Effectiveness of Insulin Plant (Costus Igneus) Leaves as

Tea on Lowering Blood Sugar Level

Filipinas, Phoelene Kaye1,2,3, Flores, Krizzia Kyla 1,2,3, Duenos, Francis Anthony 1,2,3,
Domingo, Jhon Paul 1,2,3, Garcia, Shierland 1,2,3,4

1
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

2
Senior High School

Our Lady of Fatima University

3

Antipolo Campus

Garcia, Shierland
4

February 2020
 Endorsement Page

This thesis entitled; “Effectiveness of Insulin Plant (Costus Igneus) as Tea on

Lowering Blood Sugar Level” prepared by Filipinas, et al. of BE – STEM 12Y2 – 4HEA,
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
has been examined and now recommended for Oral Examination.

This is to certify that Filipinas, et al. are ready for Oral Examination.

________________________

Mr. Shierland Garcia

Adviser

2
 Certificate of Originality

We hereby declare that this thesis is our own work and that, to the best of our
knowledge and belief, it contains neither material previously published or written by
another person nor material to which to a substantial extent has been accepted for
award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institute of higher learning,
except where due acknowledgement is made in the next.

We also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our
work, even though we may have received assistance from others on style, presentation
and language expression.

Filipinas, Phoelene Kaye C.

Principal Investigator

Members:

Domingo, Jhon Paul M.

Duenos, Francis Anthony

Flores, Krizzia Kyla

Mr. Shierland P. Garcia

Adviser

______________________

Date

3
 Table of Contents
Title Page.........................................................................................................................................i
Endorsement Page....................................................................................................................... ii
Certificate of Originality................................................................................................................iii
List of Tables..................................................................................................................................5
Abstract...........................................................................................................................................6
1.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 7
1.1 Statement of the Problem........................................................................................ 8
1.2 Significance of the Study..........................................................................................9
1.3 Objectives of the Study.............................................................................................9
1.4 Time and Place of the Study................................................................................. 10
1.5 Scope and Limitation.............................................................................................. 10
1.6 Definition of Terms.................................................................................................. 10
2.0 Review of the Related Literature.................................................................................12
2.1 The Costus Igneus Plant.......................................................................................12
2.1.1 Anatomy of the Leaf........................................................................................ 13
2.1.2 Composition of Insulin Plant Leaves.............................................................14
2.2 Previous Studies in the Same Field..................................................................... 15
2.3 Tea-making.............................................................................................................. 16
2.4 Conceptual Framework........................................................................................... 16
3.0 Research Methodology..................................................................................................18
3.1 Research Design.....................................................................................................18
3.2 Source of Data.........................................................................................................19
3.3 Data Gathering........................................................................................................ 19
3.4 Data Analysis........................................................................................................... 20
3.5 Statistical Treatment............................................................................................... 20
3.6 Research Instrument.............................................................................................. 20
4.0 Results..............................................................................................................................22
4.1 Demographic Analysis............................................................................................22
4.2 Factor Analysis........................................................................................................ 22
4.3 Dosage......................................................................................................................29
5.0 Discussion and Conclusion............................................................................................ 30
5.1 Summary of Results................................................................................................ 31
5.2 Discussion................................................................................................................ 32
5.3 Conclusion................................................................................................................32
5.3 Recommendations for Future Research............................................................. 33
5.4 Recommendations for Future Practice................................................................ 33
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................... 35
Appendices.................................................................................................................................. 37
Appendix A...................................................................................................................................37
Appendix B...................................................................................................................................39
Appendix C.................................................................................................................................. 40
Appendix D.................................................................................................................................. 41
Appendix E...................................................................................................................................42

4
 List of Tables

Table 1. Demographic Variable…………………………………………………………….. 21

Table 2. Blood sugar level of participants………………………………………………….22

Table 3. Blood Sugar Chart………………………………………………………………….22

Table 4. Experimental group 1……………………………………………………………….23

Table 5.. Experimental group 2……………………………………………………..……….24

Table 6. Experimental group 3……………………………………………………………….24

Table 7. Control Group……………………………………………………………………….25

Table 8. Female Group……………………………………………………………………….26

Table 9. Male Group………………………………………………………………..…………26

Table 10. Comparison of Means between gender……………………………..…………..26

Table 11. Below 30 years old Group……………………………………………..………….27

Table 12. Above 30 years old Group………………………………………………….…….28

Table 13. Comparison of Means between age groups……………………………….……28

5
 Abstract

Hyperglycemia is the excessive amount of glucose in the plasma for a temporary

state of time. The researchers aimed to determine the effectiveness of insulin plant
(costus igneus) leaves as a component of tea to possibly lower the blood sugar level of
a person. Four groups were selected and undergone a before and after treatment
observation. A glucose monitor was used to determine the blood sugar level of each
participant. The results reported that the higher concentration of the insulin plant leaves
to the tea contributes to a higher antidiabetic effect. It also reported the relationship
between its effectiveness, biological assignment and age. The insulin plant leaves as
tea was effective in glycemic control.

6
1.0 Introduction

The statistics of diabetes, also with linkage to hyperglycemia (excessive amount

of glucose in the plasma for a temporary state of time), in the Philippines is increasing
rapid urbanization with increasing dependence on electronic gadgets and sedentary
lifestyle contribute significantly to this epidemic (Tan, 2015). The complications of
Diabetes mellitus are related to glycaemic control (Shetty A, et al, 2010).
Normoglycaemia or near normoglycaemia is the desired, but often elusive, goal for most
patients. Regardless of the level of hyperglycaemia, improvement in glycaemic control
will lower the risk of diabetes complications.

Costus igneus commonly known as insulin plant, belongs to the family

Costaceae. It is a perennial, upright, spreading plant reaching about two feet tall, with
the tallest stems falling over and lying on the ground. Leaves are simple, alternate,
entire, oblong, evergreen, 4-8 inches in length with parallel venation. it has been proven
to possess various pharmacological activities like hypolipidemic, diuretic, antioxidant,
anti-microbial, and anti-cancerous. Further, various phytochemical investigations reveal
the presence of carbohydrates, triterpenoids, proteins, alkaloids, tannins, saponins,
flavonoids, steroid, and appreciable amounts of trace elements. (Hegde, et al, 2014)

Consumption of the leaves of the insulin plant has been claimed to achieve
glycaemic control and hence, the researchers plan to test an experimental study
regarding the effectiveness of the insulin plant as a component of tea to the glycaemic
level in the human body.

7
1.1 Statement of the Problem

The researchers aim to determine effectiveness of the insulin plant (costus

igneus) as a component of tea to possibly lower the blood sugar level of a person.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1.1.1 What are composition of the insulin plant?

1.1.2 What are benefits of the insulin plants on the human body, including its side
effects?

1.1.3 In terms of intake, how much dosage does it need before it takes effect?

1.1.4 Is there a significant difference of its effectiveness between age groups and
gender?

1.2 Significance of the Study

The researchers rest assured that this research is essential to the following
people:

 Medical students. This study will be useful and can help medical students
venture out the different effects of insulin plant with regards to its manufactured
form (in this case, as a component of tea). It can also serve as a basis for drug
development and better composition on the tea manufacturing for future use.
 People diagnosed with diabetes. This study can be helpful, for people who
have diabetes. it helps to regulate blood sugar levels. However, it must not be
confused as a full-scale alternative for diabetes treatment.
 Future researchers. This study will present as a related literature for future
researchers, which they can further improve and strengthen the topic.

8
1.3 Objectives of the Study

This study aims to explore the effects of the insulin plant in the human body as
processed tea with regards to blood sugar level. To achieve this, the researchers set
out the following objectives;

1.3.1 to know the composition of the insulin plant;

1.3.2 to identify the benefits of the insulin plant leaves on the human body,
including its side effects;

1.3.3 to measure the dosage needed for it to take effect;

1.3.4 to specify if there is a significant difference of its effectiveness between age

groups and gender.

1.4 Time and Place of the Study

The study for this research is conducted on Our Lady of Fatima University –
Antipolo Campus, and will be held between December 2019 – February 2020.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The aim of this study is to ascertain effectiveness of the insulin plant (costus
igneus) as a component of tea to possibly lower the blood sugar level of a person. The
aspects that will be looked upon are the acceptability of the experimented tea from an
evaluation of the respondents’ response, and the experimental subject results of an
observation to a controlled timeframe of their blood sugar level and dosage of intake.
The study is also not primarily specific only to diabetic persons and is not intended as a
full-scale alternative to lowering blood sugar level.

The whole conduct of the study is undertaken at Our Lady of Fatima University-
Antipolo Campus. A small group of respondents will only be accommodated by the
researchers, which is any people that may represent the school where the study will be
conducted.

9
1.6 Definition of Terms

a. COSTUS IGNEUS. A therapeutic anti-diabetic herb with active phytoconstituents.

Medicinal plants have been used for greater extent for control of diabetes
mellitus in various traditional system of medicine worldwide as they are of natural
origin and many of them are known to be effective against diabetes.
b. INSULIN. A hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans,
which regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a
form of diabetes.
c. HYPERGLYCEMIA. A medical term for a high blood sugar (glucose) level. It's a
common problem for people with diabetes.

10
2.0 Review of the Related Literature

This section will discuss published information about the Costus Igneus Plant
and its effects that will help the support the research and serve as a foundation. It will
present arguments, previous research data and intellectual progressions.

2.1 The Costus Igneus Plant

The plant Costus igneus belongs to the family Costaceae, which is found in
tropical Africa, Asia, Australia, and North, Central and South America. In India, it is
cultivated in coastal area, Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka. In this area, people take
traditionally 2-3 leaves of this plant twice a day for the management of diabetes. It is a
prostrate growing plant with spreading, rooting stems. Its leaves are slender and lance
shaped with tooted, scalloped or lobed margins. They are grayish green stained with
red purple above and darker purple beneath. The tiny white flowers grow intermittently
throughout the year. This plant reaches a height of 6-inches and have an indefinite
spread.

The Costaceae plants were identified to have different morphological and

anatomical characters of leaf, rhizome and root among them Costus igneus have a
characteristic anatomy that could be used to distinguish it from other members of
Costaceae. Costus igneus studied, however, appear to be a homogenous entity united
by series of leaf, rhizome and root anatomical characters, including epidermal cells,
mesophyll cells, the sclerenchyma cells, vascular bundle, cortex, xylem, phloem, starch
grains, stelar bundle. These futures of lamina, rhizome and root anatomy endorse. The
finding of OtengYeboah (1981) in the same species of Costus from West Africa
coincides with our present study. Differences in vegetative anatomy among such
members of Costaceae as Costus and Tapeinochilus (Tomlinson, 1956) have received
some emphasis in phylogenetic discussion. The anatomical structures of leaf, rhizome
and root of Costus igneus differentiated that of C. lucanusianus and C. afer that was
studied by Edeoga and Okoli (1997). Tomlinson (1956) presented some reasons for
treating Costaceae as a separate family from Zingiberaceae. The lamina, rhizome and

11
root anatomy of these Costus species investigated seems to agree with the Tomlinson’s
(1956) reasons for supporting the raising of the genus to rank of family by Nakai (1941).
Cytology, phytochemistry of Costus igneus studies helps to clearly differentiate Costus
igneus from other Costaceae plant. Tomlinson (1956) outlined some diagnostic features
of the leaf, stem, rhizome and root anatomy in the Zingiberales as a whole but did not
specify how these could be used in resolving critical systematic problem as in the
presently investigated Costus igneus anatomical study. The proximate values show that
the protein content is relatively low but it can contribute to the formation of hormones
which controls a variety of body functions such as growth, repair and maintenance of
body protein. The relatively high carbohydrate content can be used as energy source
and also it is necessary in the digestion and assimilation of other foods. The moisture
and ash content are useful in assessing the quality of grading the plant and also gives
an idea of the amount of minerals present in the samples.

2.1.1 Anatomy of the Leaf

A study conducted by Chan, C. H., Ngoh, G. C., & Yusoff, R. with the aim to
provide general information on antidiabetic extracts based on relevant research articles
collected from 34 reliable medical journals, have found that leaves are the favorable
storage site for desired compounds and more than 35% of the plants extractions for
diabetic treatment can be obtained from these parts. This has also become the basis of
the researchers’ choice of part for the tea manufacturing.

The leaf is thin with smooth even surfaces, isobilateral and has no difference
between the upper and lower sides. The leaf has two layers of thin epidermal cells and
four layers of wide, tangentially oblong thin walled mesophyll cells. Both epidermal
layers have narrow, tangentially flat thin walled cells; they are 10-20 µm thick. The
mesophyll cells are 100-140 µm thick. These are prominent vascular bundles placed in
the median part of the lamina. The bundles are collateral having wide mass of xylem
elements and a small cluster of phloem. On the phloem end of the bundle, there is thick
band of sclerenchyma cells are lignified. The xylem elements are wide, angular and
thick walled. The vascular bundles have no distinct bundle sheath cells.

12
2.1.2 Composition of Insulin Plant Leaves

In The Natural Products Journal, headlined with ‘Determination of the Percent

Composition and Mineral Content of the Leaves of the Insulin Plan with the Goal of
Including it in the Usual Diet’, the authors have analyzed the chemical composition of
the insulin plant leaves break down in percentage. The result found to have
89.08±1.87% water, 1.85±0.05% protein and 0.83±0.02% lipid. The lipid fraction has a
high percentage of linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid. The fatty acid composition was
35.1% linolenic, 16.0% linoleic, 5.2% oleic, 26.3% palmitic, 7.7% stearic acids and 3.4%
unidentified fatty acids. The quantity of ash was of 1.35±0.04%. By difference, the level
of carbohydrate was 6.89%. The most minerals were calcium, magnesium, manganese,
potassium and selenium, at concentrations of 50501, 4644, 21.2, 11161 and 0.24 mg/kg,
respectively.

In another study, the amount of alkaloids, saponin, total phenols and total
flavonoids was determined by using standard methods. The total phenolic content was
25.3±0.0027 mg/gm in the extracts. The amount of total flavonoids was determined with
aluminum chloride reagent. The total flavonoid content in the extracts of Costus igneus
expressed in 58.3±0.2837mg/gm. Alkaloids were determined by the method of
Harborne (1973). The alkaloid content was 14.5±0.1124 mg/g in the extracts. Saponin
was determined by the method of Obadoni and Ochuko (2001). The saponin content
was 61.1±0.0823mg/g in the extracts.

The phytochemical analyses of the medicinal plants is important and have

commercial interest in both research institutes and pharmaceuticals companies for the
manufacturing of the new drugs for the treatment of various diseases. These
phytochemical properties identified in the study of Costus igneus leaves will be helpful
in the treatment of various ailments, most especially with regards to hyperglycemia and
diabetes.

13
2.2 Previous Studies in the Same Field

A research from India investigated the antidiabetic activity of Costus igneus (also
known as insulin plant) leaves extracts in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. A
comparison was made between the action of Costus igneus extract and a known
antidiabetic drug glibenclamide (600 µg/kg body wt.). An oral glucose tolerance test
(OGTT) was also performed in experimental diabetic rats. Ethanolic extracts of Costus
igneus were obtained by simple maceration method & were subjected to standardization
by phytochemical screening methods. Preliminary phytochemical investigations showed
the presence of alkaloids and steroids in ethanolic extract. Dose selection was made on
the basis of acute oral toxicity study (50 mg to 5000 mg/kg body weight) as per OECD
guidelines. Costus igneus ethanolic extract showed significant (P<0.001) antidiabetic
activity. It was found that the extracts also prevented body weight loss in diabetic rats.

It was also proved by another research conducted by Shetty AJ, et. Al, (2010)
concluding that regular consumption of insulin plant leaves in conjunction with other
modalities of treatment has effectively provided glycaemic control in diabetics; the dose
of insulin could be reduced to half. Blood sugar levels which were earlier not controlled
with oral hypoglycaemic drugs or non-allopathic treatments were controlled. The risk of
diabetic complications was avoided and no adverse effects due to the consumption of
insulin plant leaves were reported. Glycaemic control was evident from day fifteen.
Although, they did note that regular consumption is necessary for benefits to be
observed.

From the research of S. Ashwini et. Al (2015), it has been found that the
preventative effect of insulin plant (Costus pictus) leaf extract on hyperglycaemia,
insulin sensitivity and dyslipidaemia in fructose-fed insulin resistant rats was a success,
further the possible underlying mechanism was also explored. It was observed that
under insulin resistant condition this plant extract decreases hyperinsulinaemia by
improving insulin sensitivity at the peripheral level through its antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory effects. At molecular level decreased activation of molecules involved in
stress sensitive signalling cascade and down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines
were noticed.

14
 In diabetes, dyslipidemia coexist quite often. Male diabetic rats were treated with
100 mg/kg/day of methanolic extract orally for 30 days. The experiment showed
promising results by significantly decreasing cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids
and phospholipids in the liver, heart and kidney of diabetic treated rats. Lipoproteins
restored normal levels in treated group, significantly reducing serum total cholesterol
and increasing HDL cholesterol. Activity of lipoprotein lipase was enhanced in extract.

There has been indeed proven articles and studies that constitutes the
effectiveness of the Costus Igneus plant with regard to lowering the glycemic level, and
other underlying effects.

2.3 Tea-making

Herbal tea is extremely versatile, you can use a multitude of ingredients, and
they can either be fresh or dried. In addition to the fact that nothing compares to
drinking herbal tea on a cold day, there are many herbal tea benefits. It is good for
stomach and digestive problems, calming the nervous system, source of vitamins and
minerals, anti-oxidant properties, helping to avoid colds, cleansing the body, relieving
stress. A way to make tea without losing much of its nutrients is to dry it and cut it into
smaller pieces. Make a tea base, which will be the insulin plant leaves as it is the focus
of the study. Teabags are optional, if making a loose leaf tea. If teabags are used in the
teaming process, make sure to allot space so the tea base can expand and infuse its
flavor and nutrients.

15
2.4 Conceptual Framework

Input

Demographic Variables of the respondent

 Age
 Gender

Making of the tea

Related literature and studies

Process

Collection of data through respondents’ monitored blood sugar level

Analysis &interpretation of data

Statistical Treatment

Output

Results

Recommendation

16
3.0 Research Methodology

This chapter includes the research methodology of the study. In more details, in
this part, the researchers outline the research strategy, research approach, research
method, the methods of data collection, the selection of the sample, the research
process, the type of data analysis and the research instrument.

17
3.1 Research Design

For this study, the researchers used a quantitative approach as the research
design, particularly experimental design. In experimental design, it tests for causality
with optimal variable control; independent variable is manipulated. It is a systematic and
scientific approach in which the research manipulates one or more variables, and
controls and measures any change in other variables. With this, the study constructs
desired information of the certain topic about the Effectiveness of Insulin Plant (Costus
Igneus) Leaves as Tea on Lowering Blood Sugar Level.

3.2 Source of Data

A small group of respondents will only be accommodated by the researchers,

which is any people that may represent the school where the study will be conducted.

A randomized control trial will be performed wherein the participants are

randomly allocated to two or more groups to test the treatment. Participants are
assigned to either an experimental group o a comparison group. The experimental
group receives a treatment or consumes the tea after being subjected to a sugar level
check. Twelve (12) participants were selected to perform the experiment where they are
categorized into four groups; the control group, and three experimental group (with
regards to the gram content of the tea.)

18
3.3 Data Gathering

To gather data, the researchers will conduct a laboratory experiment first to

manufacture tea with Costus igneus plant leaves as a main component. The leaves
were dried and shredded afterwards. It was then packed in a teabag. After the
experimentation in the controlled environment, the participants will be subjected to a
randomized trial to compare the blood sugar levels before and after they were placed on
the test. The experiment will be conducted on a one (1) day basis, a three-hour time-
frame for the research. A glucose meter will be used to measure the respondents blood
sugar levels.

3.4 Data Analysis

The data that will be collected by the researches will undergo to four phases:
Data Validation, Data Editing, Data Coding, and afterwards, using Data Analysis
Methods. The collected data then will be showcased through the statistical treatment.

3.5 Statistical Treatment

For this study, the researchers will use paired sample t-test. The paired sample t-
test, sometimes called the dependent sample t-test, is a statistical procedure used to
determine whether the mean difference between two sets of observations is zero. In a
paired sample t-test, each subject or entity is measured twice, resulting in pairs of
observations. It will be used to test the effectiveness of the manufactured Costus Igneus
tea for glycemic control. Comparison of means will be used to determine the significant
difference between the age groups.

19
3.6 Research Instrument

A chart will be utilized by the researchers to record the results obtained from the
participants; it works as a mechanism to keep track on the blood sugar level of the
individual from ranging time.

20
4.0 Results

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of insulin plant with
regards to the blood sugar level of an individual. It further examined whether the
demographic variables such as age and gender affect the results of the experimentation.

4.1 Demographic Analysis

There was a total of twelve (12) respondents which was subjected into four
groups. 67% of the respondents constituted females while 33% was male. 75% also
belong to the 11-30 age group, while the remaining 25% belong to the 31-50 age group.

Demographic Variable N Percentage

Gender
Male 4 33
Female 8 67
Total 12 100
Age
Under 30 years 9 75
Over 30 years 3 25
Total 12 100
Table 1. Demographic Variable

4.2 Factor Analysis

There were 4 categories, experimental group 1 with 1 gram of insulin plant

leaves, experimental group 2 with 2 grams of insulin plant leaves, experimental group 3
with 3 grams of insulin plant leaves and a control group. After being subjected to
different treatment groups, the participants were first examined on their blood sugar
level. They were under the condition of not eating beforehand for one (1) hour, and
another hour after drinking the tea. Blood sugar level was then again examined to
obtain results.

21
 Groups Blood Sugar Level (mmol/L)
Before intake After intake
Experimental Group 1 6.2 5.5
(1 gram of insulin plant leaves) 5.7 5.6
9 8.3
Experimental Group 2 6.3 6.2
(2 grams of insulin plant leaves) 5.8 5.6
8.2 6.7
Experimental Group 3 6.5 5.8
(3 grams of insulin plant leaves) 7 6
5.8 5.7
Control Group 5 5.6
5.9 6.3
5.8 5.8
Table 2. Blood sugar level of participants

The unit for blood sugar level taken was mmol/L or millimoles per liter. The
experimental groups displayed a change in their blood sugar level after one hour of
intake. Meanwhile, the control group exhibited either an increase in their blood sugar
level or it remained constant.

BLOOD SUGAR CHART

Fasting
Normal for person without diabetes 70–99 mg/dl (3.9–5.5 mmol/L)
Official ADA recommendation for 80–130 mg/dl (4.4–7.2 mmol/L)
someone with diabetes
1 to 2 hours after meals
Normal for person without diabetes Less than 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/L)
Official ADA recommendation for Less than 180 mg/dl (10.0 mmol/L)
someone with diabetes
Table 3. Blood Sugar Chart

22
 Above is the table for the normal blood sugar level. Everyone was under the
condition of fasting so the researchers only referred to that. The study was not focused
to treating diabetic people but only to lower the blood sugar level after intake of the tea.

The statistical treatment used to test the effectiveness of the insulin plant leaves
was the paired t-test. Below are the results obtained.

Experimental Group 1
N Mean SD SEM Median
Before
3 6.96667 1.77858 1.02686 6.2
intake
After
3 6.46667 1.5885 0.91712 5.6
intake
Difference 3 0.5 0.34641 0.2 0.7
Overall 6 6.71667 1.53286 0.62579 5.95
t Statistic DF Prob>|t|
2.5 2 0.12961
Conf. Levels in % Lower Limits Upper Limits
90 -0.084 1.084
95 -0.36053 1.36053
99 -1.48497 2.48497
Table 4. Experimental group 1

23
 Experimental Group 2
N Mean SD SEM Median
Before
3 6.76667 1.26623 0.73106 6.3
Intake
After
3 6.16667 0.55076 0.31798 6.2
Intake
Difference 3 0.6 0.78102 0.45092 0.2
Overall 6 6.46667 0.9331 0.38093 6.25
t Statistic DF Prob>|t|
1.3306 2 0.31475
Conf. Levels in % Lower Limits Upper Limits
90 -0.71669 1.91669
95 -1.34017 2.54017
99 -3.87536 5.07536
Table 5. Experimental group 2

Experimental Group 3
N Mean SD SEM Median
A 3 6.43333 0.60277 0.34801 6.5
B 3 5.83333 0.15275 0.08819 5.8
Difference 3 0.6 0.45826 0.26458 0.7
Overall 6 6.13333 0.51251 0.20923 5.9
t Statistic DF Prob>|t|
2.26779 2 0.15147
Conf. Levels in % Lower Limits Upper Limits
90 -0.17256 1.37256
95 -0.53837 1.73837
99 -2.02587 3.22587
Table 6. Experimental group 3

24
 Control Group
N Mean SD SEM Median
Before
3 5.56667 0.49329 0.2848 5.8
intake
After
3 5.93333 0.35119 0.20276 5.9
Intake
Difference 3 -0.36667 0.25166 0.1453 -0.4
Overall 6 5.75 0.43243 0.17654 5.85
t Statistic DF Prob>|t|
-2.52357 2 0.12764
Conf. Levels in % Lower Limits Upper Limits
90 -0.79093 0.0576
95 -0.99183 0.25849
99 -1.80871 1.07538
Table 7. Control Group

The statistical treatment used to test the significant difference between age
groups and gender was also the paired t-test. Below are the results obtained.
Comparison of means is also done.

For gender,

Female
N Mean SD SEM Median
Before
8 6.75 1.29615 0.45826 6.4
Intake
After
8 6.25 0.90869 0.32127 5.95
Intake
Difference 8 0.5 0.66548 0.23528 0.7
Overall 16 6.5 1.11176 0.27794 6.2
t Statistic DF Prob>|t|

25
 2.12512 7 0.07118
Conf. Levels in % Lower Limits Upper Limits
90 0.05424 0.94576
95 -0.05635 1.05635
99 -0.32336 1.32336
Table 8. Female Group

Male
N Mean SD SEM Median
Before 4 5.8 0.08165 0.04082 5.8
Intake
After 4 5.8 0.33665 0.16833 5.65
Intake
Difference 4 2.22045E- 0.2708 0.1354 0.1
16
Overall 8 5.8 0.22678 0.08018 5.75
t Statistic DF Prob>|t|
0 3 1
Conf. Levels in % Lower Limits Upper Limits
90 -- --
95 -- --
99 -- --
Table 9. Male Group

Standard Significance
Difference 95% CI T-statistic DF
Error Level
-1.5323 to
-0.700 0.401 -1.744 22 P = 0.0951
0.1323
Table 10. Comparison of Means between gender

26
For age groups,

Below 30 years old

N Mean SD SEM Median
Before 8 5.9625 0.57306 0.20261 5.85
Intake
After 8 5.8125 0.30909 0.10928 5.65
Intake
Difference 8 0.15 0.52099 0.1842 0.1
Overall 16 5.8875 0.45148 0.11287 5.8
t Statistic DF Prob>|t|
0.81435 7 0.44227
Conf. Levels in % Lower Limits Upper Limits
90 -0.19898 0.49898
95 -0.28556 0.58556
99 -0.49459 0.79459
Table 11. Below 30 years old Group

Above 30 years old

N Mean SD SEM Median
Before 4 7.375 1.47958 0.73979 7.35
Intake
After 4 6.675 1.15578 0.57789 6.3
Intake
Difference 4 0.7 0.6532 0.3266 0.7
Overall 8 7.025 1.2848 0.45425 6.6
t Statistic DF Prob>|t|
2.1433 3 0.12147

27
 Conf. Levels in % Lower Limits Upper Limits
90 -0.06861 1.46861
95 -0.33938 1.73938
99 -1.20763 2.60763
Table 12. Above 30 years old Group

Standard Significance
Difference 95% CI T-statistic DF
Error Level
0.4056 to
1.138 0.353 3.223 22 P = 0.0039
1.8694
Table 13. Comparison of Means between age groups

Since the sample sizes are small, the researchers determined the confidence
level intervals. For uniformity, the researchers focused on the 99% confidence level.

4.3 Dosage

The researchers have experimented with 3 groups containing 3 participants to

determine how many grams there should be present in the tea. Among the results
obtained, all have been proven to have significant effect on the blood sugar level of the
respondents. However, experimental group 3 who drank with 3 grams of insulin plant
leaves in a tea exhibited a greater result with the t-statistic of 2.26779, p-value of 0.1547.

4.3 Relations of gender and age groups to the effectiveness of the tea

The researchers determined if there is a significant difference between the

decrease the respondent blood sugar level with respect to gender and age. They
utilized a statistical tool – comparison of means in order to obtain the results. For the
gender, there seems to have a significant difference between the females and males.

28
With a significant level of 0.0951, it falls under the 95% confidence interval which
indicates rejection of the idea that there is no statistical difference between gender and
the drops in their blood sugar level.

For the age groups, there is a reported result of 0.0039 for the p-value that
should fall upon the confidence interval from 0.4056 to 1.8694. However, since the p-
value does not fall to the confidence interval, idea that the that there is no significant
difference between age groups and the drop in the blood sugar level is not rejected.

4.4 Summary

The reports show that there is a significant effect on the consumer’s blood sugar
level after they consumed the tea composed of insulin plant leaves. There are reports
also that indicates the relationship of gender with how much their blood sugar dropped.
However, the relationship between age groups and how much their blood sugar level
dropped was not justified.

29
5.0 Discussion and Conclusion

In this study, the purpose was to examine the effectiveness of the insulin plant
leaves as tea with regards to the blood sugar level of the participant. The study also
aimed to determine the relationship between the drop in the consumer’s blood sugar
level, gender and age.

The insulin plant has phytochemical properties that contribute to its antidiabetic
activity. The insulin plant leaves were chosen since leaves are the favorable storage
site for desired compounds and more than 35% of the plants extractions for diabetic
treatment can be obtained from these parts.

A randomized control trial was performed with experimental group and control
group. The respondent size was 12 and the groups were categorized into 4. Results
were obtained by a glucose monitor before and after they were subjected to drink the
tea. For the statistical treatment, a paired sample t-test and comparison of means was
used.

5. 1 Summary of Results

The reports show that there is a significant effect on the consumer’s blood sugar
level after they consumed the tea composed of insulin plant leaves. There are reports
also that indicates the relationship of gender with how much their blood sugar dropped.
However, the relationship between age groups and how much their blood sugar level
dropped was not justified.

The researchers have experimented with 3 groups containing 3 participants to

determine how many grams there should be present in the tea. Among the results
obtained, all have been proven to have significant effect on the blood sugar level of the
respondents. However, experimental group 3 who drank with 3 grams of insulin plant
leaves in a tea exhibited the greatest result.

30
 For the gender, there was a significant difference between its relationship with
how much the blood sugar drops. However, for the age groups, the numbers did not
justify its relationship.

5.2 Discussion

For the dosage, the higher concentration of loose-leaf insulin plant leaves to
water leads to a greater effect. However, too much of the insulin plant leaves might
cause depletion on the person’s blood sugar level.

The tea should only be taken once when the consumer is in the condition of
hyperglycemia. Too much dosage of the insulin tea may create gradual change over the
person’s blood sugar. When the consumer is going to be a diabetic patient, one tea a
day could be consumed but is not supposed to be treated as a replacement for diabetic
maintenance. Further research development should be imposed to achieve the
effectiveness of it as cure to diabetes.

The drops on the blood sugar level of the female participants were much more
evident than the male participants. The male group is less sensitive to the insulin
treatment they received. It shows that the male group is much more susceptible to blood
sugar related diseases.

The changes in the blood sugar level of the participants was found to be
irregardless of age according to the report. Given that the sample size is unbalanced
and small, it may have affected the results. However, it goes to say that an individual
has different reactions to insulin with their blood sugar. Younger generations is
vulnerable to glucose related diseases along with the older generations; they are
susceptible even with a more active body mechanism.

5.3 Conclusion

The insulin plant leaves as tea was effective in the glycemic control of an
individual. Regardless of the grams, it exhibited significant effect in any amount.

31
However, a greater amount of insulin plant leaves present in the tea will exhibit a more
significant effect to the consumer.

5.3 Recommendations for Future Research

Given our findings, the researchers would like to recommend exploring a way as
tea to gradually impact persons with high blood sugar level, especially the diabetic
persons. An idea to increase the amount per gram of the insulin plant leaves is great.
To add another ingredient, like banaba or any herbal plant that may mix well with the
insulin plant leaves is another great idea. If given much more time and financial
assistance, the observation time-frame should be extended to at least a week so the
effects will be more evident.

5.4 Recommendations for Future Practice

For future practice, the researchers hope the professionals try to reassess the
product to have an alternative and cheap solution for hyperglycemia and to further it into
having a full-scale treatment for diabetes. Patients will have a much cheaper option if
pursued.

For the stakeholders, the researchers would like for future research and
development to be given support, also in the means of finance. Insulin plant leaves
does not cost much but the tools and devices used to measure the glucose level and
other components that attribute to the study.

32
 Bibliography

Armando U. O. Sabaa-Srur, Patricia de C. Junqueira, Adriana Leal and Marcia C.

da Silva, “Determination of the Percent Composition and Mineral Content of the Leaves
of the Insulin Plant (Cissus sicyoides) with the Goal of Including it in the Usual Diet”,
The Natural Products Journal (2012) 2: 111.
https://doi.org/10.2174/2210315511202020111

Chan, C. H., Ngoh, G. C., & Yusoff, R. (2012). A brief review on anti diabetic
plants: Global distribution, active ingredients, extraction techniques and acting
mechanisms. Pharmacognosy reviews, 6(11), 22–28. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.95854

Gerry H. Tan, Diabetes Care in the Philippines, Annals of Global Health, Volume
81, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 863-869, ISSN 2214-9996,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.10.004.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
/pii/S2214999615012643)

Hegde, P. K., Rao, H. A., & Rao, P. N. (2014). A review on Insulin plant (Costus
igneus Nak). Pharmacognosy reviews, 8(15), 67–72. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.125536

Morphological, anatomical and proximate analysis of Leaf ... (n.d.). Retrieved

fromhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/232613114_Morphological_anatomical_a
nd_proximate_analysis_of_Leaf_Root_Rhizome_of_Costus_igneus

P-ISSN: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical ... (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guru_Priya2/publication/337112082_Qualitative_a
nd_quantitative_phytochemical_analysis_of_Costus_igenus_leaf_extract/links/5dc59a6
392851c81803ae3c6/Qualitative-and-quantitative-phytochemical-analysis-of-Costus-
igenus-leaf-extract.pdf

Shetty AJ, Parampalli S.M, Bhandarkar R, Kotian .S. EFFECT OF THE INSULIN
PLANT ( Costus igneus ) LEAVES ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN DIABETIC
PATIENTS: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic
Research [serial online] 2010 June [cited: 2010 June 12]; 4:2617-2621.

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 Vishnu, B., Naveen, A., Akshay, K., Sikarwar, M. and Patil, M. (2020).
Antidiabetic activity of insulin plant (Costus igneus) leaf extract in diabetic rats.. [online]
Cabdirect.org. Available at: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103155496
[Accessed 1 Mar. 2020].

34
 Acknowledgements

The researchers would like to exempt their gratitude to the following persons who
contributed to make this study possible.

First of all, God who never left us through our journey in completing this paper.
He never forgets to make us remember His glory and guidance all the time

Second, we also give thanks to Mr. Shierland Garcia who guided us in making
our thesis. Who patiently taught us what to do and even extended her time without
anything in return.

To our parents, who supported, encourage, and believed to us that we will finish
this research. You were always there at our backs, urging us to move forward.

To our dear friends, who stayed and helped us as long as they could. We
wouldn’t have done it without your support to us.

And lastly, to the three participants who participated in this study. Knowing that
you were also busy, you still lend us you time and answered our questions accordingly.

This would not be completed without the help of this people who helped them
progress and finish this paper.

35
Appendices

36
 Appendix A

Consent Letter

Our Lady of Fatima University

Km. 23 Sumulong Highway, Sta. Cruz,

Antipolo City, Rizal

Senior High School Department

To whom it may concern,

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject, Inquiries, Investigations

and Immersion, the undersigned are presently undertaking a thesis entitled,
“Effectiveness of Insulin Plant (Costus Igneus) Leaves as Tea on Lowering Blood
Sugar Level”. In this study, the objectives are to examine the effectiveness of the
insulin plant on lowering blood sugar levels and examine if there ae significant
difference between age groups and gender.

In view of this, you are being invited to participate in the research project
because you possess the criteria needed for the study. Your participation will involve
being subjected into different treatment groups. You will also be examined using the
glucose mete before and after you drink the tea. All procedures will be safe and will not
require extreme measures. The researchers have also undergone through proper
training and assessment. Rest assured that the data gathered will be held in strict
confidence and will be used solely for the purpose of this study. Also, upon request, the
respondent will be provided a copy of the project results as a benefit of being a
participant.

37
 Thank you for your kind consideration in the conduct of this study. Your
responses will contribute to the academic research and will be greatly appreciated by
the researchers.

Researchers:

Filipins, Phoelene Kaye

Duenos, Francis Anthony

Domingo, Jhon Paul

Flores, Krizzia Kyla

Noted by:

Mr. Shierland Garcia

38
 Appendix B

Curriculum Vitae A

PHOELENE KAYE FILIPINAS

Sincalan Homes, Brgy. San Roque, Antipolo City, Rizal
09471658569
kayecmendel@gmail.com

Senior High School

Our Lady of Fatima University
Antipolo City, Rizal
Junior High School
Science, Technology and Engineering Program
San Jose National High School
Antipolo City, Rizal
Elementary
Grace School of Antipolo, Inc.
Antipolo City, Rizal

Date of Birth: April 20,2001 Religion: Roman

Citizenship: Filipino Catholic
Gender: Female
Status: Single
Mother: Myra C. Filipinas Occupation: Housewife
Father: Ian L. Filipinas Occupation: OFW

39
 Appendix C

Curriculum Vitae B

JHON PAUL M. DOMINGO

Baras, Rizal
-
-

Senior High School

Our Lady of Fatima University
Antipolo City, Rizal
Junior High School
Bagong Nayon II National High School
Antipolo City, Rizal
Elementary
Peace Village Elementary School
Antipolo City, Rizal

Date of Birth: September 26, 2001 Religion: Roman

Citizenship: Filipino
Gender: Male
Status: Single
Mother: Yolanda R. Domingo
Father: Helanio V. Domingo
Catholic
Occupation: Food Crew
Occupation: Supervisor in
General Services

40
 Appendix D

Curriculum Vitae C

FRANCIS ANTHONY R. DUENOS

Taytay, Rizal
-
-

Senior High School

Our Lady of Fatima University
Antipolo City, Rizal
Junior High School
Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. Memorial National High School
Taytay, Rizal
Elementary
Dolores Elementary School
Taytay, Rizal

Date of Birth: October 4, 2000 Religion: Roman

Citizenship: Filipino
Gender: Male
Status: Single
Mother: Rolando Duenos Jr.
Father: Cherizza Duenos
Catholic
Occupation: Businessman
Occupation: Teacher

41
 Appendix E

Curriculum Vitae D

KRIZZIA KYLA D. FLORES

-
-
-

Senior High School

Our Lady of Fatima University
Antipolo City, Rizal
Junior High School
Dela Paz National High School
Antipolo City, Rizal
Elementary
Dela Paz Elementary School
Antipolo City, Rizal

Date of Birth: September 26, 2001 Religion: Roman

Citizenship: Filipino
Gender: Male
Status: Single
Mother: Edgar Allan Flores
Father: Gracelyn Flores
Catholic
Occupation: Self-employed
Occupation: Self-employed

42
43