSC.
As per the TCSC characteristics, in inductive region at the firing angle α=90 to 130 the power
flow decreasing and in capacitive region at the firing angle α=140 to 180 degree respectively the
power flow increasing. The simulation of 3-phase model is the appropriate degree of compensation
to increase power transfer capability. The simulation is carried out by using software package
MATLAB Simulation.
viii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The classical model of a multi- machine may be used to study the stability of a power system for
a period of time during which the system dynamic response is dependent largely on the kinetic
energy rotating masses. The classical three-machine nine bus system is the simplest model used in
studies of power system dynamic and requires of minimum amount of data. Hence such studies
can be connected in a relatively short time under minimum cost. Among various method of load
flow calculation Newton Rap son method is chosen for calculation of load flow study. If the
oscillatory response of a power system is during the transient period following a disturbance is
damped and the system settles in a finite time to a new steady operating condition , we say the
system is stable, if the system is not stable, it is considerable unstable. This primitive definition
stability requires that the oscillation system should be damped. This condition is the same times
called asymptotic stability and means that the system contains inherent forces that tend to reduce
oscillation. Power system stability is the ability of an electrical power system, for given operating
Conditions, to regain its state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical
Disturbance, with the system variables bounded, so that the entire system remains intact and the
service remains uninterrupted.
1
The figure below gives the overall picture of the stability problems
POWER
SYSTEM
STABILITY
ROTOR ANGLE FREQUENCY VOLTAGE

STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY
SMALL TRANISIENT LARGE SMALL
SHORT LONG TERM

TERM
SHORT
TERM
LONG TERM SHORT

TERM
2
Out of all the stability problems mentioned above, our specific focus in this project is the large
disturbance stability which is a part of the rotor angle stability. Also, the voltage Stability due to
small disturbances is covered.
Rotor angle stability: This refers to the ability of the synchronous generator in an interconnected
power system to Remain in synchronism after being subjected to disturbances. It depends on the
ability of the Machine to maintain equilibrium between electromagnetic torque and mechanical
torque of each synchronous machine system is Instability of this kind occurs in the form of Swings
of the generator rotor which leads to loss of synchronism.
Small Disturbance Stability:
Small Disturbance stability may refer to small disturbance voltage or rotor angle stability. The
disturbances are sufficiently small so as to assume a linearized system model. Small Disturbances
may be small incremental load changes, small control variations etc.
1.1Statement of the problem

Occurrence of fault may lead to instability in a power system or the machine fall out of
synchronism. Load flow study should be done to analyze transient stability of the power system.
If the system cannot sustain till the fault is clearer then the fault instant ability of the power system.
If the system cannot sustain till the fault is cleared then the fault instabilities the whole system. If
the oscillation in rotor angle around the final position go on increasing and the change in angular
speed during transient condition go on increasing then system never come to its final position. The
unbalanced condition or transient condition may lead to instability where the machine in a power
system falls out of synchronism. Generally the power system stability analysis is very important
aspects of in power engineering fields. Since the system is exposed to the different disturbances
and loss of huge energy. Therefore considering this series Problem we have to interest to minimize
this problem.
3
1.2General Objective
The objective of this project is focus on power system stability by using thyristore controlled
(TCSC) Series compensation and the mathematical modeling of the swing equation.
1.3Specific objective
Stability studies are helpful for the following purpose
 To investigate the power quality disturbances that arise from both the customer Side and
the electric utility side, at selected industrial plants.
 Analysis of power system stability is complex and nonlinear .consequently, final design
are generally based on computer simulations.
 For approximate purpose simplified calculation are used. It provided starting point, for and
checks of computer simulations.
1.4Methodology and tools

1.4.1Methodology
MATLAB is used in wide range of applications, including power system stability analysis and
processing, control design, test and measurement, financial modeling and analysis, and
computational methods. Add-on toolboxes (collections of special purpose MATLAB functions,
available separately) extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems in
these application areas. Our hard copy contains description of overview of project, problem of
statement, objectives, and scope of the project. The compensating devices and power electronic
application in compensating devices is discussed and also the compensation using the TCSC
modeling is also discussed. Theoretical analysis of the Different types of control strategies use for
the control of TCSC is discussed and the necessary block diagrams and the transformations
required are discussed. Mat lab description and various blocks used for the Simulink in modeling
of stability improvement of the system.
Tools
 MATLAB. Simulation
 Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC)
4
 Bus bar
 Transmissions line
 Coupled transformer
 Capacitor
 Control unit
 TCR
 Converter: - used for conversion of one form to another.
1.5 Scope of the Project

The aim of the project is improving the power system stability by using TCSC shows to implement
with control strategies in the MATLAB, Simulink using Simper systems tool box and to verify the
results through various case studies applying different loads and study them in detail. The most
widely known custom power device.
5
CHAPTER TWO
THEORY & RELATED REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Literature review

In recent years, energy, environment, right- of-way, and cost problems have delayed the generation
facilities and new transmission lines, while the electric power has continued to grow. This situation
has necessitated a review of the traditional power system concept and practices to achieve greater
operating flexibility and better utilization of existing power systems. This project deals with power
system stability by using Series compensation
2.1.2 Review of the components and theories used in this project Definition of power system
stability
A large power system consists of a number of synchronous machine operating in synchronism. It
is necessary that they should maintain perfect synchronism under steady state conditions. When
system is subjected to some form of disturbance, there is tendency for the system to develop force,
to bring it to normal condition. The ability of system to reach a normal condition after being
disturbed is called stability. Under stable conditions the system stays in synchronism .Synchronous
stability may be divided in to three main categories depending up on magnitude of disturbance.
2.1.3 TYPES OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
6
Steady-state stability: Refers to the ability of the power system to regain synchronism after small
and slow disturbance, such as gradual power change.
Transient stability: The ability of the system to regain synchronism after a large disturbance. This
occurs due to sudden change in application or removal of large load, line switching operation fault
on the system, sudden outage of the line or loss of excitation.
Dynamic stability: It refers to the stability of a power system subject to a relatively small and
sudden disturbance, the system can be described by linear differential equations, and the system
can be stabilized by a linear and continuous supplementary stability control
2.1.4 STABILITY LIMITS: -

The stability limit is the maximum amount power that can be transferred in the network between
source and loads without loss of synchronism.
The steady-state stability limit is the maximum amount of power that can be transferred from
the source to the load without the system becoming unstable when the load is increased gradually
under steady state conditions.
Transient stability limit is the maximum power that can be transferred without the system
becoming unstable when a sudden or large disturbance occurs.
2.2 Transient Stability

Power system transient stability is a term applied to alternating current electric power systems
denoting condition in which the various synchronous machines of the system remain in
synchronism or in step with each other. Conversely, instability denotes a condition involving loss
of synchronism, or falling out of step. Under normal operating conditions, a power system will
have all the synchronous machines running at synchronous speed. In the event of a large
disturbance or fault, the machines start swinging with respect to each other. The period between
the initiation of a large disturbance and restoration of the synchronous operation or the damping
out of the swings is called the transient period. The motioned the swings of the machines are
governed by nonlinear differential equations. For the power system to be transiently stable after a
large disturbance, the disturbance has to be removed or isolated in a short period of time. The time
duration between the instant of disturbance initiation and the instant of disturbance removal is
7
termed as the fault clearing time.This fault clearing time primarily constitutes the time taken by
the relays and the circuit breakers to operate after a disturbance has been detected. The upper bound
on the fault clearing time is termed as the critical clearing time (CCT). The CCT is the maximum
time between the disturbance initiation and its fault clearing time such that the power system is
transiently stable. The process of determining whether the power system will reach a stable state
following a disturbance is known as the transient stability assessment Equal area criterion (EAC).
2.2.1 The methods to improve the transient stability are:

1. by using Swing equation
2. Step-by-Step (Point-by-Point) Method
Swing Equation
Under normal operating conditions, the relative position of the rotor axis and the Resultant
magnetic field axis is fixed. The angle between the two is known as the Power angle or torque
angle. During any disturbance, rotor will decelerate or Accelerate with respect to the
synchronously rotating air gap mmf and a relative Motion begin. The equation describing this
relative motion is known as the swing Equation.
If Tm is the driving mechanical torque and Te is the electrical torque then under steady state
operation with losses neglected we have
Neglecting the losses, the difference between the mechanical and electrical torque gives the net
accelerating torque Ta. In the steady state, the electrical torque is equal to the mechanical torque,
8
and hence the accelerating power will be zero. During this period the rotor will move at
synchronous speed s in rad/s.
The angular position is measured with a stationary reference frame. To represent it with respect
to the synchronously rotating frame, we define
Where  is the angular position in rad with respect to the synchronously rotating reference frame
taking the time derivative of the above equation we get the equation.
Defining the angular speed of the rotor as
Then we can write
We can therefore conclude that the rotor angular speed is equal to the synchronous speed only
when ddt is equal to zero. We can therefore term ddt as the error in speed. And Taking (2) &
Multiplying both side of thus by m we get
9
Where Pm, Pe and Pa respectively are the mechanical, electrical and accelerating power in MW
We now define a normalized inertia constant as
In steady state, the machine angular speed is equal to the synchronous speed and hence we can
replace r in the above equation by s. Note that Pm, Pe and Pa are given in MW. Therefore
dividing them by the generator MVA rating Stated we can get these quantities in per unit. Hence
dividing both sides of (3) by Stated we get
The Equation describes the behavior of the rotor dynamics and hence is known as the swing
equation. The angle is the angle of the internal emf of the generator and it dictates the amount of
power that can be transferred.
10
2.3 EQUAL AREA CRITERION

Now consider the situation in which the synchronous machine is operating in steady state
delivering a power Pe equal to Pm when there is a fault occurs in the system. Opening up of the
circuit breakers in the faulted section subsequently clears the fault. The circuit breakers take about
5/6 cycles to open and the subsequent post-fault transient last for another few cycles. The input
power, on the other hand, is supplied by a prime mover that is usually driven by a steam turbine.
The time constant of the turbine mass system is of the order of few seconds, while the electrical
system time constant is in milliseconds. Therefore, for all practical purpose, the mechanical power
is remains constant during this period when the electrical transients occur. The transient stability
study therefore concentrates on the ability of the power system to recover from the fault and deliver
the constant power Pm with a possible new load angle. Suppose the system of operating in the
steady state delivering a power of Pm at an angle of 0 when due to malfunction of the line, circuit
breakers open reducing the real power transferred to zero. Since Pm remains constant, the
accelerating power Pa becomes equal to Pm. The difference in the power gives rise to the rate of
change of stored kinetic energy in the rotor masses. Thus the rotor will accelerate under the
constant influence of non-zero accelerating power and hence the load angle will increase. Now
suppose the circuit breaker re-closes at an angle c. The power will then revert back to the normal
operating curve. At that point, the electrical power will be more than the mechanical power and
the accelerating power will be negative. This will cause the machine decelerate. However, due to
the inertia of the rotor masses, the load angle will still keep on increasing. The increase in this
angle may eventually stop and the rotor may start decelerating, otherwise the system will lose
synchronism.
11
Figure 1 angle curve of equal criteria

Hence multiplying both sides of by d/dt and rearranging we get
Multiplying both sides of the above equation by dt and then integrating between two arbitrary
angles 0 and c we get
Now suppose the generator is at rest at 0. We then have d/dt = 0. Once a fault occurs, the machine
starts accelerating. Once the fault is cleared, the machine keeps on accelerating before it reaches
its peak at c, at which point we again have d/dt = 0. Thus the area of accelerating in the above
fig is as
In a similar way, we can define the area of deceleration. The area of acceleration is given by A1
while the area of deceleration is given by A2. This is given by
12
Now consider the case when the line is reclosed at c such that the area of acceleration is larger
than the area of deceleration, i.e., A1 > A2. The generator load angle will then cross the point m,
beyond which the electrical power will be less than the mechanical power forcing the accelerating
power to be positive. The generator will therefore start accelerating before is slows down
completely and will eventually become unstable. If, on the other hand, A1 < A2, i.e., the
decelerating area is larger than the accelerating area, the machine will decelerate completely before
accelerating again. The rotor inertia will force the subsequent acceleration and deceleration areas
to be smaller than the first ones and the machine will eventually attain the steady state. If the two
areas are equal, i.e., A1 = A2, then the accelerating area is equal to decelerating area and this is
defines the boundary of the stability limit. The clearing angle c for this mode is called the critical
clearing angle and is denoted by cr. We then get from Fig.by substituting c = cr
We can calculate the critical clearing angle from the above equation
2.3.1 How to find critical angle and critical clearing time?
Since we are interested in finding out the maximum time that the circuit breakers may take for
opening, we should be more concerned about the critical clearing time rather than clearing angle.
Furthermore, notice that the clearing angle is independent of the generalized inertia constant H.
Hence we can comment that the critical clearing angle in this case is true for any generator that
has a d-axis transient reactance of 0.20 per unit.
The critical clearing time, however, is dependent on H and will vary as this parameter varies. To
obtain a description for the critical clearing time, let us consider the period during which the fault
occurs. We then have Pe = 0. We can therefore write from
13
Integrating the above equation with the initial acceleration being zero we get
Further integration will lead to
Replacing by cr and t by tcr in the above equation, we get the critical clearing time as
2.4 The thyristors Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)
TCSC is one of the most important and best known series FACTS controllers. It has been in use
for many years to Increase line power transfer as well as to enhance system stability. The basic
module of a TCSC is shown in bellow Fig3. It consists of three components: capacitor banks C,
bypass inductor L and bidirectional thyristors T1 and T2. The firing angles of the thyristors are
controlled to adjust the TCSC reactance in accordance with a system control algorithm, normally
in response to some system parameter variations.
14
Figure 2: TCSC basic Module
2.4.1 Some Advantages of the TCSC in power system transmission and

distribution lines.
TCSC - Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor compensator consisting of the series compensating
capacitor, where to parallel connected thyristors controlled reactor (TCR) is, and it is one of
FACTS Devices which are mainly used to control active power flow in power system and increase
the transmission power lines capacity. TCSC is involved in a series to line (in terminal) and allows
changing impedance of the transmission path and thus affecting the power flows. Control is fast,
efficient and increased between the transmitted powers. Basic scheme of TCSC device is shown
in the above figure
Operational region of TCSC
15
Figure 3: Operational region of TCSC

Some Advantages of the TCSC
 Improved voltage regulation and reactive power balance,

 Improved load sharing between parallel lines
 Elimination of sub synchronous resonance risks (SSR),
 Increased dynamic stability of power transmission systems,
 Improved load sharing between parallel lines,
 Remove of damping of active power oscillations,
 Improved stability,
 Dynamic power flow control,
 Minimizing system losses,
16
Generally Thyristor is a powerful tool for efficiency in power transmission and distribution system
by Change of impedance of TCSC is achieved by changing the thyristor controlled inductive
reactance of inductors connected in parallel to the capacitor.
The magnitude of inductive reactance is determined by angle switching thyristors α, which can
also be Controlled continuously flowing amplitude of current reactor from the maximum value to
zero. Angle switching thyristors can change inductive reactance controlled choke from a minimum
value (a=0; Xtcr=xl) the theoretically to infinity.
17
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
Figure 4: Single line diagram of the power system
3.1MODELING AND SIMULATION OF THE SYSTEM

This model is useful for stability analysis but is limited to the study of transients for only
the “first swing” or for period on the order of one second. The following assumptions are used for
a system of one machine connected to an infinite bus often assume valid for a multi-machine
system are:
 Mechanical power input is constant.

 Damping force provided by the damper winding is neglected or synchronous power is
negligible.
 Constant-voltage-behind –transient-reactance model for the synchronous machines is valid
 The mechanical rotor angle of a machine coincides with the angle of the voltage behind the
transient reactance.
SWING EQUATION
Now we want to do an example of the most simple power system that we can consider – the so
called one-machine against an infinite bus.
18
Let’s considering the per faults, during fault and post fault calculation
Where X=the reactance between the generator and the load.
We ended our last set of notes, concluding that the following equation characterizes the
electromechanical dynamics of a synchronous machine system.
Pm=mechanical constant
Ea=voltage at the generator in per unit
V∞=voltage exist at the infinite bus
19
Figure 5: The mathematical modeling of the swing equation

The simulation result of single machine connected to infinite bus bar system by using mathematical
modeling of swing equation as shown below. This is clearly for the solution behavior we desired.
Since it is bounded limit of the result. Note that the graph is drawn the rotor angle vs. time for
mathematical modeling with numerical value for stable condition
20
We ended our last set of notes, concluding that the following equation characterizes the
electromechanical dynamics of a synchronous machine system.
Pm=mechanical constant
Ea=voltage at the generator in per unit
Consider the power system in. It is referred to as a one-machine against an infinite bus. So many
engineers use it to provide a conceptual basis for understanding fundamental machine behavior. It
would not be used, however, to provide precise machine response as the computer serves well for
this purpose we ended our last set of notes, concluding that the following equation characterizes
the electromechanical dynamics of a synchronous machine system.
Pm=mechanical constant E
a=voltage at the generator in per unit
It is referred to as a one-machine against an infinite bus. So many engineers use it to provide a

conceptual basis for understanding fundamental machine behavior. It would not be used, however,
to provide precise machine response as the computer serves well for this purpose
21
Bus 2, the infinite bus, is so-called because it has a voltage and angle that is constant under all
conditions, and it can absorb infinite power. Although there is no real infinite bus in power
systems, a single small machine connected to a very large power system behaves as if it is
connected to an infinite bus. Given that the machine is delivering 1.0 per unit power under steady-
state conditions, we have the following objectives in this problem.
1. Determine the voltage pastor Ea.

2. Draw the power-angle (P-δ) curve.
3. Determine the point corresponding to the 1.0 Pu power condition on the pre-fault power
angle curve.
4. Consider the fault in the middle of one of the lines between buses 3 and 2, determine the
fault-on power angle curve
5. Determine the post-fault or after fault power-angle curve after protection has operated to
clear the fault.
6. Use the three curves to describe what happens to the angle δ during the three periods i.e.
in pre-fault, fault-on, and post-fault condition.
22
Solution
Case 1 Determine voltage at the generator Ea.
Compute the impedance x between the generator terminals and the infinite bus:
Note that we have two bus voltage magnitudes, the reactance between them, and the power flowing
out of one of them, so our familiar relation for power flowing out of generator terminals will work
here, i.e.
From this we can compute the current flowing from the machine terminals (bus 1) to the infinite
bus, according to the voltage current relation.
And from this, we may compute the internal voltage pharos E a, according to
23
Note that the above procedure is typical of what is done in full-scale commercial power flow
programs where the program will begin from a power flow solution, from which it computes the
current flow from every gen bus, and then it computes each generator’s internal voltage just as we
have done in the above.
2. Draw the power-angle (P-δ) curve we can draw the power angle curve for different angles. Some
of the choices are
Note that the electrical power (left-hand-side) is the same in all three cases since there is no
resistance in this circuit. We should choose the most restrictive power angle curve, i.e., the one
that gives the largest angle for the same power. Since the voltages are all reasonably close, the
most restrictive curve is determined by the one with the largest reactance by using the above
numerical data to find the pre fault power pre
The operating point corresponding to the 1.0 pu power condition on the pre-fault power angle
curve. This is where Pe=1.0, i.e. Solving for δa=28.44°. We can show this point on the pre-fault
power-angle curve, However, that there are really two solutions, one at 28.44° and the other at
24
180- 28.44=151.56°. Both of these points constitute equilibrium, i.e., a location in terms of the
problem variables where all equations are satisfied, since the two angles complementary.
Case 2 Consider the three phase fault in the middle of one of the lines between buses 3 and 2,
determine the fault-on power angle curve. The equivalent circuit diagram corresponding to the
faulted system is.
So we want to be able to write another equation in this condition To write such an equation,
however, we will need the series reactance between the two voltage sources. This series reactance
is not obvious from the circuit diagram we can get it, however, if we replace the circuit to the right
of the two marked nodes then by using the venin equivalent. The relevant part of the circuit is
shown we obtain the venin voltage
We get the venin impedance by ideal the source and computing the composite impedance, as
shown
25
Then power-angle equation will be
Figure 6: post-fault power-angle curve
26
Case 3 To determine the post-fault power-angle curve after protection has operated to clear the
fault. The post-fault system is obtained from the understanding of basic protective relaying which
results in removing the faulted circuit. The resulting one-line diagram is shown, and the
corresponding equivalent circuit diagram is
27
3.2 SYSTEM MODELLING

In the present work SIMULINK has been used as a simulation tool. SIMULINK is an interactive
environment for modeling, analyzing a wide variety of dynamic Systems. Single machine infinite
bus system with all the required components is modeled and is described in the following section.
The Single machine infinite bus (SMIB) system of Fig 8 has been considered for the present study
and opening of the corresponding line clears a symmetrical three-phase fault.
The synchronous generator is delivering power to the infinite-bus through a transmission line and
a TCSC. In Fig. 7, Vt and Eb are the generator terminal and infinite bus voltages The complete
Simulink model for the SMIB with TCSC controller is shown in Fig. 8. Figs 9 and 10 show the
subsystem for the calculation of XTCSC required for the compensation. Input to the TCSC
controller block is rotor angular speed (dw) and corresponding XTCSC is the output, which damps
the oscillations and hence improves the transient stability of the system.
3.2.2.1 the internal sub system for tcsc model
28
Figure 7: the internal sub system for TCSC model
29
Inclusion of TCSC device to one of the lines changes the power flow in given lines according to
level desired. This change is achieved by changing the impedance of line, in
which is installed TCSC device. With the entry values of angle switching thyristors α, TCSC can
change the impedance of the line and thereby regulates the power flow as required. When such a
change power flow, the power flow on lines is reallocated to another ratio, but the resulting flow
performance remains unchanged. First the system has been simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK
environment. The voltages and powers in all the buses have been found out and given as a “Table”
below. Because of the variation in powers at bus 2, it is selected as the candidate bus to which
TCSC has to be installed. After simulation we have been obtained the real time voltage, current,
power variations at bus. The active and reactive powers at bus got oscillated due to large loads of
the system and which keep continuing for almost 3 sec. Because of the ohmic loads the active
power oscillations are more compared to reactive power oscillations. The preliminary controlling
systems such as governor, PSS are used for damping these oscillations. According to the figures it
is also clear that the voltage and current waveforms are closer to sinusoidal waveforms. The
voltage amplitude is 0.25 per unit and the current amplitude is 0.12 per unit. TCSC is mainly used
30
for controlling the active and reactive power flow through the transmission system and also to
improve the transient stability of the system. Form the simulation result it is clear that after the
installation of TCSC the active power oscillation damping time will be less than the mode without
TCSC. Also it will decrease the reactive power damping time.
3.2.2 SIMULATION DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM WITH THYRISTORE

CONTROLED CAPACTOR (TCSC)
Figure 8: Simulation diagram of the system with thyristore

THE MATLAB SIMULATION RESULTS OF WITH TCSC SYSTEM
Using with thyristoered (TCSC) controlled series compensation at the time interval between
0.02sec≤t≤0.024sec and the output of voltage and current results will be shown below At firing
angleα=70°
Note that in the simulation result when we used thyristore controlled capacitor TCSC the fault
clearing time become fast as we compared to without TCSC Without TCSC fault clearing
times=0.0234sec. The fault cellaring time with TCSC=0.0231sec
31
Figure 9: The matlab simulation results of with TCSC system
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the above system various cases are studied here
Case1: pre fault conditions t<0.02sec.
Case2: during fault conditions (fault occurred 0.02sec < t < 0.023sec.)
32
Case3: post fault conditions (line is occurred) t, 0.023sec
Considering the above cases the behavior of the line is examined here. The MATLAB simulation
result of the power system is shown in the figure given below. The fault occurred during the period
between 0.02to 0.023sec.after0.023sec the line is removed. The relative variation in rotor angle
and the change in angular speed of the rotor are examined after 0.023 sec the relative variation in
rotor angle and relative change in angular speed starts to damp out. After 0.023sec the line is
restore
modelling of swing equation as shown the figure 8. This is clearly far from the solution behavior
we desired. Since it is continuously unbounded limit of the result.
modeling of swing equation as shown figure 9. This is clearly for the solution behavior we desired.
Since it is bounded limit of the result. Note that the transient stability depends on the time when it
required to transiently stabile or unstable. The power is interrupted in small time interval, even in
micro second level.as we shown in figure 8 unboundedly unstable systems the reason why we have
pensioned. But in figure 9 shows that the system is transiently stable after relatively longer time
interval. The above two figures (figure 8&figure9) are drawn the rotor angle vs. time for the
mathematical modeling of the swing equation.
During when we used with out of the thyriostered controlled series capacitor (TCSC) case the time
of fault occurrence in the interval between 0.02sec.≤ ≤ and the output voltage and current results
are shown the above. But when we used thyristore controlled series capacitor (TCSC) technique
the time of response is fast .the response is taken at the time interval between 0.02sec≤t≤0.024sec
and the output of voltage, current, active power and the reactive power wave forms are shown in
the above figures 16&17
At the firing angle
33
The simulation result and the fault clearing time become fast as we compared to without the
thyristored controlled series capacitor (TCSC) Without TCSC fault clearing times=0.0234sec. The
fault clearing time with TCSC=0.0231sec
34
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE -SCOPE OF WORK
5.1CONCLUSIONS
Power system stability is the property of a power system that insures the system remains in
electromechanical equilibrium throughout any normal and abnormal operating Conditions.
Because the power system stability is an electromechanical Phenomenon, it is thus defined as the
ability of designated synchronous machines in the system to remain in synchronism with one
another following disturbance such as fault and fault removal at various locations in the system.
This paper presents the study of transient stability analysis and also the transient stability analysis
using the TCSC. This paper presents systematic procedure for modeling, simulation of TCSC
controller for enhancing power system stability. A MATLAB/SIMULINK model is developed for
a single-machine infinite bus power system with TCSC model. The controller is tested on power
system subjected to large as well as small disturbances. The simulation results show that, the TCSC
controller improves the stability performance of the power system and power system oscillations
are effectively damped out. Thus, it is observed that the proposed TCSC controller is effective in
damping low frequency oscillations resulting from small disturbances conditions like increase in
mechanical power input and reference voltage settings.
5.2 ASPECTS OF FUTURE WORK

The power system computational complexity of transient stability problems have kept them from
being run in real-time to support decision making at time of a disturbance. If a transient stability
analysis could run in real time or faster than real time. Faster transient stability simulation
implementations may significantly affect. Therefore the load flow analysis may be carried out for
the model under investigation using gauss-sidle, newton Raphson and fast-decoupled methods.
35
Reference
[1] Power system dynamics: stability and control second edition, Jan Machowski, Janus W. Bialek,
James R. Bumby.
[2] Dommel, H.W., and Sato, N.,’Fast Transient stability solutions”, IEETrans, PAS-91, pp.1643-
1650) October, 1972.
[3] Martin German-Sobek, ubomír Bea, Roman Cimbala Using of the Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitor in Electric Power System
[4] Power system and design, second fifth edition.J.DUNCAN GLOVER

MULUKUTLAS.SARMA THOMAS J.OVERBYE
[5] Design and Implementation of Firing Circuit for Single-Phase Converter Tirtharaj Sen, Pijush
Kanti Bhattacharjee, Member, IACSIT, Manjima Bhattacharya
[6]S.B.Griscom, Mechanical analogy of the problem of transmission stability, Elec.jour. vol.23,

pp.230, 5th May 1996
36
APPENDICES
37

Jimma University: Jimma Institute of Technology (Jit)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Jimma University: Jimma Institute of Technology (Jit)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jimma University: Jimma Institute of Technology (Jit)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (JiT)

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING STREAM

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY USING SERIES

Jimma University, Ethiopia

No. NAME OF THE STUDENTS ID NO

2 WORKENEH ALEMU 03367/04

3 LENCHO KASAYE 02350/04

4 MULUKEN TSEGAYE 02703/04

5 YIMAM SEID 03444/04

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ vii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. viii

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1Statement of the problem ....................................................................................................... 3

1.2General Objective .................................................................................................................. 4

1.3Specific objective ................................................................................................................... 4

1.4Methodology and tools .......................................................................................................... 4

1.5 Scope of the Project .............................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 6

THEORY & RELATED REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................. 6

2.1 Literature review ................................................................................................................... 6

2.1.3 TYPES OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ................................................................ 6

2.1.4 STABILITY LIMITS: - ................................................................................................. 7

2.2 Transient Stability ................................................................................................................. 7

2.2.1 The methods to improve the transient stability are: ....................................................... 8

2.3 EQUAL AREA CRITERION ............................................................................................. 11

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 18

SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 18

3.1MODELING AND SIMULATION OF THE SYSTEM ..................................................... 18

3.2 SYSTEM MODELLING .................................................................................................... 28

3.2.2 SIMULATION DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM WITH THYRISTORE

CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 32

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 32

CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 35

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE -SCOPE OF WORK .............................................................. 35

5.2 ASPECTS OF FUTURE WORK........................................................................................ 35

3, Lencho Kasaye ______________

4, Muluken Tsegaye ______________

5, Yimam Seid ______________

Place: Jimma, Ethiopia

Date of Submission: February 1, 2016

Mr. Alebachew T. _____________

Advisor’s Name Signature

ROTOR ANGLE FREQUENCY VOLTAGE

SMALL TRANISIENT LARGE SMALL

SHORT LONG TERM

LONG TERM SHORT

Small Disturbance Stability:

1.1Statement of the problem

1.4Methodology and tools

1.5 Scope of the Project

THEORY & RELATED REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Literature review

2.1.3 TYPES OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

2.1.4 STABILITY LIMITS: -

2.2 Transient Stability