Versi Pelajar Chapter Polynomials

SM015
TOPIC 6 : POLYNOMIALS
SUB-TOPIC 6.1 : POLYNOMIALS
(BASIC POLYNOMIALS)
Hanya untuk kegunaan PdP Unit Matematik KMKt. KOLEJ MATRIKULASI KELANTAN
In subtopic 6.1, students should be able
to:
1. Know how to do addition, subtraction and
multiplication of polynomials.
2. Perform division of polynomial;
2.1 by using long division,
2.2 write in form of
𝑅(𝑥)
a 𝑃 𝑥 𝐷(𝑥) = 𝑄 𝑥 +
𝐷(𝑥)
𝑏 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝐷(𝑥) + 𝑅(𝑥)
OBJECTIVE 1:
Addition, Subtraction And

Multiplication Of Polynomials
Polynomials can be combined using addition,
subtraction and multiplication.
OPERATION HOW?
ADDITION To add two polynomials, add the like terms.
SUBTRACTION To subtract two polynomials, subtract the

like terms
MULTIPLICATION Every term in one polynomial is multiplied
by every term in the other
ADDITION
Example 1: Simplify 3𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 7 + (4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3)
Written as: 3𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 −7 Line up like

+ 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 terms
SUBTRACTION
Example 2: Simplify 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 4 − (2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1)
Reverse the sign of 2nd

polynomial
Place like terms together
Answer
MULTIPLICATION
Example 3: Given 𝑃 𝑥 = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 4 and 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3. Find 𝑃 𝑥 𝑄 𝑥 .
= 𝑃 𝑥 𝑄(𝑥)
OBJECTIVE 2:
Perform division of polynomial by using long division
METHOD? WHY? WHAT? Exp:

𝑥 3 +2𝑥 𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2
Long Division To make Improper
3 ,
fraction 𝑥 −8 𝑥+3
improper fraction
to proper fraction
Degree of P(x) greater or
𝑃 𝑥 equal than Q(x)
𝑄 𝑥
DIVISION OF INTEGER DIVISION OF POLYNOMIAL
19 3 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 7 1
= 4+ 4 = (𝑥 + 4) +
4 𝑥−2 𝑥−2
4
4 19
(−)16
𝑃 𝑥 , dividend
3
3 2
Example 4 : 𝑥 + 2𝑥 −𝑥+1 How to write the answer after use
𝑥+3 long division?
If have remainder
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
=𝑄 𝑥 +
𝐷(𝑥) 𝐷(𝑥)
4 2
Example 5 : 4𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 10 How to write the answer after use
2𝑥 − 3 long division?
If have remainder
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
=𝑄 𝑥 +
𝐷(𝑥) 𝐷(𝑥)
3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
Example 6 :
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
Example 7: Factorise completely the polynomial 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 − 24 when
divide by 𝑥 + 2 .
EXERCISE
By using long division, find the quotient and the remainder of the given polynomials.
Write the answer in the form P  x   Q  x  D  x   R  x  .
x 3  27
(a)
x 3
2x 3  7x 2  7x  15
(b)
x2  3 ANSWER :
(a)
(b) 2x 3  7x 2  7x  15
x2  3
 
  2x  7  x 2  3  13x  6 
SM015
SUB-TOPIC 6.2 :
REMAINDER THEOREM, FACTOR THEOREM & ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL.
15
to:
1. Relate the remainder and factor theorem to solve
problem.
2. Find roots of the equations and zeros of

polynomial.
16
Hanya untuk kegunaan PdP Unit Matematik KMKt.

OBJECTIVE 1:
Relate the remainder and factor theorem to solve

problem.
17

REMAINDER
THEOREM
WHAT IS IT?
WHEN TO USE?
18
DIVISOR, D(x) REMAINDER, R(x)
Linear, (𝑥 − 𝑎) Constant, 𝐴
Quadratic, (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) Linear, 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
REMAINDER Cubic, (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐) Quadratic, 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
THEOREM
HINTS TO
KNOW TYPES
OF REMAINDER
FROM DIVISOR
19
Example 8: Determine remainder without using long division.
𝑎 𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 7 𝑏 𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 7
divide by 𝑥 − 2 . divide by 2𝑥 − 1 .
20
Example 9: When 𝑃 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 8𝑘 is divided by 𝑥 − 1 , the remainder is 2.
Find the value of 𝑘.
𝑥 = 1, 𝑅(1) = 1
21
Example 10: When 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 − 9 is divided by 𝑥 + 1 , the remainder is 3.
When 𝑃 𝑥 is divided by 𝑥 − 2 , the remainder is 9. Find the value of 𝑝 and 𝑞.
22
Example 11: When 𝑃 𝑥 leaves a remainder of 1 on division by 𝑥 − 2 , a remainder of 3
on division by (𝑥 + 2). Find the remainder when 𝑃(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 2 − 4.
𝑅 2 = 1, 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑥 − 2 + 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑅 −2 = 3, 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑅 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵, 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑥 2 − 4 + (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)
23
FACTOR
THEOREM
WHAT IS IT? 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑅(𝑥)
𝑃 𝑎 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑎 − 𝑎 + 𝑅(𝑥)
0 = 𝑅(𝑥)
WHEN TO USE? Since, 𝑃 𝑎 = 0

- Find constant in polynomial So, (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥)
- Polynomial divisible by ….
24
Example 13: Show that 𝑥 − 3 is a factor of 𝑃 𝑥 = 3 − 7𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 .
25
Example 14: Given that (x + 2) is a factor of 2x3 + x2 + kx – 4. Find the constant k.
Hence, factorize the expression completely.
Since (x + 2) is a factor, 𝑃 𝑎 =0
26
Example 15: Given that the expression 3𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 12 is exactly divisible
by 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3.
(a) Determine the values of a and b.
(b) Factorize the expression completely.
(a) divisible Remainder is ‘zero’ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 is factor 𝑃 𝑥 =0
27
28
OBJECTIVE 2:
Find roots of the equations and zeros

of polynomial
Hanya untuk kegunaan PdP Unit Matematik KMKt. 29

ZEROS of Zero Factor
POLYNOMIALS
WHAT IS IT? Root
Value of 𝑥 when
𝑃 𝑥 = 0. Only Differ In How We Write Each Of Them
In other word, root of Factor Root Zero

equation when
𝑃 𝑥 =0 𝑥−2 𝑥=2 2
30
Example 16: Show that 2𝑥 − 3 is a factor of 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 18. Then, find the other zeros.
31
Example 17: The polynomial 𝑃 𝑥 = 6𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 12 has a factor (𝑥 − 1) and gives the
remainder −50 when divided by 𝑥 + 1 .
(a) Find constants 𝑎 and 𝑏.
(b) If −2 is another zero, factorise 𝑃 𝑥 completely.
(c) Hence, solve when 𝑃 𝑥 = 0.
(a)
32
(b)
33
EXERCISE
1. By using the remainder theorem, find the remainder when 2x 4  3x 3  30x  12 is
divided by  x  3  . Ans : 3
2. The remainder of P  x   x 3  2x  r when it is divided by  x  1 , is the same as the
remainder when Q  x   2x 3  x  r is divided by  2x  1 . Find the value of r.
Ans : r  1
8
3. The remainder of polynomial P  x  is 3 when divided by  x  2  and 2 when divided
by  x  3  . If the remainder P  x  is  px  q  when divided by  x 2  5x  6  , find the
values of p and q. Ans : p  1, q  5
4. Prove that 3x  2 is a factor of the polynomial 6x 3  7x 2  x  2.

Hence, find the roots of the equation 6x 3  7x 2  x  2  0.
2 1
Ans : the roots are ,  and 1.
3 2
5. Find the polynomial of degree 3, if P 1  P  2  0, P  1  4 and P  2  28.
Ans : P ( x )   x  1 x  23x  1
SM015
SUB-TOPIC 6.3 : PARTIAL FRACTIONS
35
to:
1) Construct the partial fractions decomposition when the
denominators in the form of:
i) a linear factor, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
ii) a repeated linear factor, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑛
iii) a quadratic factor, 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 that cannot be factorized.

* degree of denominator up to 3
36
to:
2) Change the rational polynomials to proper fraction
when the degree of the numerator is the same or
more than the denominator.
3) Determine the partial fractions.
37
Introduction of partial fractions
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕 𝟐 𝟑
= +
(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝒙 + 𝟏) (𝒙 + 𝟐)
Single proper 2 proper
fractional fractional
function function
Decompose in form
of Partial fraction
38
Objective 1: Construct the decomposition
Example 1: Denominator is a different linear factors
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕
(a) = +
(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝒙 + 𝟏) (𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟑
(b) = +
(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏) (𝒙 + 𝟐)
(c) 𝟗𝒙𝟐
=
(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
39
Example 2: Denominator is repeated linear factors
𝟐𝒙
(a) 𝟐
= +
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝟑
(b) = 𝟐 + 𝟐 +
𝟐
𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒙 𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝟐)
(c) 𝟗𝒙𝟐
𝟐
=
𝒙 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
40
Exp 3:Denominator is quadratic factors (can factorize)
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝐴 𝐵
(a) 𝟐 ≡ = +
𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝟔 (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟑) (𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝒙 − 𝟑)
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
(b) 𝟐
≡ =
𝒙 −𝟏
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
(b) 𝟐 ≡ =
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒
41
Exp 4:Denominator is quadratic factors (cannot factorize)
𝒙+𝟏
(a) ≡ +
𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 +𝟑) 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
(b) ≡ +
𝟐
𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
(b) 𝟐 𝟐
≡
(𝒙 +𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏)
42
Objective 2: Change the rational polynomials
to proper fraction
𝑥3 − 2 Answer:
Exp 5:
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥3 − 2
Use long division: (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)
43
Objective 2: Change the rational polynomials
to proper fraction
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
Exp 6: Answer:
𝑥2 − 4
Use long division:
44
Objective 3: Determine partial fractions
5𝑥+7
Exp 7: Express in partial fractions.
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
45
Objective 3: Determine partial fractions
5𝑥+7
Exp 7: Express in partial fractions.
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
46
3
Exp 8: Express 2 in partial fractions.
𝑥 (𝑥−1)
47
3
𝑥 (𝑥−1)
48
4𝑥
(𝑥+1)(𝑥 +3)
49
4𝑥
(𝑥+1)(𝑥 +3)
50
Next examples about change
improper fraction to proper
partial fractions
51
𝑥 3 −2
Exp 10: Express as partial fractions.
(𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)
Step 1: Improper fraction MUST use long division

Already done in ‘video 6.3 Slide 9’
𝑥3 − 2 7𝑥 − 8
= 𝑥−1 +
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)
Step 2: Decompose the fraction into partial fraction
52
𝑥 3 −2
Exp 10: Express as partial fractions.
(𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)
Step 3: Write into complete partial fraction
𝑥3 − 2
=
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)
4𝑥 3 +12𝑥 2 +13𝑥+7
Exp 11: Express 2 as partial fractions.
2𝑥+1
Step 1: Improper fraction MUST use long division Step 2: Decompose the fraction into partial fraction
4𝑥 3 +12𝑥 2 +13𝑥+7
Exp 11: Express 2 as partial fractions.
2𝑥+1
Step 3: Write into complete partial fraction
4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 7
=
2𝑥 + 1 2
56
EXERCISE
1. Express the following in partial fractions:
7 x - 12
a) 2
x - 3x + 2
7 - x
b)
( x - 2)( x 2 + 1)
2. Express these improper algebraic fractions as partial fractions:

x3 - 1
a)
( x + 1) ( x - 2)
10 x 3 + 20
b)
( x - 3) ( x 2 + 1)
Final Answers:
5 2
1. a) +
x - 1 x - 2
1 x + 3
b) -
x - 2 x2 + 1
2 7
2. a) ( x  1)  +
3 ( x + 1) 3 ( x - 2)
29 x - 7
b) 10  +
x - 3 x2 + 1

Versi Pelajar Chapter Polynomials

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SM015

Addition, Subtraction And

ADDITION To add two polynomials, add the like terms.

SUBTRACTION To subtract two polynomials, subtract the

Written as: 3𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 −7 Line up like

Reverse the sign of 2nd

Place like terms together

METHOD? WHY? WHAT? Exp:

2. Find roots of the equations and zeros of

Hanya untuk kegunaan PdP Unit Matematik KMKt.

Relate the remainder and factor theorem to solve

Hanya untuk kegunaan PdP Unit Matematik KMKt.

WHEN TO USE? Since, 𝑃 𝑎 = 0

(a) divisible Remainder is ‘zero’ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 is factor 𝑃 𝑥 =0

Find roots of the equations and zeros

Hanya untuk kegunaan PdP Unit Matematik KMKt. 29

In other word, root of Factor Root Zero

4. Prove that 3x  2 is a factor of the polynomial 6x 3  7x 2  x  2.

iii) a quadratic factor, 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 that cannot be factorized.

3) Determine the partial fractions.

Use long division:

Step 1: Improper fraction MUST use long division

Step 3: Write into complete partial fraction

Step 3: Write into complete partial fraction

2. Express these improper algebraic fractions as partial fractions:

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