NON ASBISTOS ORGANIC COMPOSITS ON

FRICTION MATERIAL FOR FRICTION

MATERIAL

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
ARCHIT GOYAL 1404061007
AMIT BHANDARI 1404061008
SAGAR NEGI 1404061015
HAIDER HASAN 1404061051
PRADYUMN DHAMI 1404061045

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BTECH

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHCNAIL ENGINEERING

DEHRADUN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEHRADUN
 DIT UNIVERSITY
DEHRADUN

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “……….TITLE OF THE PROJECT……………..”

is the bonafide work of “ARCHIT GOYAL, SAGAR NEGI , HAIDER HASAN,AMIT

BHANDARI, PRADYUMN DHAMI” who carried out the

project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

PROF. Umesh Wazir Mr. R Rajan

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT GUIDE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel much honored in presenting this dissertation report in such an authenticable

form of sheer endurance and continual efforts of inspiring excellence from various

coordinating factor of cooperation and sincere efforts drawn from all sources of knowledge. I

express my sincere gratitude to Mr. R Rajan , PROF. Umesh Wazir , MECHANICAL

EENGINEERING, DEHRADUN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.

I wish to express my profound gratitude to PROF. UMESH WAZIR, MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING, DEHRADUN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, for his support and

providing all the facilities, which would have made it possible for me to complete the

dissertation report. The cooperation he gave is greatly appreciated.

I extend my thanks to all classmates who have given their full cooperation and

valuable suggestion for my dissertation report work.

Place: DEHRADUN NAME-

ARCHIT GOYAL
AMIT BHANDARI
SAGAR NEGI
HAIDER HASAN
PRADYUMN DHAMI
 ABSTRACT
A composite material is a combination of two or more different materials, it gives superior

quality than its constituents. Composite materials can be used not only for structural

applications, but also in various other applications such as automobiles, aerospace, marine,

etc. Fibre reinforced plastic materials are widely used in various engineering industries

because of their superior performance and tailor made properties. Though FRPs are widely

used in various fields, they are flammable. This research work is sponsored by Naval

Research Board (NRB) to develop flame retardant fibre reinforced polyester composite with

nil or reduced smoke generation on ignition for roofing application. To meet the requirement

of NRB, the Phase I work is aimed to develop FRP composite using the general purpose

polyester resin and chopped glass fibre mat with different FRs to optimize the compositions

by studying their curing, mechanical and flammability properties. With this optimized

composition, the Phase II work is aimed at utilizing marine grade polyester resin and E- glass

fiber mat with suitable FR additive combination + halogenated and non halogenated FRs like

Alumina Trihydrate (ATH), Deccabromodiphenylether DeBDE, Antimony Trioxide,

Melamine Cyanurate (MC) and their combinations for naval application in such a way to get

flame retardant FRP with V0 rating that will generate non toxic vapours. And also it is aimed

to achieve better curing, thermal and flammability properties compared to the current grade

FR resin available in the market.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................7

1.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................7
1.1.1 NATURE AND MAN MADE COMPOSTS...............................................7

CHAPTER 2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................14.

1.3 AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING……………….

CIVIL ENGINEERING
OTHER APPLICATION

CHAPTER 3 FAILURE N COMPOSITS...........................................................................19)

3.1 FAILURE THEORY...................................................................................)

MATERIAL FAILURE
MICROSCOPIC FAILURE
MACROSCOPIC FALURE

METHODOLOGY 23

GANTT CHART
25
REFERENCES 26

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1.1 Typical mechanical properties of natural fibres and natural 9

1.2 Typical mechanical properties of natural fibres and natural 14
composites
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

 NATURAL AND MAN-MADE COMPOSITES

 
            A composite is a material that is formed by combining two or more materials to

achieve some superior properties. Almost all the materials which we see around us are

composites. Some of them like woods, bones, stones, etc. are natural composites, as they are

either grown in nature or developed by natural processes. Wood is a fibrous material

consisting of thread-like hollow elongated organic cellulose that normally constitutes about

60-70% of wood of which approximately 30-40% is crystalline, insoluble in water, and the

rest is amorphous and soluble in water. Cellulose fibres are flexible but possess high strength.

The more closely packed cellulose provides higher density and higher strength.  The walls of

these hollow elongated cells are the primary load-bearing components of trees and plants.

When the trees and plants are live, the load acting on a particular portion (e.g., a branch)

directly influences the growth of cellulose in the cell walls located there and thereby

reinforces that part of the branch, which experiences more forces. This self-strengthening

mechanism is something unique that can also be observed in the case of live bones. Bones

contain short and soft collagen fibres i.e., inorganic calcium carbonate fibres dispersed in a

mineral matrix called apatite. The fibres usually grow and get oriented in the direction of

load. Human and animal skeletons are the basic structural frameworks that support various

types of static and dynamic loads. Tooth is a special type of bone consisting of a flexible core

and the hard enamel surface. The compressive strength of tooth varies through the thickness.

The outer enamel is the strongest with ultimate compressive strength as high as 700MPa.
Tooth seems to have piezoelectric properties i.e., reinforcing cells are formed with the

application of pressure. The most remarkable features of woods and bones are that the low

density, strong and stiff fibres are embedded in a low density matrix resulting in a strong, stiff

and lightweight composite (Table 1.1). It is therefore no wonder that early development of

aero-planes should make use of woods as one of the primary structural materials, and about

two hundred million years ago, huge flying amphibians, pterendons and pterosaurs, with

wing spans of 8-15 m , could soar from the mountains like the present�day hang-gliders.

Woods and bones in many respect, may be considered to be predecessors to modern man-

made composites.

            Early men used rocks, woods and bones effectively in their struggle for existence

against natural and various kinds of other forces. The primitive people utilized these materials

to make weapons, tools and many utility-articles and also to build shelters. In the early stages

they mainly utilized these materials in their original form. They gradually learnt to use them

in a more efficient way by cutting and shaping them to more useful forms. Later on they

utilized several other materials such as vegetable fibres, shells, clays as well as horns, teeth,

skins and sinews of animals.  

Table 1.1 Typical mechanical properties of natural fibres and natural composites

Materials                      Density                         Tensile modulus      Tensile strength

                                     Kg/m3                                          GPa                              MPa

Fibres

Cotton                             1540                                  1.1                               400

Flax                                 1550                                  1                                  780

Jute                                 850                                  35                                  600        

Coir                                1150                                  4                                  200        

Pineapple leaf                1440                                 65                               1200

Sisal                                810                                  46                                  700

Banana                            1350                                15                                  650

Asbestos                         3200                              186                                5860

Composites

Bone                               1870                                28                                  140

Ivory                               1850                               17.5                                220

Balsa                               130                                   3.5                                  24

Spruce                            470                                  11                                    90

Birch                               650                                  16.5                               137

Oak                                690                                  13                                    90

Bamboo                          900                                  20.6                               193

       Woods, stones and clays formed the primary structural materials for building shelters.

Natural fibres like straws from grass plants and fibrous leaves were used as roofing materials.

Stone axes, daggers, spears with wooden handles, wooden bows, fishing nets woven with

vegetable fibers, jewelleries and decorative articles made out of horns, bones, teeth,

semiprecious stones, minerals, etc. were but a few examples that illustrate how mankind, in

early days, made use of those materials. The limitations experienced in using these materials

led to search for better materials to obtain a more efficient material with better properties.

This, in turn, laid the foundation for development of man-made composite materials.
            The most striking example of an early man-made composite is the straw-reinforced

clay which molded the civilization since prehistoric times. Egyptians, several hundred years

B.C., were known to reinforce the clay like deposits of the Nile Valley with grass plant fibres

to make sun baked mud bricks that were used in making temple walls, tombs and houses. The

watchtowers of the far western Great Wall of China were supposed to have been built with

straw-reinforced bricks during the Han Dynasty (about 200 years B.C.). The natural fibre

reinforced clay, even to-day continues to be one of the primary housing materials in the rural

sectors of many third world countries.

         The other classic examples are the laminated wood furniture used by early Egyptians

(1500 B.C.), in which high quality wood veneers are bonded to the surfaces of cheaper

woods. The origin of paper which made use of plant fibres can be traced back to China (108

A.D.). The bows used by the warriors under the Mongolian Chief Djingiz Chan (1200 A.D.)

were believed to be made with the adhesive bonded laminated composite consisting of

buffalo or anti-lope horns, wood, silk and ox-neck tendons. These laminated composite bows

could deliver arrows with an effective shoot in range of about 740 m.

            Potteries and hydraulic cement mortars are some of the earliest examples of ceramic

composites. The cloissone ware of ancient China is also a striking example of wire reinforced

ceramics. Fine metallic wires were first shaped into attractive designs which were then

covered with colored clays and baked. In subsequent years, fine metallic wires of various

types were cast with different metal and ceramic matrices and were utilized in diverse

applications. Several other matrix materials such as natural gums and resins, rubbers,

bitumen, shellac, etc. were also popular. Naturally occurring fibres such as those from plants

(cotton, flux, hemp, etc.), animals (wool, fur and silk) and minerals (asbestos) were in much

demand. The high value textiles woven with fine gold and silver threads received the

patronage from the royalty and the rich all over the world. The intricate, artful gold thread
embroidery reached its zenith during the Mughal period in the Indian subcontinent. The glass

fibres were manufactured more than 2000 years ago in Rome and Mesopotamia and were

abundantly used in decoration of flower vases and glass wares in those days.

            The twentieth century has noticed the birth and proliferation of a whole gamut of new

materials that have further consolidated the foundation of modern composites. Numerous

synthetic resins, metallic alloys and ceramic matrices with superior physical, thermal and

mechanical properties have been developed. Fibres of very small diameter (<10�m) have

been drawn from almost all materials. They are much stronger and stiffer than the same

material in bulk form. The strength and stiffness properties have been found to increase

dramatically, when whiskers (i.e., single crystal fibers) are grown from some of these

materials. Figure1.1 illustrates the specific tensile strength and the specific tensile modulus

properties are obtained by dividing the strength (M Pa) and modulus     (G Pa) by either the

density (kg m-3) or the specific gravity of the material. Because of the

superior mechanical properties of fibers, the use of fibers as reinforcements started gaining

momentum during the twentieth century. The aerospace industries took the lead in using fiber

reinforced laminated plastics to replace several metallic parts. The fibres like glass, carbon,

boron and Kevlar, and plastics such as phenolics, epoxies and polyesters caught the

imagination of composite designers. One major advantage of using fibre reinforced plastics

(FRP) instead of metals is that they invariably lead to a weight efficient design in view of

their higher specific modulus and strength properties (Table 1.2).

            Composites, due to their heterogeneous composition, provide unlimited possibilities

of deriving any characteristic material behavior. This unique flexibility in design tailoring

plus other attributes like ease of manufacturing, especially molding to any shape with

polymer composites, repairability, corrosion resistance, durability, adaptability, cost

effectiveness, etc. have attracted the attention of many users in several engineering and other
disciplines. Every industry is now vying with each other to make the best use of composites.

One can now notice the application of composites in many disciplines starting from sports

goods to space vehicles. This worldwide interest during the last four decades has led to the

prolific advancement in the field of composite materials and structures. Several high

performance polymers have now been developed. Substantial progress has been made in the

development of stronger and stiffer fibres, metal and ceramic matrix composites,

manufacturing and machining processes, quality control and nondestructive evaluation

techniques, test methods as well as design and analysis methodology. The modern man-made

composites have now firmly established as the future material and are destined to dominate

the material scenario right through the twenty-first century.

                                                                                                
 Table 1.2 Comparative mechanical properties of some man-made structural
                 composites and metallic alloys
 
 
 Materials  Specific   Tensile     Tensile        Compressive      Specific    Specific      
Specific                              
                 gravity    modulus   strength       strength               tensile       tensile      
compressive
                                                                                         modulus     strength       
strength                             
                      S          E              Xt              Xc                        E/S            Xt/S              Xc/S
                                     G Pa     M Pa         M Pa              G Pa          M Pa              M Pa
 
 
                       
                                                                                                                                          
                                         
 
Unidirectional Fibre Reinforced Plastics
GFRP              2.0          40           1650             1400             20.00         825.0         700.0
CFRP              1.6          140         1450             1050             87.50         906.3         656.3  
KFRP              1.5          90           1650             300               60.00         1100.0       200.0
 
Metals
Steel                 7.8          206         400-2500      400-2500      26.40         50-320       50-320
Ti alloy             4.5          103         360-1400      360-1400      22.90         80-310       80-310
Al alloy             2.8          69           55-700          55-700          24.60         20-250       20-250
Mg alloy           1.8          47           150-300        150-300        25.00         83-166       83-166
Beryllium          1.8          303         400               400               168-33       222            222
 CHAPTER-2
APPLICATION

2.1 Automotive Engineering

            Feasibility studies were carried out, since early seventies, to explore the possibilities

of using composites in the exterior body panels, frameworks/chassis, bumpers, drive shafts,

suspension systems, wheels, steering wheel columns and instrument panels of automotive

vehicles. Ford Motor Co. experimented with the design and development of a composite rear

floor pan for an Escort model using three different composites: a vinyl-ester-based SMC and

XMC and a glass fibre reinforced prolypropylene sheet material. Analytical studies, static and

dynamic tests, durability tests and noise tests demonstrated the feasibility of design and

development of a highly curved composite automotive part. A composite GM heavy truck

frame, developed by the Convair Division of General Dynamics in 1979, using graphite and

Kevlar fibres (2:1 by parts) and epoxy resin (32% by wt) not only performed satisfactorily

but reduce the weight by 62% in comparison to steel for the same strength and stiffness. The

hybrid glass/carbon fibre composite drive shafts, introduced around 1982 in Mazdas,

provided more weight savings, lower maintenance cost, reduced level of noise and vibration

and higher efficiency compared to their metal counterparts. The more recent pickup truck

GMT-400 (1988 model) carries a composite driveshaft that is pultruded around a 0.2cm thick

and 10cm diameter aluminium tube. The composite driver shaft is 60% lighter than the

original steel shaft and possesses superior dampening and torsional properties. Chevrolet
Corvette models carry filament wound composite leaf springs (monoleaf) in both rear

suspension (1081) and front suspension (1984). These springs were later introduced during

1985 on the GM Chevrolet Astro van and Safari van. Fibre glass reinforced polypropylene

bumper beams were introduced on Chevrolet Corvette Ford and GM passenger cars (1987

models). Other important applications of composites were the rear axle for Volkswagen

Auto-2000, Filament wound steering wheels for Audi models and composite wheels of

Pontiac sports cars. Composites are recognized as the most appropriate materials for the

corrosion resistant, lightweight, fast and fuel efficient modern automobiles, for which

aerodynamics constitute the primary design considerations. All major automotive

components like space frames, exterior and interior body panels, instrument panel assemblies,

power plants, power trains, drive trains, brake and steering systems, etc. are now being

fabricated with a wide variety of composites that include polymer, metal and ceramic matrix

composites. The latter two composites will be of significance in heated engine components

and brake pads. The pistons and connecting rods of modern diesel and IC engines are

invariably made of composites with alumina fibres and aluminium or magnesium alloy

matrices. The Ford`s probe V concept car is a classical example of multiple applications of

composites in an automobile car. The present trend is to use composites even in the design of

large size tankers, trailers, delivery vans and passenger vehicles.

2.2 Civil Engineering

           The interest in the use of glass fibre reinforced polyesters in building structures started

as early as sixties. The beautiful GFRP dome structure in Benghajj was constructed in 1968.

The other inspiring example is the GFRP roof structure of Dubai Airport. This was built in

1972 and is comprised of clustered umbrella like hyperbolic paraboloids. Several GFRP shell

structures were erected during seventies. Another striking example is the dome complex at

Sharajah International Airport, which was constructed during early eighties. The primary

advantage of using composites in shell structure is that any complex shell shape, either

synclastic, anticlastic or combination of both, which is of architectural significance and

aesthetic value, can be easily fabricated. The composite folded plate system and skeletal

structures also became popular. The roof of Covent Garden Flower Market at Nine Elms,

London covering an area of 1ha is an interesting example which was based on a modular

construction. In this, pyramidal square modules were connected at their apices and bases to
two-way skeletal grids. The modular construction technique helps to build a large roof

structure which is normally encountered in the design of community halls, sports complexes,

marketing centres, swimming pools, factory sheds, etc. Several other applications, where

GFRP has been successfully used, include movable prefabricated houses, exterior wall

panels, partition walls, canopies, stair cases and ladders, water tanks, pipes and drainages and

led to its wide use in radomes and antenna towers. In one particular construction, the top 100

ft of a radar microwave link tower was built with GFRP and the guys were Kevlar fibres (also

radio transparent) to reduce unwanted disturbances in air traffic control radar signals.

Considering the future prospects of composites in civil structural application, ASCE

Structural Plastics Research Council, as early as seventies endeavoured to develop design

methods for structural plastics, both reinforced and unreinforced. However, the major

deterrent for the popularity of composites in civil engineering structures is the material cost.

But, in many applications, GFRP and KFRP may be cheaper considering the cumulative cost.

The low structural weight will have direct bearing in lowering the cost of supporting skeletal

structures and foundation. Moreover, ease of fabrication and erection, low handling and

transportation cost, less wear and corrosion, simpler maintenance and repairing procedures,

non-magnetic properties, integrity and durability as well as modular construction will

cumulatively reduce the cost in the long run. The Living Environment house, developed by

GE plastics in 1989, is an illustrative example of the multipurpose use of composites in a

building.

2.3 OTHER APPLICATIONS

            Strong, stiff and light composites are also very attractive materials for marine

applications. GFRPs are being used for the last 3-4 decades to build canoes, yatchs, speed

boats and other workboats. The hull of a modern racing yatch, New Zealand, is of sandwich

construction with CFRP faces. There is currently a growing interest to use composites, in a

much larger scale, in ship industries. A new cabin construction material that is being tried in

the Statendam-class ship building is a metallic honeycomb sandwich with resin-coated

facing, that may lead to substantial weight saving. The Ulstein water jet has a long moulded

inlet tract for better control of dimensional accuracy. The carbon/aluminium composite has

been used for struts and foils of hydrofoils, and the silicon carbide/aluminium composite has

been employed in pressure hulls and torpedo structures. The composites are also being

increasingly used in the railway transportation systems to build lighter bogeys and

compartments. The other important area of application of composites is concerned with

fabrication of energy related devices such as wind-mill rotor blades and flywheels.

            The light artificial limbs and external bracing systems made of CFRP provide the

required strength, stiffness and stability in addition to lightness. Carbon fibres are medically

biocompatible. Composites made with carbon fibres and biocompatible metals and polymers

have been found to be suitable for a number of applications in orthopaedics. A

carbon�carbon composite hip joint with an aluminium oxide head has performed

satisfactorily. Matrices such as polyethylene, polysulfone and polyaryletherketone reinforced

with carbon fibres are also being used to produce orthopaedic implants.

            Composites also have extensive uses in electrical and electronic systems. The

performance characteristics of CFRP antennas are excellent due to very low surface

distortion. Composite antenna dishes are much lighter compared to metallic dishes. Leadless

ceramic chip carriers are reinforced with Kevlar or Kevlar-glass coweave polyimides to

reduce the incidence of solder joint microcracking due to stresses induced by thermal
cycling.  The stress level is reduced by matching the low coefficient of thermal expansion of

ceramic chip carriers with that of tailored composites.

         Composites are, now-a-days, preferred to other materials in fabrication of several

important sports accessories. A light CFRP golf shaft gives the optimum flexural and

torsional strength and stiffness properties in terms of accuracy and the distance travelled by

the ball. All graphite and graphite hybrid composite archery bows and arrows enhance arrow

speed with a flattened trajectory and increased efficiency. The reduction in weight of a CFRP

bobsleigh permits ballast to be added in the nose of the sleigh and thereby improves the

aerodynamic characteristics due to the change in the position of the centre of gravity with

respect to the centre of aerodynamic pressure. There are several other interesting composite

leisure time items such as skis, tennis and badminton rackets, fishing rods, vaulting poles,

hockey sticks, surf boards, and the list is likely to be endless in the twenty-first century. The

day is not far when common utility goods will be made with composites
 CHAPTER-3
Failure in composites

Failure theory is the science of predicting the conditions under which solid

materials fail under the action of external loads. The failure of a material is usually classified

into brittle failure (fracture) or ductile failure (yield). Depending on the conditions (such as

temperature, state of stress, loading rate) most materials can fail in a brittle or ductile manner

or both. However, for most practical situations, a material may be classified as either brittle

or ductile. Though failure theory has been in development for over 200 years, its level of

acceptability is yet to reach that of continuum mechanics.

In mathematical terms, failure theory is expressed in the form of various failure criteria which

are valid for specific materials. Failure criteria are functions in stress or strain space which

separate "failed" states from "unfiled" states. A precise physical definition of a "failed" state
is not easily quantified and several working definitions are in use in the engineering

community. Quite often, phenomenological failure criteria of the same form are used to

predict brittle failure and ductile yield.

Material failure

In materials science, material failure is the loss of load carrying capacity of a material unit.

This definition per se introduces the fact that material failure can be examined in different

scales, from microscopic, to macroscopic. In structural problems, where the structural

response may be beyond the initiation of nonlinear material behaviour, material failure is of

profound importance for the determination of the integrity of the structure. On the other hand,

due to the lack of globally accepted fracture criteria, the determination of the structure's

damage, due to material failure, is still under intensive research.

Types of material failure

Material failure can be distinguished in two broader categories depending on the scale in

which the material is examined:

Microscopic failure

Microscopic material failure is defined in terms of crack propagation and initiation. Such

methodologies are useful for gaining insight in the cracking of specimens and simple

structures under well defined global load distributions. Microscopic failure considers the

initiation and propagation of a crack. Failure criteria in this case are related to microscopic

fracture. Some of the most popular failure models in this area are the micromechanical failure

models, which combine the advantages of continuum mechanics and classical fracture

mechanics.[1] Such models are based on the concept that during plastic deformation,

microvoids nucleate and grow until a local plastic neck or fracture of the intervoid matrix

occurs, which causes the coalescence of neighbouring voids. Such a model, proposed by

Gurson and extended by Tvergaard and Needleman, is known as GTN. Another approach,

proposed by Rousselier, is based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM)

and thermodynamics. Both models form a modification of the von Mises yield potential by

introducing a scalar damage quantity, which represents the void volume fraction of cavities,

the porosity f.

Macroscopic failure

Macroscopic material failure is defined in terms of load carrying capacity or energy storage

capacity, equivalently. Li presents a classification of macroscopic failure criteria in four

categories:

 Stress or strain failure

 Energy type failure (S-criterion, T-criterion)

 Damage failure

 Empirical failure.

Five general levels are considered, at which the meaning of deformation and failure is

interpreted differently: the structural element scale, the macroscopic scale where macroscopic

stress and strain are defined, the mesoscale which is represented by a typical void, the

microscale and the atomic scale. The material behavior at one level is considered as a

collective of its behavior at a sub-level. An efficient deformation and failure model should be

consistent at every level.

Brittle material failure criteria

Failure of brittle materials can be determined using several approaches:

 Phenomenological failure criteria

 Linear elastic fracture mechanics

 Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics

 Energy-based methods

 Cohesive zone methods

METHODOLOGY
As manufacturing technology has improved structural material requirement in built

environment have become more demanding, there has been marked prevalence of engineered

polymers and composite material replacing more conventional material. These materials

provide improvement to the built environment in terms of structural ability and costs

Material used in the research

1. Plastic

2. Additives
Additives improve performance and/or reduce production costs. Stabilizing additives include

fire retardants to lower the flammability of the material. Plastic composites contain filler

relatively inert and inexpensive material that makes the product cheaper by weight. Typically

fillers are materials that makes the product cheaper by weigh. Typically filler are origin, e.g.

chalk, wood. Some additives are more chemically active and are called reinforcing agents.

Other additives include zinc oxide, wood flour, ivory dust, cellulose and starch.

3. Colorant

Forming process

1. Bladder moulding

2. Compression moulding

3. Autoclave and vacuum bag

4. Mandrel wrapping

Design consideration

The primary design concentration for using reinforced plastic is to ensure that the material is

used economically and in a manner that takes advantage of its structural enhancement

specifically. This however not always the case, the orientation of fibers also creates some

material weakness perpendicular to the fibers. Thus the use of firber reinforcement and there
orientation affects the strength, rigidity, elasticity of a final form and hence the operation of

the final product itself. Orienting the direction fibers either, unidirectional, two dimensionally

or three dimensionally during production affects the degree of strength, flexibility and

elasticity can also be magnified or diminished through the geometric shape and design of the

final product. These include such design concentration such as ensuring proper wall thickness

and creating multifunctional geometric shapes that can be moulding as single pieces, creating

shapes that have more material and structural integrity by reducing joints, connections and

hardware.

GANTT CHART

PHASES DURATION
1 Study of composite material 15 days

2 Study of plastic composites 30 days

3 Study of research paper based on 30 days

reinforcement of plastic material
4 Analysis of research paper 30 days
5 Finding gap in new material 15 days
6 Collecting raw material 30 days
7 Making composite 60 days
 8 Testing and analysis 60 days

Chart Title
70 60 60
60
50
40 30 30 30 30
30
2015 15
10
0

Series 1

REFERENCES
1. GOOGLE SCHOLAR

2. SCI-HUB

3. Composite Materials Science and Engineering Authors: Chawla, Krishan K.

4. Process Modeling In Composites Manufacturing, Second Edition Manufacturing

5. Mechanics Of Composite Materials (Materials Science & Engineering Series)

6. WWW.SPRINGER.COM

7. Sonti SS, Davalos JF, Zipfel MG, Gang Rao HVS. A review of wood cross tie

performance. Forest Products Journal 1995;45(9):55-58.

8. Hetenyi M. Beams on elastic foundation. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan

Press, 1946.
 9. Adali S, Verijenko VE, Galileev SM, Matrosov AV. Method of initial function in

three-dimensional analysis of laminated composite structures. In: Composites Modelling and

Processing Science, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Composite Materials

(ICCM/9), Madrid, 12-16 July 1993. p. 23-30.

LITERATURE REVIEW

NAME SAGAR ARCHIT AMIT HAIDER PRADYUMN

NEGI GOYAL BHANDARI HASAN DHAMI

ROLL NO 1404061015 1404061007 1404061008 1404061051 1404061045

WORK RESEARCH RESEARC RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH

DISTRIBUTION PAPER H PAPER PAPER PAPER PAPER

STUDY, STUDY, STUDY, STUDY, STUDY,

MARKET LAB MARKET LAB LAB

SURVEY, WORK, SURVEY, WORK, WORK,

DATA DATA MATERIAL MARKET COMPUTER

ANALYSIS ANALYSIS, COLLECTION, SURVEY, WORK,