EXCRETORY SYSTEM

- regulate chemical composition of body fluid by removing metabolic wastes and retaining the proper amount
of water, salts, and nutrients.
- In humans and other amniotes the substances leaves the body as urine
- Mammals expel them through sweating

PARTS
 KIDNEYS – pair of bean shaped organ
- each kidney is 4-5 inches long
- it cleanse the blood of toxins and transform the waste into urine
- it filters 200 liters of fluid every 24 hours

 LARGE INTESTINE – also known as LARGE BOWL

- absorbs water and salts from the material that has not been digested
- to get rid of any waste product

 SKIN – plays a role in excretory system through the production of SWEAT

 LIVER – secrets bile for the digestion of lipids

- synthesizing many proteins & other compounds
- secretes endocrine hormones
- it breaks down many substance in the blood including TOXINS

DISEASES & PREVENTION

1. UREMIA – is characterized by high level of urine in the blood

✓ regular dialysis treatment

✓avoid eating foods with high sodium, phosphorus and potassium content

2. URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) – an infection due to excessive consumption of junk foods and soft drinks
✓ drink plenty of water

3. KIDNEY (RENAL) FAILURE – kidneys doesn’t work well

- kidney doesn’t get enough blood to filter

2 TYPES OF KIDNEY FAILURE

- acute renal failure (sudden)
- chronic renal failure (overtime)

✓ make healthy food weight

✓get enough sleep

4. KIDNEY STONES – stone form when urine become concentrated allowing minerals to crystallize and
stick together

TYPES OF STONES
- calcium stones (80% of stones)
- uric acid stones ( 5%)
- struvite / infection stones (10%)
- cystine stone (>1%)

✓ drink plenty of water

✓ eat calcium rich food and reduce sodium
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- the exchanging of gases in the body
- responsible for supplying the heart with oxygenated blood

PARTS
NOSE (CILIA) NASAL CAVITY

MOUTH ORAL CAVITY

PHARYNX

EPIGLOTTIS

LARYNX (VOICE BOX)

TRACHEA (WIND PIPE)

BRONCHI

LUNGS

BRONCHIOLES

ALVEOLI

DIAPHRAGM

DISEASES & PREVENTION

1. ASTHMA – most common disease among children
✓ living a healthy lifestyle
✓ stay away from things that can trigger it

2. INFLUENZA – contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that can affect the
nose, throat, and lungs.
✓ get flu shot every year
✓ use face mask to cover your nose and mouth

3. PNEUMONIA - commonly caused by bacteria or germs in your nose

✓ not smoking
✓ washing your hands regularly

4. SINUSITIS – the lining of sinus become inflamed caused by viral infections (2-3 wks.)
✓ cleaning the nasal passages
✓ drinks lots of water

5. BRONCHITIS – infection in bronchi (inflamed or irritated)

✓ get flu shot every year
✓ use face mask to cover your nose and mouth
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- also known as Gastrointestinal System
- converts the food into their simplest form like glucose , amino acids, and fatty acids

The digestive tract starts at the MOUTH and end at the ANUS
- length up to 10 meters long

2 MAIN FUNCTION
 Digestion – breaking down of food into small molecules then absorbed by the body.
 Absorption – refers to the movement of the nutrients, water and electrolytes from the
lumen of small intestine into the cell then into the blood.

PARTS
 MOUTH- breaks down food particle with chewing and salivation.
 SALIVARY GLANDS - produces saliva to soften the food
 PHARYNX – where swallowing occurs
 ESOPHAGUS – the food pipe/long pipe
- transports food to the stomach
 STOMACH – food particles hang out for 4 hrs.
 SMALL INTESTINE – a lot of juices from the liver and pancreas help breakdown those particles
- it’s inner surface has finger like projection called VILI
 LIVER – secrete bile, breakdown fats
 PANCREAS – releases other enzymes to help digest all kinds of food particles.
 LARGE INTESTINE – absorbs water and other particle
 RECTUM - it stores the waste
 ANUS – the opening for waste

DISEASES & PREVENTION

1. DIARRHEA – when the stool is loose and watery
✓ access to safe drinking water
✓improve sanitation

2. GASTRO-ESOPHAEGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD?)

– when stomach contents move backward from the stomach to esophagus
✓maintain a healthy weight
✓stop smoking

3. PEPTIC ULCER –when open sores/ulcers forms in the stomach or in small intestine
✓avoid tabacco products
✓avoid alcohol

4. GASTORNTERITIS – caused by an infection either viral or bacteria in the gut

✓wash your hands often
✓don’t eat raw or undercook food

5. CHRONIC CONSTIPATION – fewer than 3 bowel movement a week for 3 weeks or longer
✓include plenty of high fiber foods in your diet
✓stay active as possible