Group 1

Bases of Correctional Administration

Correctional administration

-is the organization and management of the delivery system that brings the basic
necessities and treatment programs of the correctional institutions or agencies to the
correctional client (Vernon Fox).

Correctional Management

- is concerned primarily with making use of available manpower and resources to

implement programs.

PENAL MANAGEMENT

-refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of

confinement as jails or prisons.

Models of Correction Administration

1. RESPONSIBILITY MODEL

- Stresses prisoners’ responsible for their own actions, not administrative control
to assure prescribed behavior.

2. CUSTODIAL MODEL

- This model is based on the assumption that prisoners have been incarcerated
for the protection of society and for the purpose of incapacitation, deterrence and
retribution.
3. CONTROL MODEL

- emphasizes on prisoner obedience, work and education.

4. REHABILITATION MODEL

- In this model, security and housekeeping for rehabilitative efforts. Professional

treatment specialist enjoys a higher status that other employees, in accordance with the
idea that all aspect of prison management should be directed towards rehabilitation.

5. REINTEGRATION MODEL

- Is linked to structures and goals of community correction but has direct impact
on prison operations.

Although an offender is confined in prison, that experience is pointed toward

reintegration into society.

This kind of treatment gradually give inmates greater freedom and responsibility
during their confinement and move them into halfway house, work release programs, or
community correctional center before releasing them to supervision.

Resumption of normal life.

6. TOTAL INSTITUTION MODEL

- Is one that completely encapsulates the lives of the people who work and live
inside the jail or prison.

A prison must me such an institution in the sense that whatever prisoners do or

do not do begins and ends there; every minute behind bars must be lived in accordance
with the rules as enforced by the staff.

Prisoners must have limited contact with the outside world and the small group of
staff members who supervise the inmates and yet are socially integrated with the
outside world they live in.-( Clear and Cole, 1986).
7. PENITENTIARY MODEL

- Applies two systems namely, SEPARATE and CONGREGATE.

 SEPARATE SYSTEM
- used solitary confinement and manual labor in which the
prisoners were kept separate from one another.

 CONGREGATE SYSTEM
-is one in which the prisoners slept in solitary cells, worked together but
complete silence is observed.
Group 2

Nature of punishment
Punishment

-It is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of society that
usually involves pain and suffering.

-It is also the penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.

FORMS OF PUNISHMENT: ANCIENT TO CONTEMPORARY

Capital punishments

- is death by means of burning at stake, beheading, broken on the wheel,

garroting (strangulation by a tightened iron collar), and other forms of medieval
executions.

Broken on the wheel

- was a torture method used for public execution by breaking the bones of

a criminal.
Burning at stake

- Death by burning an execution method involving combustion or exposure

to extreme heat. It has a long history as a form of capital punishment, and many
societies have employed it for criminal activities such
as treason, heresy and witchcraft.

The best-known execution of this type is burning at the stake, where the
condemned is bound to a large wooden stake and a fire lit beneath them.

Garroting

- killing by strangulation tightened by iron collar or a length of wire or cord

 Hanging

- Execution by strangling or breaking the neck by a suspended noose. The

traditional method, still in use on the continent of Europe, involves suspending the victim
from a gallows or crossbeam until he has died of asphyxiation.

Stoning

-is a method of
capital punishment where a group throws
stones at a person until the subject dies from
blunt trauma.

Corporal punishment

Are those physical tortures by means of mutilation,

whipping or flogging, stocks, branding.
 Mutilation

-was another type of corporal punishment by cutting off or causing injury to

a body part of a person so that the part of the body is permanently damaged, detached or
disfigured.

Flogging/whipping

-or lashing is the act of beating the human

body with special implements such as whips, lashes, rods,
switches, the cat o' nine tails

Human branding 

- is the process by which a mark, usually a

symbol or ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of
a living person, with the intention that the resulting scar
makes it permanent.

Public humiliation

-Is the social degradation, in the form of putting the offender into shame or
humiliation.

Stocks
 - held a prisoner in a sitting position with feet and heads locked in a frame.

Pillory

- A prisoner in a standing position with the head and hands locked in

place. Both devices exposed the prisoner to public scorn. And while confined in
place, prisoners were frequently pelted with eggs and rotten fruit. In England they
abolished the pillory during 1834.

Banishment or exile

-is the sending or putting away of an offender

which was carried out either by prohibition against
coming has been removed.
 Transportation and Slavery

- Into a specified territory such as an Island

to where the offender is the other similar forms of
punishment like transportation & slavery.

Trial by Ordeal

- As the form of proving the guilt or innocent they will use the trials by ordeal it is
the way to determine by subjecting the accused to dangerous or painful test in the belief
that the innocent would emerge unscathed, whereas the guilt would suffer agonies and
die.

Kinds of Trial by Ordeal

1. Ordeal by hot iron

-the accused will hold a piece of heated
iron. If the wound healed cleanly he was
innocent.

2. Ordeal by water
 -the accused was thrown into a pit or pool of water. If he sank he was
innocent, if he floated he was guilty.

3. Trial by combat
- also wager of battle, trial by battle or
judicial duel) was a method of Germanic law
to settle accusations in the absence of
witnesses or a confession in which two parties
in dispute fought in single combat; the winner
of the fight was proclaimed to be right.

4. Boiling oil
- There are two main alternatives of this trial.
In one version, the accused parties are ordered to
retrieve an item from a container of boiling oil, with
those who refuse the task being found guilty.
GROUP 3
Justifications of Punishment

1. Retribution – during the primitive days, punishment of the transgressor was

carried out in the form of personal vengeance.

2. Expiation or Atonement –An offense committed by a member against another

member of the same clan or group aroused the condemnation of the whole group
against the offending member.

i. -The group would therefore demand that the offender be punished.

ii. -Expiation is therefore, group vengeance as distinguish from
retribution which is personal vengeance
3. Deterrence – It is commonly believed that punishment gives a lesson to the
offender; that it shows other what would happen if they violate the law; and that
punishment holds crime in check.

4. Protection – Protection as a justification of punishment came after prisons, were

fully established. People believe that by putting the offender in prison, society is
protected from his further criminal depredation.

- Vicious and dangerous criminals are made to serve long terms of

imprisonment to protect the public from harm or against their
dangerous behavior.
5. Reformation – Under this theory, society can best be protected from crime if the
purpose of imprisonment is to reform or rehabilitate the prisoner.

Juridical Conditions of Punishment

1. Productive of Suffering – without however affecting the integrity of the

human personality
2. Commensurate with the offense – different crimes must be punished with
different penalties (Art. 25 , PRC)
3. Personal – the guilty one must be the one to be punished, no proxy.
4. Legal – the consequence must be in accordance with the law.
5. Equal – equal for all persons.
 6. Certain – no one must escape its effects.
7. Correctional – changes the attitude of the offenders and become law-
abiding citizens.

CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT

Incapacitation

Incapacitation seeks to prevent future crime by physically moving criminals away

from society.

Deterrence

The goal of deterrence is to persuade citizens and possible offenders or re-

offenders to conform to the rules of law.

1.) Specific deterrence analyzes how effective punishment is on an individual’s

future behavior.

2.) General deterrence seeks to understand how individual punishment can

deter others from committing crimes.

Retribution

As one of the oldest forms of punishment, retribution prevents crime by giving

victims or society a certain sense of satisfaction that a defendant has been punished
appropriately, reinforcing the belief that the criminal justice system is working effectively.
Modern examples of retribution include the widespread practices of imposing fines, as
well as enforcing mandatory sentencing policies for certain offenses under the law. As
an effective punishment, retribution has been criticized as being overly rigid and limited
in its capacity to change societal behavior. However, it remains popular.

Rehabilitation

A common prison policy in America up until the 1970s, rehabilitation focuses on

helping criminals and prisoners overcome the barriers that led them to committing
criminal acts. This includes developing occupational skills, as well as resolving
psychological issues such as drug addiction and aggression. Considered the opposite
of retribution, the ultimate purpose of rehabilitation is to transition offenders back into
society.

Restoration
 A radically different approach to criminal punishment, the goal of restoration is for
the offender to make direct amends to both the victim and the community in which the
crime was committed.

During the process of restoration, victims initiate a process in which both they
and the offender meet to share feelings and concerns. The dialogue offers victims the
opportunity to be heard and the offender to make amends and receive forgiveness.
Restorative justice is often used in crimes involving youth offenders.