ALKALIZING CAPABILITY OF MAHOGANY

Swietenia macrophylla FRUIT

SHELL

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Special Science Class

in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements in Research II

RALPH CHRISTIAN M. NARVAS

G10 Delta Andromedae

WILMA B. OLIVAR
Research Adviser

REVILLA N. GARCIA
Research Teacher

July 2021

i
ALKALIZING CAPABILITY OF MAHOGANY
Swietenia macrophylla FRUIT
SHELL

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Special Science Class

in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements in Research II

RALPH CHRISTIAN M. NARVAS

G10 Delta Andromedae

WILMA B. OLIVAR
Research Adviser

REVILLA N. GARCIA
Research Teacher

July 2021

ii
 APPROVAL SHEET

This Thesis entitled “Alkalizing Capability of Mahogany Sweitenia macrophylla fruit

shell”, conducted and submitted by RALPH CHRISTIAN M. NARVAS, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements in Research II, was examined and approved on June 2021
by the thesis examination committee composed of:

Research Teacher: Research Adviser:

REVILLA N. GARCIA WILMA B. OLIVAR, PhD

MT- II, Science T- III, Science
Date:______________ Date: ________________
Chairmen:

JOSE O. BIASON REMEDIOS M. SERRANA ELY L. CASTRO

HT-III, Science T-III, Science T-III, Science
Date:____________ Date:____________ Date:____________

JULIET A. CASTRONUEVO CARLITO M. ROCA MA. LOURDES B. RARAS

T-III, Science T-III, Science T-II, Science
Date:____________ Date:____________ Date:____________

MERLITA G. QUIATCHON
T-III, Science
Date:____________
Scientific Review and Evaluation Committee:

ARTURO S. BLANCO,EdD
MT-II, Science
Date: _______________
Statistician: English Critic:

ALEXANDER R. HADLOC BERNADETTE T. DISPO

T-III, Science T-III, Science
Date: ________________ Date: ________________
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research II

JESUS B. NAZARENO,PhD
PRINCIPAL IV
Date: _____________

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I want to thank God Almighty for his countless blessings, love and
comfort…

The Researcher is very blessed to his school, San Fabian National High School,
spearheaded by Dr. Jesus B. Nazareno, for the confidence and encouragement for
accomplishing this research.

I would like to thank to Mr. Jose Biason, Head Teacher III of the Science
Department for the support, valuable information and guidance, which helped the
researcher in completing this task through various stages.

I would like to express my gratitude to Mrs. Revilla N. Garcia, Master Teacher II

of the Science Department who was the research adviser that gives support, instruction
and guidance to make this research possible.

Thank you also to my Research Adviser, Mrs. Wilma B. Olivar PhD, Science
Teacher III, who was my research adviser that was giving me advice, support and
suggestions for making the research possible.

Besides my research adviser, I would like to thank the rest of the Research
Chairmen: Sir Jose O. Biason, Ma’am Wilma B. Olivar, Ma’am Ely L. Castro, Ma’am
Juliet A. Castronuevo, Sir Carlito M. Roca and Ma’am Ma. Lordes B. for their
encouragement, insightful comments and recommendations.

I would also like to thank Mr. Alexander R. Hadloc, Science Teacher III, who was
in charge for the checking of the statistical computation of research and Mrs. Bernadette
T. Dispo, Science Teacher III, who was in charge for the English critic of research.

I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Arturo S. Blanco,EdD, Master Teacher

II chairman of the evaluation committee, who gave suggestion and additional knowledge

iv
about research and very active on helping the researcher to make this study to be
competitive.

The researcher is also deeply honored to express their gratitude to his family
member Mr Eduardo Narvas and Shammy Narvas, researcher parents of Ralph Christian
M. Narvas, who gave moral and financial supports.

For the constant encouragement that without them, this thesis would not be possible.

v
 Dedication

The researcher would like to dedicate this research paper to our Almighty God,

the giver of strength and knowledge; to my family and friends who is patients and kept on

encouraging us to do my best; to our research adviser and to all people to make this study

possible.

-The Researcher

vi
 Abstract

This study entitled: “Alkalizing Capability of Mahogany Sweitenia macrophylla fruit

shell” aimed to determine the alkalinity of water out of mahogany fruit shell. It is cheap
and effective product compare to the commercially available alkaline water. Water that is
alkaline has antioxidant properties that help by counteracting free radicals. These free
radicals can cause pre-mature aging and other types of conditions. Mahogany tree is very
abundant in our country. Its seeds are antibacterial and antimicrobial thus helping to treat
malaria and other diseases. The deciding purpose of this research study is to help the
community utilize an alternative source of alkaline water that would not just help them
attain a healthy lifestyle but also help them save money. The Mahogany Fruit Shell and
tap water were collected at San Fabian, Pangasinan. Each 200 ml of tap water is alkalized
in mahogany fruit shell and be subjected chemical analysis particularly for pH level,
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity and Cost. The best treatment showed in
chemical analysis was treatment 3, which has a pH Level of 7.39, TDS of 130 mg/L,
Turbidity of 0.95 NTU. Treatment 3 has an average mean of 3.8 for Cost. T-test
computation showed that there is a significant difference between Mahogany fruit shell
alkaline water and the control variable in terms of pH Level, TDS and Cost. T-test also
showed that there was no significant difference between Mahogany fruit shell alkaline
water and the control variable in terms of Turbidity.

vii
 Table of Contents

Title page i

Approval Sheet iii

Acknowledgement iv

Dedication vi

Abstract vii

Table of Contents viii

List of Tables x

List of Figures xi

List of Plates xii

Chapter I: Introduction 1

Rationale 1

Background of the study 2

Statement of the Problem 3

Hypothesis 4

Conceptual Framework 5

Significance of the Study 6

Scope and Delimitation 7

Definition of Terms 8

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature 9

viii
 Related Literature 9

Related Studies 14

Chapter III: Methodology 16

Research Design 16

Material and Methods 17

Location of the Study 19

Experimental Flowchart 20

Rating Scale 21

Chapter IV: Results and Discussion 22

Chapter V: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 29

Bibliography/References 30

Appendices 31

Appendix A Raw Data 32

Statistical Computation 33

Evaluation Sheet 52

Appendix B Plates 53

Appendix C Budgetary Requirements 58

Appendix D Gant Chart 59

Appendix E Curriculum Vitae 60

ix
 List of Tables

Table No. Title Page

Table 1 Treatments for Making Mahogany Fruit Shell Alkaline Water 16

Table 2 Rating Scale for Cost 21

Table 3 Result Analysis of Mahogany Fruit Shell Alkaline Water 22

Particularly for pH Level

Table 4 Result Analysis of Mahogany Fruit Shell Alkaline Water in

Terms of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 23

Table 5 Result Analysis of Mahogany fruit shell alkaline Water

Particularly for Turbidity 25

Table 6 Results Analysis of Mahogany Fruit Shell Alkaline Water

in Terms of Cost 26

Table 7 T-test Computation for Each Parameter 27

x
 List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page

Figure 1 Scientific Process and the expected products 5

Figure 2 Map of the Researcher’s residence 19

Figure 3 The Experimental Flowchart of the Study 20

Figure 4 Result Analysis of Mahogany Fruit Shell Alkaline

Water Particularly for pH Level 23

Figure 5 Result Analysis of Mahogany Fruit Shell Alkaline

Water in Terms of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 24

Figure 6 Result Analysis of Mahogany Fruit Shell Alkaline

Water Particularly for Turbidity 25

Figure 7 Results Analysis of Mahogany Fruit Shell Alkaline

Water in Terms of Cost 27

xi
 List of Pates

Plate No. Title Page

Plate 1 Gathering of Mahogany Fruit Shell and Tap Water 51

Plate 2 Carbonization of Mahogany Fruit Shell 52

Plate 3 Preparation of Materials for Alkalizing Process 53

Plate 4 Alkalizing the Water Samples 54

Plate 5 Alkalized Water that is subjected in Chemical Analysis

in Terms of pH Level, Total Dissolved Solids and Turbidity 55

xii
 Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Drinking water is an essential part of life that is extremely important for good
health. After all, we are made up of 65 percent of water. People tend to buy purified
water or just drink tap water. In order to achieve optimal health, you must expose your
body with alkalinity. According to some tests, tap water and commercial purified water
are acidic. Chemicals in tap water are chlorine, copper sulfate, potassium permanganate,
fluoride and hydrofluoric acid that are very harmful to your health and your family.
Acidic substances cause inflammation of the joints. Cancer cells feed on acid, flood them
with alkalinity and they starve to death. This characteristic of the water helps to keep
your body alkaline. Ideally, we need to be slightly alkaline in order for our body to do its
job in ridding the body of a weak immune system.

Mahogany tree is very abundant in our country. Its seeds are antibacterial and
antimicrobial thus helping to treat malaria and other diseases. And some studies have
been done showing that Mahogany Seeds may be great for treating Hepatitis C. Plus the
tea has been used for increasing libido in men and women and for strengthening the body.
Their fruit shells are falling off the ground and being ignored by many people. Not
knowing that it can be a great help for us if we only know how to use it wisely.

The production of Mahogany alkaline water came from a belief that the fruit
shells have an alkalizing capability which leads the researcher to pursue this study to
produce alkaline water in a cheapest way.

1
Rationale

Water that is alkaline has antioxidant properties that help by counteracting free
radicals. These free radicals can cause pre-mature aging and other types of conditions.
The antioxidants are in liquid form which allows for quicker absorption into the system.
So these benefits are significantly clear since alkaline water has anti-aging and anti-
diseases properties.

Mahogany fruit shell are characterized by its very hard wooden material which
people used for firewood because it produces charcoal when burned. All over the
Philippines, mahogany trees have grown abundantly, wherein mature fruits are also
scattered around these trees.

Mahogany fruit extract and powdered mahogany seed are both nutritional
supplements that can be taken for various positive results. The health benefits of
mahogany fruit and seeds include: fighting free radicals with antioxidants, lowering fat
build up in the bloodstream, lowering cholesterol levels and enhancing the immune
system. The benefits of alkaline water are that it will help to cleanse the organs;
particularly the colon. As this unclean buildup in the colon continues, it eventually
becomes poisonous and in some cases lethal. Using alkaline water is safe and will easily
remove this fecal material. It will remove build up that is weeks or even years old and
this leads to a more thorough and effective process of elimination. This helps decrease
the recurrence of constipation and other unhealthy issues.

2
Statement of the Problem

This study was aimed to determine the Alkalizing capability of Mahogany

Swietenia macrophylla fruit shell.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the processes involved in alkalizing water out of mahogany Swietenia
macrophylla fruit shell?
2. What is the best treatment of mahogany Swietenia macrophylla fruit shell alkaline
water as compared to commercial one in terms of:
a. pH level
b. total Dissolved Solids
c. turbidity
d. cost?
3. Is there any significant difference that exists between the mahogany fruit shell
alkaline water and the control variable in terms of:
a. pH level
b. total Dissolved Solids
c. turbidity
d. cost?

3
Hypotheses

H0- There is no significant difference that exists between the mahogany fruit shell
alkaline water and the control variable in terms of:
a. pH level
b. total Dissolved Solids
c. turbidity
d. cost

H1: There is a significant difference between the mahogany fruit shell alkaline
water and the control variable in terms of:
a. pH level
b. total Dissolved Solids
c. turbidity
d. cost

4
Conceptual Framework

Figure 1: Scientific process and the expected products

PROCESS
INPUT  Collection of tap water
and mahogany fruit
 Mahogany Swietenia shell
macrophylla Fruit shell
 Tap Water  Carbonization of the
Mahogany

 Alkalizing the
mahogany Swietenia
OUTPUT macrophylla fruit shell

 Analysis of the
 Alkaline Water collected alkalized
water

5
Significance of the Study

This study about the alkaline water out of mahogany fruit can benefit all people,
especially those that cannot afford commercial alkaline water. Alkaline water is better to
drink than distilled and tap water people usually drink. Acidic substances cause
inflammation of the joints.

The deciding purpose of this research study is to help the community utilize an
alternative source of alkaline water that would not just help them attain a healthy lifestyle
but also help them save money.

6
Scope and Delimitations

This study aimed to test the potency of Mahogany fruit shell as an agent for
alkalizing water. The study was conducted at the researcher’s residence at Sagud Bahley,
San Fabian, Pangasinan.
The study was limited to the determination of the chemical properties of the water
that would be collected from the different methods/procedures of alkalizing water using
the mahogany fruit shell. The study was conducted at Sagud Bahley, San Fabian,
Pangasinan.

7
Definition of Terms

ACID. Any of a class of compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water,
and whose aqueous solutions react with bases and certain metals to form salts.

ALKALINE. Having a pH value greater than 7.

CARBONIZATION. Coal distillation, as in coke ovens.

CHARCOAL. The carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other organic

substances in the absence of air.

DISTILL. To subject to a process of vaporization and subsequent condensation, as for

purification or concentration

HEPATITIS C. A form of hepatitis with clinical effects similar to those of hepatitis B,

caused by a blood-borne retrovirus (hepatitis C virus) that may be of the hepatitis non-A,
non-B type.

PH LEVEL. It was developed to provide an easy way to describe how acidic or basic
(alkaline) a solution is.

TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS). The total amount of mobile charged ions,
including minerals, salts or metals dissolved in a given volume of water, expressed in
units of mg per unit volume of water (mg/L), also referred to as parts per million (ppm).

TURBIDITY. A measure of water clarity how much the material suspended in water
decreases the passage of light through the water.

8
 Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Mahogany

Whitmore, Timothy C. (2003) cited that in mahogany, many of the problems

confronting tropical rain forests worldwide are seen in microcosm, yet in some important
ways the genus is unique. It is unusual among well-known tropical timbers in having
poorly known ecological requirements. Most tropical timbers have low unit value and are
interchangeable. Mahogany has thrice their value and is a high-quality cabinet wood with
unique properties. It is unusual among cabinet woods in being a strong light demander
and fast grower that does well in plantations. Thus, mahogany holds great promise for the
future. Attempts to control its trade suffer familiar problems of misinformation and
missing information. The natural range is vast, and, although the species is not on the
verge of extinction, genetic erosion has been alleged. Sustainable exploitation is
hampered by inadequate knowledge of its regeneration ecology and the all too common
practical problems of rule enforcement.

Mahogany Seed

The study of Saikat Dewanjee: Tarun K Dua: Paramita Paul (2020) Swietenia
macrophylla seed has been mentioned as a potential antidiabetic agent in the folk
medicine of different countries. The crude extracts of S. macrophylla seeds have been
reported to attenuate diabetes and associated complications by triggering glucose
utilization, PPARγ activation, inhibiting inflammation, and endorsing redox defense
mechanism. Several antidiabetic phytochemicals were extracted from S. macrophylla
seeds; however, swietenine has been regarded as the key phytochemical. Swietenine was
found to exhibit antidiabetic effects by triggering glucose utilization, endorsing PPARγ
activation, inhibiting superoxide generation, and impeding nitric oxide production.
Considering these, the in silico molecular docking studies swietenine with the specific

9
proteins have been executed, which revealed swietenine may interact with signal
proteins, such as IRS-1, AMPK, PPARγ, NF-κB, and iNOS. Finally, in silico ADMET
prediction revealed the drug-likeness character of swietenine. Therefore, swietenine
would be a potential therapeutic agent for diabetes and associated complications in
future.

Mahogany seeds, also known as “sky fruit” seeds to those who are native to the
areas where mahogany trees grow, are familiar with taking these seeds as part of a varied
and healthful diet. People grind the seeds into powder and drink them with water. Now
mahogany seeds are more widely available, often in capsule form, as a dietary
supplement. Mahogany seeds contain 33 types of flavonoids and 27 types of saponins,
making them even more nutritionally rich that other nutrient-dense plants, such as their
relative ginseng. They also contain various vitamins, minerals, proteins and fatty acids
that are necessary to healthy body function.

Mahogany Tree

According to Wikipedia, Swietenia mahagoni, commonly known as American

mahogany, Cuban mahogany, small-leaved mahogany, and West Indian mahogany, is a
species of Swietenia native to South Florida in the United States and islands in the
Caribbean including the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola. It is the species from
which the original mahogany wood was produced. Mahogany is grown as plantation tree
and sold in Timber markets in Kerala. Swietenia mahagoni is listed as "Threatened" in
the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. It is the national tree of the Dominican
Republic.

Mahogany Carpel

Carpels are characterized by its very hard wooden material which people used for
firewood because it produces charcoal when burned. All over the Philippines, mahogany

10
trees have grown abundantly, wherein mature fruits are also scattered around these trees.
Dried mahogany carpel are excellent fuel alternative for clay stove (Daray, 2011;
Deponio et al., 2015). Other studies on mahogany carpel application include its potential
as potting media ingredient for healthy plants (Ramcharan and Gerber, 1982). No
scientific works has been published relating mahogany carpel being used to cement
replacement.

Mahogany Fruit

According to leaf.tv, The mahogany tree, found in the South Pacific especially on
the Solomon Islands, is usually known for its beautiful hardwood that is used for
furniture and carvings. However, the mahogany plant also has lesser-known uses -- the
seeds of the mahogany fruit can be ground up and taken internally for numerous health
benefits.

Mahogany fruit extract and powdered mahogany seed are both nutritional
supplements that can be taken for various positive results. The health benefits of
mahogany fruit and seeds include: fighting free radicals with antioxidants, lowering fat
build up in the bloodstream, lowering cholesterol levels and enhancing the immune
system. Taking a regular mahogany seed supplement can help you improve your health in
numerous ways, and thus lead to a better general well-being.

Alkaline Water

According to sciencetheatre.org (2016) The pH level of all water varies dependent

on the source for that water. Experts state that natural water from a spring typically has a
pH that is acidic. Those that are advocates of alkaline water believe that drinking water
that is alkaline will help neutralize acid in the bloodstream, leading to increased oxygen

11
levels as well as increased energy and metabolism. However, clinical research has not
been able to validate these benefits.

Healthline.com cited that The “alkaline” in alkaline water refers to its pH level.
The pH level is a number that measures how acidic or alkaline a substance is on a scale of
0 to 14. For example, something with a pH of 1 would be very acidic and something with
a pH of 13 would be very alkaline.Alkaline water has a higher pH level than regular
drinking water. Because of this, some advocates of alkaline water believe it can
neutralize the acid in your body. Normal drinking water generally has a neutral pH of 7.
Alkaline water typically has a pH of 8 or 9. However, pH alone isn’t enough to impart
substantial alkalinity to water.

Claims of Alkaline Water Benefits

1. Antioxidant Properties

According to healthline.com Water that is alkaline has antioxidant properties that

help by counteracting free radicals. These free radicals can cause pre-mature aging and
other types of conditions. The antioxidants are in liquid form which allows for quicker
absorption into the system. So these benefits are significantly clear since alkaline water
has anti-aging and anti-diseases properties. It is also believed that in this water for
drinking there are certain elements that will aid in developing cancer resistance.

2. Cleansing Features

According to healthline.com Other benefits of alkaline water are that it will help
to cleanse the organs; particularly the colon. As this unclean buildup in the colon
continues, it eventually becomes poisonous and in some cases lethal. Using alkaline
water is safe and will easily remove this fecal material. It will remove build up that is
weeks or even years old and this leads to a more thorough and effective process of
elimination. This helps decrease the recurrence of constipation and other unhealthy
issues. As you drink it regularly (daily) and keep the system cleansed and in good

12
working order you will become less susceptible to stomach viruses, flu’s, colds, and other
illnesses that are fairly common.

3. Physical Appearance Benefits

According to healthline.com Along with the body cleansing of the inner systems,
water that is alkaline also rejuvenates the skin and keeps it hydrated. It aids the skin in
replacing tissues and as well contributes to its elasticity and the overall health of the skin.
It will also help with detoxifying the skin and causing it to look smoother and leading to
fewer breakouts. When the balance in pH is kept in check by eating good food, nutrients
can be more readily absorbed by the skin. This contributes to a younger more youthful
look. Water that is alkaline aids in your goals for weight loss by the breakdown of fatty
essentials in food. It can also be seen and used as a natural suppressant of appetite since it
has no calories yet is able to leave you satisfied and refreshed. All of these physical
improvements combined will make you feel revitalized and younger.

4. Other Health Benefits

According to healthline.com Other features of water are that it also lubricates

muscles and joint to help with stopping injuries. This helps those who are prone to
sprains or who may suffer from arthritis. As well dehydration can harm organs such as
the heart to work harder. Clean organs do not have to work as much when they are clean
nor expend the energy to maintain functioning.

Other studies in Alkaline Water

According to the Mayo Clinic, regular water is best for most people. They state
that there is no scientific evidence that fully verifies the claims made by supporters of
alkaline water. However, there are a few studies that suggest alkaline water might be
helpful for certain conditions. For example, a 2012 studyTrusted Source found that

13
drinking naturally carbonated artesian-well alkaline water with a pH of 8.8 may help
deactivate pepsin, the main enzyme that causes acid reflux. Another study suggested that
drinking alkaline ionized water may have benefits for people with high blood
pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol.A more recent study that included 100 people
found a significant difference in whole blood viscosity after consuming high-pH water
compared to regular water after a strenuous workout. Viscosity is the direct measurement
of how efficiently blood flows through the vessels.

Cautions of Drinking Alkaline Water

There’s also the issue of water pH – acidic water versus alkaline water. There are
a lot of amazing health assertions about alkaline water, but are they really true? Most of
them aren’t. It is best to drink water that is between 6.5 and 8 pH levels. As for being
harmful to drink alkaline water over the long run all we do know is that it has been shown
to be harmful to plants and animals.

Related Studies

Mahogany fruit shell: a new low-cost adsorbent for removal of methylene blue dye
from aqueous solutions

According to Ashish S. Sartape, Suryakant A. Patil, Sandip K. Patil, Suresh T.

Salunkhe & Sanjay S. Kolekar (2015) they used Mahogany fruit shell to introduced a new
effective and economical adsorbent,. This adsorbent has porous nature and essential
active groups are present on their surfaces which enhance its capability of adsorption.
Developed adsorbent was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
scanning electron microscopy, etc. techniques which also support to confirm successful
adsorption. In the present study, batch adsorption experiments were carried out as a

14
function of pH, contact period, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, etc. for maximum
removal of methylene blue, a basic dye from aqueous solution. Mahogany fruit shell
adsorbent had succeeded to remove basic dye up to 99.05% at pH 9. The experimental
data are fitted well to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters
such as (ΔG°), (ΔH°), and (ΔS°) were calculated, which indicated that the adsorption is
spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The Mahogany fruit shell had showed great
adsorption capacity to remove the methylene blue.

In vivo antiaging effects of alkaline water supplementation

Mariatonia Logozzi; Davide Mizzoni; Rossela Di Raimo; and Mauro Andreotti
(2020) cited that Telomeres length and telomerase activity are currently considered aging
molecular stigmata. Water is a major requirement for our body and water should be
alkaline. Recent reports have shown that aging is related to a reduced water intake. We
wanted to investigate the effect of the daily intake of alkaline water on the molecular
hallmark of aging and the anti-oxidant response. We watered a mouse model of aging
with or without alkaline supplementation. After 10 months, we obtained the blood, the
bone marrow and the ovaries from both groups. In the blood, we measured the levels of
ROS, SOD-1, GSH, and the telomerase activity and analysed the bone marrow and the
ovaries for the telomeres length. We found reduced ROS levels and increased SOD-1,
GSH, telomerase activity and telomeres length in alkaline supplemented mice. We show
here that watering by using alkaline water supplementation highly improves aging at the
molecular level.

Adsorption of toxic Pb(II) on activated carbon derived from agriculture waste

(Mahogany fruit shell): isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic study

Suryakant A. Patil; Umesh P. Suryawanshi (2016) An adsorbent, mahogany fruit

shell activated carbon(MFSAC), was derived from environmental friendly raw material,
i.e. agriculture waste and explored for bench scale adsorption of toxic Pb(II). A facile
MFSAC material was synthesised using a chemical activation method using concentrated

15
sulphuric acid as an impregnating (activating) reagent. So derived adsorbent material was
characterised by FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM, EDAX, TGA and XPS techniques to know the
properties and plausible adsorption mechanism. Bench scale adsorption of toxic Pb(II).

Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

In this part, we would know the methods and purpose that the researcher used in

this particular area. It encompasses concepts such as paradigm, Theoretical model,

procedures and quantitative or qualitative data.

Research Design
In this research study, the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used to test
the effectiveness of the Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla fruit shell in alkalizing water.

Table 1: Treatments for Making Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water

Treatments Tap Water (mL) Mahogany Fruit Shell (g)

T₀ Control Control
T₁ 200 50
T₂ 200 100
T₃ 200 150

The Table 1.0 (The Treatments for Making Alkaline Water) contains four
different treatments. The first treatment (T₀) is the control variable. The second treatment
(T₁) contains 200mL of tap water and 50g of Mahogany Fruit Shell. The third treatment
(T₂) contains 200mL of tap water and 100g of Mahogany Fruit Shell. And the last
treatment (T₃) contains 200mL of tap water and has 150g of Mahogany Fruit Shell.

16
Materials that was used in the study

The following materials used in this study namely: 300g of Mahogany fruit shell,
tap water from Brgy. Sagud Bahley, San Fabian, Pangasinan, sterilized bottles, plastic
bottles, improvised water filter, cotton, sand, aluminum foil, mortar and pestle.

Procedures
 Collection of Tap Water
Tap water shall be collected at Sagud Bahley, San Fabian, Pangasinan and was
used in this research study.
 Collection of Mahogany Fruit Shell
Mahogany Swietenia Macrophylla were very much available in San Fabian,
Pangasinan. The mahogany fruit shells were gathered at San Fabian, Pangasinan.

 Carbonization of the Mahogany Fruit Shell

The mahogany fruit shell would be heated with the use of aluminum foil for two
to three hours in a wood stove or under the ground to carbonize the mahogany fruit shell.
Then, the charcoal would be pulverized with the use of mortar and pestle.

 Alkalizing the water samples using the Mahogany fruit shell

The water samples were immediately pass through or poured into the mahogany
fruit shell that was contained in an improvised filter set-up. After the process, the water
sample were stored at a sterilized bottle and kept in order to avoid contamination.

17
  Chemical Analysis of the Water Samples
The collected water samples were subjected for chemical analysis, particularly for
pH level, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity, Color and Cost.

Making an Improvise Water Filter Set-up

You can easily make an improvise water filter with using recycled materials
found at home. The materials needed are: plastic bottles, plastic cups, gravel or small
stones, clean sand, mahogany fruit shell, cotton balls or small cloth, gardening dirt, tap
water and scissors or knife. The following procedures are: Cut off the bottom of an old
plastic bottle using scissors or a knife, Place the bottle upside down into the plastic cup,
Place cotton balls or cloth inside the bottle as the first layer, Add the exact measure of
mahogany fruit shell as the second layer on top of the cotton layer, Over the charcoal, add
the gravel or small stones as the third layer, Add about three to four inches of clean sand
on top of the gravel, Leave about a half inch of space from the top of the upside down
bottle, and then pour the tap water into the improvised water filter set-up. 

18
 Figure 2. Map of the Researcher’s residence

This is the map of the researcher’s residence, where the variable can be find. This
is the place where the researcher collected and gathered the variable and the place where
conducted the research study.

19
 Experimental Flowchart

Collectionofofthe
Collection theTap water
Tapwater
water
water
CollectionofofMahogany
Collection Mahoganyfruit
fruit
shell
shell

Carbonizationofofthe
Carbonization the
MahoganyFruit
Mahogany FruitShell
Shell

Alkalizingwater
watersamples
samplesusing
usingthe
the
Alkalizing
mahoganyfruit
fruitshell
shell
mahogany

ChemicalAnalysis
Analysisofofthe
theAlkalized
Alkalized
Chemical
water samples out of mahogany
water samples out of mahogany
fruitshell
shell
fruit

Analysis,Conclusion
Conclusionand
and
Analysis,
Recommendations.
Recommendations.

Figure 3. The Experimental Flowchart of the study: Alkalizing Capability of

Mahogany Sweitenia macrophylla fruit shell

20
Rating Scale

Below was the rating scale which was used to measure the result of the treatment.

Each treatment was scored independently and the results was compare to each other to

have the best treatment.

Table 2. Rating Scale for Cost

Rating Description

5 Least Expensive

4 Less Expensive

3 Expensive

2 More Expensive

1 Extremely Expensive

21
 Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this part it presents summarized results from the gathered and interpreted after

performing the experimental process. Discussions and thorough analysis of the results are

also reflected.

Table 3. Results Analysis of Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water in terms of pH level

pH level

TREATMENTS
R1 R2 R3 TOTAL MEAN

1 7.08 7.10 7.12 21.3 7.1

2 7.24 7.27 7.22 21.73 7.24

3 7.39 7.40 7.37 22.16 7.39

The table above shows the results analysis of mahogany fruit shell alkaline water

with 3 replications in every treatment. In treatment 1, the average mean of the 3

replication was 7.1 pH level which is considered as alkaline. In treatment 2, the average

mean was 7.24 pH which is greater the T1. For treatment 3, it has the best treatment

between the three, which has the average mean of 7.39 pH level.

22
Figure 4: Result Analysis of mahogany fruit shell alkaline water particularly for pH
level

pH level
25
20
Average

15
10
5
0
1 2 3
Replication

R1 R2 R3 TOTAL MEAN

The figure above shows the results analysis of Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water
particularly for pH level.  Measurement of pH relates to the acidity or alkalinity of the
water. A sample is considered to be acidic if the pH is less than 7.0. Meanwhile, it is
alkaline if the pH is greater than 7.0.
The data showed that treatment 3 was the most effective among the two
treatments. While treatment 1 was the least effective among the two treatments.

Table 4. Results Analysis of mahogany fruit shell alkaline water in terms of

Total Dissolved Solids

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

TREATMENTS
R1 R2 R3 TOTAL MEAN

1 220 210 230 660 220

2 180 180 170 530 176.67

23
 3 140 120 130 390 130

The table shows the results analysis of mahogany fruit shell alkaline water in
terms of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The best treatment was treatment which has the
average mean of 130 ppm TDS. While the two treatment has less TDS among the three
treatments.

Figure 5. Result Analysis of Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water in terms of Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Total Dissolved Solids

1800
1600
1400
1200
Average

1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3
Replication

R1 R2 R3 TOTAL MEAN

The figure above shows the results analysis of mahogany fruit shell alkaline water
in terms of TDS. TDS are the inorganic matters and small amounts of organic matter,
which are present as solution in water. Treatment 3 is the best treatment that has a less
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).

24
 Table 5. Results Analysis of Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water in terms of
Turbidity
Turbidity

TREATMENTS
R1 R2 R3 TOTAL MEAN

1 1.37 1.40 1.43 4.2 1.40

2 1.17 1.23 1.24 3.64 1.21

3 0.92 0.94 0.98 2.84 0.95

The table above shows the results of Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water in terms
of Turbidity. Turbidity is the cloudiness of water caused by a variety of particles and is
another key parameter in drinking water analysis.
For treatment 1, it has the average mean of 1.40 NTU. In treatment 2, it has the
average mean of 1.21 NTU. And for treatment 3, it has the average mean of 0.95 NTU.

Figure 6: Result Analysis of Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water particularly for
Turbidity

Turbidity
5
4
Average

3
2
1
0
1 2 3
Replication

R1 R2 R3 TOTAL MEAN

25
 The figure above shows the results analysis of mahogany fruit shell alkaline water
in terms of Turbidity.

The standard recommended maximum turbidity limit, set in the chemical analysis
is 5 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). The best treatment is treatment 3, it has less
than 1 turbidity units. While the two treatments has a higher turbidity units. The results
indicate that the turbidity of all the samples studied was below the maximum standard
limit of 5 NTU.

Table 6. Results Analysis of Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water in terms of Cost
Cost

TREATMENTS
R1 R2 R3 TOTAL MEAN

1 3.3 3.85 3.9 11.05 3.68

2 3.15 3.5 3.85 10.2 3.4

3 3.7 3.8 3.9 11.4 3.8

The Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water were tested to 45 respondents in terms of
cost that were shown in table 6. Treatment 3 is greater compared to the two treatments, so
it means that Treatment 3 was the was cheaper in terms of Cost.
Treatment 3 has an average mean of 3.8 and it means that it is less Expensive.

Figure 7. Results Analysis of mahogany fruit shell alkaline water in terms of cost

26
 Cost
16
14
12
10
Average

8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3
Replication

R1 R2 R3 TOTAL MEAN

The figure above shows that treatment 3 is the less expensive compared to the

other two treatments in terms of Cost. Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 has the lowest

average mean so it means that it is expensive.

PARAMETERS EXPERIMENTAL (Tcal) CONTROLLED (TTab)

pH Level 11 2.132
Total Dissolved Solids 49.76 2.132
Turbidity 0.57 2.132
Cost 11.38 2.132
Table 7. T-test Computation for each parameter

In terms of pH Level, Reject H0 and Accept H1 since Tcal was equal to 11 which

was greater than the Ttab with a value of 2.132. Therefore, there is a significant difference

between the Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water and the control variable.

In terms of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Reject H 0 and Accept H1 since Tcal was

equal to 49.76 which was greater than the Ttab with a value of 2.132. Therefore, there is a

27
significant difference between the Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water and the control

variable.

In terms of Turbidity, Accept H0 and Reject H1 since Tcal was equal to 0.57 which

was less than the Ttab with a value of 2.132. Therefore, there was no significant difference

between the Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water and the control variable.

In terms of Cost, Reject H0 and Accept H1 since Tcal was equal to 11.38 which was

greater than the Ttab with a value of 2.132. Therefore, there is a significant difference

between the Mahogany fruit shell alkaline water and the control variable.

Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study was focused on the alkalizing capability of Mahogany Swietenia

macrophllya fruit shell.

28
 The study sought to determine if Mahogany fruit shell can be alkalized the
water, to determine if there’s any significant difference among the three treatments based
on their pH Level, Total Dissolved Solids, Turbidity and cost and which among of the
three treatments was the best.

Conclusion

The best treatment in alkalizing the mahogany fruit shell was treatment 3 which
contain 150 grams of the mahogany fruit shell and 200 mL of water. Treatment 3 got the
best results than the other two treatments in terms of pH Level, Total Dissolved Solids,
Turbidity and Cost.

Recommendation

Based from the findings and conclusions, the researcher would like to recommend
this study to the following: Further research about the potency of Mahogany fruit shell as
alkaline water. Also, since the product is alkaline water, the researcher suggest to
introduce the product in market, especially at the mall, drugstore and sari-sari store
where people can easily find the product. The researcher also introduced the product
among the people who casually drink alkaline water. And the Researcher recommends
other related studies about Mahogany fruit shell.

Bibliography / References

Whitmore, Timothy C., January (2003), “Mahogany: Tree of the Future”

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225840728_Mahogany_Tree_of_the_Future

Saikat Dewanjee: Tarun K Dua: Paramita Paul, January (2020), “Big Leaf Mahogany
Seeds”,https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341123569_Big_Leaf_Mahogany_Seed
s

29
Ashish S. Sartape, Suryakant A. Patil, Sandip K. Patil, Suresh T. Salunkhe & Sanjay S.
Kolekar, September (2015), “Mahogany fruit shell: a new low-cost adsorbent for removal
of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions”,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271673369_Mahogany_fruit_shell_a_new_low
-cost_adsorbent_for_removal_of_methylene_blue_dye_from_aqueous_solutions

Mariatonia Logozzi; Davide Mizzoni; Rossela Di Raimo; and Mauro Andreotti,

December (2020), “In vivo antiaging effects of alkaline water supplementation”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339582263_In_vivo_antiaging_effects_of_alkal
ine_water_supplementation

Suryakant A. Patil; Umesh P. Suryawanshi, November (2016), “Adsorption of toxic

Pb(II) on activated carbon derived from agriculture waste (Mahogany fruit shell):
isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic study”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346445596_Adsorption_of_toxic_PbII_on_acti
vated_carbon_derived_from_agriculture_waste_Mahogany_fruit_shell_isotherm_kinetic
_and_thermodynamic_study

Mengjun Xiao; Qianbao Wu, April (2018), “Regenerable Catalyst for Highly Alkaline
Water Oxidation”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350572328_Regenerable_Catalyst_for_Highly_
Alkaline_Water_Oxidation

James Walvin, April (2017), “Mahogany”

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319557600_Mahogany

30
Appendices

Appendix A Raw Data and Statistical Computation

Cost
Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3
Respondent T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3
s

31
 1 4 4 5 4 3 5 3 4 5
2 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 4
3 3 5 4 2 3 3 5 3 4
4 5 4 3 5 5 3 4 5 3
5 3 5 3 3 3 4 5 3 4
6 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 4 3
7 5 4 3 3 4 3 4 5 4
8 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3
9 3 5 3 2 3 4 5 3 4
10 2 3 4 3 4 4 3 5 4
11 3 4 5 3 3 3 3 3 5
12 3 3 5 2 3 5 3 3 3
13 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 3
14 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4
15 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 5 3
16 4 5 5 4 4 3 4 4 3
17 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 5
18 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
19 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5
20 2 3 5 3 3 4 3 5 5
TOTAL 66 77 78 63 70 71 74 76 78
Evaluation of Raw Data for Cost

Statistical Computation

32
 Analysis of Variance: pH Level
REPLICATION TREATMENT

1 12 2 22 3 32

1 7.08 50.13 7.24 52.41 7.39 54.61

2 7.10 52.41 7.27 52.85 7.40 54.76

3 7.12 50.69 7.22 52.12 7.37 54.32

TOTAL 21.3 153.23 21.73 157.38 22.16 163.69

MEAN 7.1 7.24 7.39

K= 3 G = 65.19

n=3 ∑x2 = 474.3

N=9

33
 (∑ x )2
SS = ∑x2 -
n

Treatment 1

(21.3)2
SS = 153.23 - =2
3

Treatment 2

(21.73)2
SS = 157.38 - = -0.0276
3

Treatment 3

(22.16)2
SS = 163.69 - = 0.0015
3

SOURCE OF SS df MS F F-critical
VARIATION
Between 0.1332 2 0.07 0.21 5.14
Within 1.9739 6 0.33
TOTAL 2.1071 8

2 G2 65.192
SStotal = ∑x - = 474.3 - = 2.1071
N 9

SSwithin = ∑SS = 2 + (-0.0276) + 0.0015 = 1.9739

SSbetween = SStotal - SSwithin = 2.1071 – 1.9739 = 0.1332

dftotal = N – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8

dfwithin = N – K = 9 – 3 = 6

dfbetween = k – 1 = 3 – 1 = 2

34
 SS within 1.9739
MSwithin = = = 0.33
df within 6

SS between 0.1332
MSbetween = = = 0.07
df between 2

MS between 0.07
F= = = 0.21
MS within 0.33

F-critical = 5.14

REPLICATION TREATMENT

1 12 2 22 3 32

1 220 48400 180 32400 140 19600

2 210 44100 180 32400 120 14400

3 230 52900 170 28900 130 16.900

TOTAL 660 145400 530 93700 390 50900

MEAN 220 167.76 130

Analysis of Variance: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

K= 3 G = 1580

n=3 ∑x2 = 290000

N=9

(∑ x )2
SS = ∑x2 -
n

Treatment 1

35
 (660)2
SS = 145400 - = 200
3

Treatment 2

(530)2
SS = 93700 - = 66.6667
3

Treatment 3

(390)2
SS = 50900 - = 200
3

SOURCE OF SS df MS F F-critical
VARIATION
Between 12155.55 2 6077.78 0.0122 5.14
Within 466.67 6 74.41
TOTAL 12662.22 8

G2 15802
SStotal = ∑x2 - = 290000 - = 12662.22
N 9

SSwithin = ∑SS = 200 + 66.67 + 200 = 466.67

SSbetween = SStotal - SSwithin = 12662.22 – 466.67 = 12155.55

dftotal = N – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8

dfwithin = N – K = 9 – 3 = 6

dfbetween = k – 1 = 3 – 1 = 2

SS within 446.47
MSwithin = = = 74.41
df within 6

36
 SS between 12155.55
MSbetween = = = 6077.78
df between 2

MS between 6077.78
F= = = 0.0122
MS within 74.41

F-critical = 5.14

Analysis of Variance: Turbidity

REPLICATION TREATMENT

1 12 2 22 3 32

1 1.37 1.88 1.17 1.37 0.92 0.85

2 1.40 1.96 1.23 1.51 0.94 0.88

3 1.43 2.04 1.24 1.54 0.98 0.96

TOTAL 4.2 5.88 3.64 4.42 2.84 2.69

MEAN 1.40 1.21 0.95

K= 3 G = 10.68

n=3 ∑x2 = 12.99

N=9

(∑ x )2
SS = ∑x2 -
n

Treatment 1

37
 (4.2)2
SS = 5.88 - =0
3

Treatment 2

(3.64)2
SS = 4.42 - = 0.0035
3

Treatment 3

(2.84)2
SS = 2.69 - = 0.0015
3

SOURCE OF SS df MS F F-critical
VARIATION
Between 0.3114 2 0.1557 194.625 5.14
Within 0.005 6 0.0008
TOTAL 0.3164 8

G2 10.682
SStotal = ∑x2 - = 12.99 - = 0.3164
N 9

SSwithin = ∑SS = 0 + 0.0035 + 0.0015 = 0.005

SSbetween = SStotal - SSwithin = 0.3164 – 0.005 = 0.3114

dftotal = N – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8

dfwithin = N – K = 9 – 3 = 6

dfbetween = k – 1 = 3 – 1 = 2

SS within 0.005
MSwithin = = = 0.0008
df within 6

SS between 0.3114
MSbetween = = = 0.1557
df between 2

MS between 0.1557
F= = = 194.625
MS within 0.0008

38
F-critical = 5.14

Analysis of Variance: Cost

REPLICATION TREATMENT

1 12 2 22 3 32

1 3.3 10.89 3.15 9.92 3.7 13.69

2 3.85 14.82 3.5 12.25 3.8 14.44

3 3.9 15.21 3.55 12.60 3.9 15.21

TOTAL 11.05 40.92 10.2 34.77 11.4 43.34

MEAN 3.68 3.4 3.8

K= 3 G = 32.65

n=3 ∑x2 = 119.03

N=9

(∑ x )2
SS = ∑x2 -
n

Treatment 1

39
 (11.05)2
SS = 40.92 - = 0.2192
3

Treatment 2

(10.2)2
SS = 34.77 - = 0.09
3

Treatment 3

(11.4 )2
SS = 43.34 - = 0.02
3

SOURCE OF SS df MS F F-critical
VARIATION
Between 0.254 2 0.217 2.3154 5.14
Within 0.3291 6 0.05485
TOTAL 0.5831 8
G2 32.652
SStotal = ∑x2 - = 119.03 - = 0.5831
N 9

SSwithin = ∑SS = 0.2192 + 0.09 + 0.02 = 0.3291

SSbetween = SStotal - SSwithin = 0.5831 – 0.3291 = 0.254

dftotal = N – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8

dfwithin = N – K = 9 – 3 = 6

dfbetween = k – 1 = 3 – 1 = 2

SS within 0.3291
MSwithin = = = 0.05485
df within 6

SS between 0.254
MSbetween = = = 0.217
df between 2

MS between 0.2.17
F= = = 2.3154
MS within 0.05485

40
F-critical = 5.14

T-TEST COMPUTATION: pH Level

CONTROL VS. EXPERIMENTAL

REPLICATION
Control Control2 Experimental Experimantal2
1 7.5 56.25 7.39 54.6121
2 7.5 56.25 7.40 54.76
3 7.5 56.25 7.37 54.3169
TOTAL 22.5 169.25 22.16 163.69
MEAN 7.5 7.3867

2 ∑ x21
s =
1 - M 21
N1

169.25
s21 = - 7.52 = 56.25 – 56.25 = 0
3

2 ∑ x22
s =
2 - M 22
N2

163.689
s22 = - 7.392 = 54.563 – 54.5628 = 0.0002
3

STANDARD ERROR OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS

41
 N 1 S 21 + N 2 S 22 N 1+ N 2
SM 1 - M 2=
√ N 1 + N 2−2
×
N1 N2

SM 1 - M 2= 3 0 +3 (0.0002) × 3+3
√
( )
3+3−2 (3)(3)

SM 1 - M 2= 0+0.0002 × 6
√ 4 9

SM 1 - M 2= 0.0006 ×0.67
√ 4

SM 1 - M 2=√ (0.00015)(0.67)

SM 1 - M 2= √ 0.0001005

SM 1 - M 2= 0.0100

T-statistics

M 1−M 2
Tcal =
SM 1−M 2

7.5−7.39
Tcal ¿
0.0100

0.11
Tcal =
0.0058

Tcal = 11

df = N 1 + N 2−2 = 3 + 3 – 2 = 4

α = .05

Ttab = 2.132

42
 T-TEST COMPUTATION: Total Dissolved Solids

CONTROL VS. EXPERIMENTAL

REPLICATION
Control Control2 Experimental Experimantal2
1 300 90000 140 19600
2 300 90000 120 14400
3 300 90000 130 16.900
TOTAL 900 270000 390 50900
MEAN 300 130

∑ x21
s21 = - M 21
N1

270000
s21 = - 3002 = 90000 – 90000 = 0
3

2 ∑ x22
s =
2 - M 22
N2

50,900
s22 = - 1302 = 16966.67 – 169000 = 66.67
3

STANDARD ERROR OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS

N 1 S 21 + N 2 S 22 N 1+ N 2
SM 1 - M 2=
√ N 1 + N 2−2
×
N1 N2

SM 1 - M 2= 3 0 +3 (66.67) × 3+3
( )
√
3+3−2 (3)(3)

43
SM 1 - M 2= 0+69.67 × 6
√4 9

SM 1 - M 2= 69.67 ×0.67
√4

SM 1 - M 2=√ (17.4175)(0.67)

SM 1 - M 2= √ 11.669725

SM 1 - M 2= 3.4161

T-statistics

M 1−M 2
Tcal =
SM 1−M 2

300−130
Tcal ¿
3.4161

170
Tcal =
3.4161

Tcal = 49.76

df = N 1 + N 2−2 = 3 + 3 – 2 = 4

α = .05

Ttab = 2.132

T-TEST COMPUTATION: Turbidity

44
 CONTROL VS. EXPERIMENTAL

REPLICATION
Control Control2 Experimental Experimantal2
1 0.92 0.8464 0.92 0.8464
2 0.92 0.8464 0.94 0.8836
3 0.92 0.8464 0.88 0.7744
TOTAL 2.7 2.5392 2.84 2.5044
MEAN 0.92 0.9133

2 ∑ x21
s =
1 - M 21
N1

2.5392
s21 = - 0.922 = 0.8464 – 0.8464 = 0
3

2 ∑ x22
s =
2 - M 22
N2

2.6904
s22 = - 0.94672 = 0.8348 – 0.8342 = 0.0006
3

STANDARD ERROR OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS

N 1 S 21 + N 2 S 22 N 1+ N 2
SM 1 - M 2=
√ N 1 + N 2−2
×
N1 N2

SM 1 - M 2= 3 0 +3 (0.0006) × 3+ 3
√
( )
3+3−2 (3)(3)

SM 1 - M 2= 0+(0.0018) × 6
√ 4 9

SM 1 - M 2= 0.0014 × 0.67
√4

SM 1 - M 2=√ (0.00045)(0.67)

SM 1 - M 2= √ 0.0003015

45
SM 1 - M 2= 0.0174

T-statistics

M 1−M 2
Tcal =
SM 1−M 2

0.92−0.91
Tcal ¿
0.0174

0.01
Tcal =
0.0174

Tcal = 0.57

df = N 1 + N 2−2 = 3 + 3 – 2 = 4

α = .05

Ttab = 2.132

T-TEST COMPUTATION: Cost

CONTROL VS. EXPERIMENTAL

REPLICATION
Control Control2 Experimental Experimantal2
1 4.02 16.1604 3.7 13.69
2 4.02 16.1604 3.8 14.44
3 4.02 16.1604 3.9 15.21

46
 TOTAL 12.06 48.4812 11.4 43.34
MEAN 4.02 3.8

2 ∑ x21
s =
1 - M 21
N1

48.4812
s21 = - 4.022 = 16.1604 – 16.1604 = 0
3

∑ x22
s22 = - M 22
N2

43.34
s22 = - 3.82 = 14.4467 – 14.44 = 0.0067
3

STANDARD ERROR OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS

N 1 S 21 + N 2 S 22 N 1+ N 2
SM 1 - M 2=
√ N 1 + N 2−2
×
N1 N2

SM 1 - M 2= 3 0 +3 (0.0067) × 3+ 3
( )
√3+3−2 (3)(3)

SM 1 - M 2= 0+(0.0201) × 6
√
4 9

SM 1 - M 2= 0.0201 ×0.67
√
4

SM 1 - M 2=√ (0.005025)(0.67)

SM 1 - M 2= √ 0.00336675

SM 1 - M 2= 0.0580

T-statistics

M 1−M 2
Tcal =
SM 1−M 2

47
 12.06−11.4
Tcal ¿
0.0580

0.66
Tcal =
0.0580

Tcal = 11.38

df = N 1 + N 2−2 = 3 + 3 – 2 = 4

α = .05

Ttab = 2.132

SCHEFFE’S TEST: Turbidity

(T1 vs. T2, T2 vs. T3, T1 vs. T3)

T1vsT2 T2vsT3 T1vsT3

2 2 2
( x́ 1−x́ 2 ) ( x́ 1−x́ 2 ) ( x́ 1−x́ 2 )
F '= F '= F '=
MSSw ( n1 + n2 ) MSSw ( n1 + n2 ) MSSw ( n1 + n2 )
( n1 ) ( n2 ) ( n1 ) ( n2 ) ( n1 ) ( n2 )

( 0.92−0.94 )2 ( 0.94−0.88 )2 ( 0.92−0.88 )2

¿ ¿ ¿
0.0008( 3+3) 0.0008(3+3) 0.0008( 3+3)
( 3 )( 3 ) ( 3 )( 3 ) ( 3 )( 3 )

(−0.02 )2 ( 0.06 )2 ( 0.04 )2

¿ ¿ ¿
(0.0008)( 6) (0.0008)( 6) (0.0008)( 6)
9 9 9

0.0004 480.0036 0.0016

¿ ¿ ¿
0.0048 0.0048 0.0048
9 9 9

0.0004 0.06 0.0016

¿ ¿ ¿
 1 1
√
¿ ( k−1)(F)(MSW )( + ¿ ) ¿
n n
0.02 < 0.45
T1 vs T2 = 0.94 - 0.92 = 0.02

¿ √(3−1)(194.625)(0.0008)(0.66) T2 vs T3 = 0.94 – 0.88 = 0.06

0.06< 0.45

√ 0.205524 T1 vs T3 = 0.92 – 0.88 = 0.04 0.04 >

0.45

=0.45

TREATMENT COMPUTED CRITICAL INTERPRETATION

VALUE VALUE
(F-CRITICAL)
(K-1)

49
 T1 vs. T2 0.75000000469 10.28 Not Significant
T2 vs. T3 112.500000703 10.28 Significant
T1 vs. T3 3.00000001875 10.28 Not Significant

Evaluation Sheet

Name of Respondent: Date:

Age: Occupation:

Sex: Signature

Address:

EVALUATION OF TREATMENTS
Parameters Control Variable Product of Research

50
 Treatment 0 Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

a. Cost

Rating Scale
Rating Description

5 Least Expensive

4 Less Expensive

3 Moderately Expensive

2 More Expensive

1 Extremely Expensive

Appendix B Plates

51
Plate 1 Gathering of Mahogany Fruit shell and tap water

52
Plate 2 Carbonization of Mahogany Fruit Shell

53
Plate 3 Preparation of materials for alkalizing process

54
Plate 4 Alkalizing the water samples

55
Plate 5 Alkalized water that is subjected in chemical analysis to test the pH Level,
Total Dissolved Solids and Turbidity

56
 Appendix C Budgetary Requirements

DESCRIPTION QUANTITY PRICE

1. Mahogany Fruit shell ----- FREE

2. Printing 7 pcs 500.00

3. Sliding folder 7 pcs 50.00

4. Chemical Analysis 3 samples 500.00

TOTAL 1050.00

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 Appendix D Gant Chart

ACTIVITY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

Thesis Writing

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Review of
Related Literature

Chapter 3:

Research Design

Proposal Defense

Re-formulating of
Chapters I to III
Writing of Chapter IV
(Results and Discussion)

Writing of Chapter V
(Summary, Conclusion
and Recommendations

Checking of Chapters I to
V
Pre-Final Defense

Final Defense

Finalization of the Paper

Bookbinding

Submission of Book bind

Thesis

Appendix E CURRICULUM VITAE

I-Personal Information

58
1.1 Name: Ralph Christian M. Narvas
1.2 Age: 15
1.3 Occupation: Student
1.4 Birthday: September 8, 2005
1.5 Address: Sagud Bahley San Fabian Pangasinan
1.6 Birthplace: Sagud Bahley, San Fabian, Pangsinan
1.7 Contact No.: 09469788936
1.8 Parents
Father: Buddy R. Narvas

Mother: Shammy M. Narvas

1.9 Hobbies

Playing Games
Studying

II-Educational Background

2.1 Elementary Education (ECES San Fabian Pangasinan)

Elementary Graduate 2015-2016

2.2 Secondary Education (San Fabian National High School)

Junior High School Graduate 2020-2021

III. Seminar Attended

3.1 Journalism

59