Theory Guide

© EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, 2005 HEALTH GROUP
{TheoryGuide}{Production}{Health Group}{ExternalAndInternal} Publication No. TG1883-1

05AUG05
Confidential
THEORY GUIDE
Restricted
Information
for the
Kodak DirectView CR 975 SYSTEM
Service Code: 1883
Important
Qualified service personnel must repair this equipment.
H206_0500AC
THEORY GUIDE
05AUG05
TG1883-1 PLEASE NOTE The information contained herein is based on the experience and knowledge relating to the
Page subject matter gained by Eastman Kodak Company prior to publication.
2 of 120
No patent license is granted by this information.
Eastman Kodak Company reserves the right to change this information without notice, and
makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to this information. Kodak shall not be
liable for any loss or damage, including consequential or special damages, resulting from any
use of this information, even if loss or damage is caused by Kodak’s negligence or other fault.
This equipment includes parts and assemblies sensitive to damage from electrostatic
discharge. Use caution to prevent damage during all service procedures.
Table of Contents
Description Page
Equipment Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Features and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Main Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Radiography Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Comparison of Film/Screen and Computed Radiography (CR) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Overview of CR Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exposing the STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Stimulating the PHOSPHOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Changing Light Energy to an Analog Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Changing Analog Signals to Digital Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Processing the Digital Image. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Sequence of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Overview of Workflow Using the CR 975 SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Before Loading the CASSETTE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Loading the CASSETTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fastening the SCREEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Preparing to Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Scanning the SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Erasing the SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Inserting the PLATE back into the CASSETTE SHELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Removing the CASSETTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Scanning the Next CASSETTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Error Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
STORAGE PHOSPHOR CASSETTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
THEORY GUIDE
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TG1883-1 Size and Resolution of SCREENS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Page Fast Scan / Slow Scan Directions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3 of 120 Image Matrix Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Reading the BAR CODE LABEL of the CASSETTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Cassette Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Cassette Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
INPUT and OUTPUT SLOTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
BELTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
CASSETTE ALIGNMENT CAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
LOAD BARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
UNLOAD BARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
INTERNAL BAR CODE READER B1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Sequence of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Plate Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
CASSETTE ELEVATOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
CASSETTE CLAMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
DYNAMIC FRAME LOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
EXTRACTION BAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
DUPLEX CAM AY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Scan/Erase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
PLATE POSITIONING AY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
LEAD SCREW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
EXTRACTION BAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
EXTRACTION BAR HOME SENSOR S9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
PLATE PRESENT SENSOR S5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
SLOW SCAN MOTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
ENCODER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
ERASE AY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
LAMP CURRENT SENSORS CS1 - CS5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
LASER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
GALVO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
COLLECTOR and PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE (PMT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Operation of the COLLECTOR and the PMTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Operation of the PMT/DAS BOARD A5: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
THEORY GUIDE
05AUG05
TG1883-1 MCPU BOARD A2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Page Sequence of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4 of 120 Scanning the SCREEN - Slow Scan/Fast Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Obtaining the Image Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Processing the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Processing the Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Logic and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Operator Input Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
BOARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Distribution of Images to the Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Power Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
POWER SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Power Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
INTERLOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Error and Activity Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Error Frequency Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Actuation Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
THEORY GUIDE Equipment Description
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TG1883-1
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Section 1: Equipment Description
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Features and Functions
The Kodak DirectView CR 975 SYSTEM is a LASER SCANNER that reads a latent image
made on a STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN during an X-ray exam and provides a digital
image. Physicians and radiologists can then view, improve, store and make a print of the
image, and send the image across a computer network.
Size 259 x 190.7 cm (102 x 75 in.)

Automatic loading • allows the operator to load up to 8 CASSETTES at the same time
and scanning
• allows scanning of up to 70 CASSETTES/hour
Configurations • “Standalone” - the CR 975 SYSTEM is not connected to other
CR 975 SYSTEMS:
– can include one or more Kodak DirectView REMOTE
OPERATIONS PANELS (ROP)
– must have access to an output device for viewing the images
or to obtain a printout
• “Cluster” - 2 or more CR 975 SYSTEMS are in a network:
– can include up to 10 remote devices, for example Kodak
DirectView CR 800/850/900/950/975 SYSTEMS, ROPs, and
Remote Patient Data Entry Stations (RPDES)
– allows all devices in the network to send information to each
other
– must include one SERVER that stores all patient data
Note
Devices in a “cluster” configuration can only send information to other
devices in the same “cluster”. Devices in one “cluster” cannot send
information to devices in other “clusters”.
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TG1883-1
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6 of 120 Network All CR 975 SYSTEMS and ROPs:
Communications • connect to the 10 Base-T or 100 Base-T Ethernet NETWORK of
the site
• can send information to all connected DICOM digital imaging
equipment that is qualified with the Medical Image Manager (MIM)
and CR 975 SYSTEM
• use CATEGORY 5 CABLES to connect to the network
• use a “gateway” device qualified by Kodak to enable access to the
HIS/RIS system. The customer must provide this device.
TOUCH SCREEN • allows the operator to touch areas displayed on the screen to:
MONITOR – enter exam and patient information
– view and improve images
• allows the FE to do service diagnostics
BAR CODE • EXTERNAL BAR CODE READER:
READERS – hand-held SCANNER
– used to scan the BAR CODE LABEL on CASSETTES and
other BAR CODES used for entering data
• INTERNAL BAR CODE READER:
– automatically scans the BAR CODE LABEL on CASSETTES
when they are loaded
– provides information about the size, speed, and serial number
of the CASSETTE
INTERNAL PC • includes software for image processing and for providing
communication with external devices and the computer network
• access is through the front of the CR 975 SYSTEM
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TG1883-1
Page
7 of 120 REMOTE A device that is installed on the wall in an area separate from the
OPERATIONS CR 975 SYSTEM, used for viewing images and entering data. The
PANEL (ROP) ROP includes:
• computer running an INTERNET BROWSER
• TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR - SVGA device with a 600 x 800
pixel resolution
• EXTERNAL BAR CODE READER - can read all formats identified
for the hand-operated BAR CODE READER on the CR 975
SYSTEM
The ROP allows operators to:

• enter patient, exam, and CASSETTE (PEC) data into a
CR 975 SYSTEM
• check patient data
• view scanned X-ray images
• send images to other nodes on the network
PEC data entered through a ROP and sent across the network is
connected with the correct image.
FRAMES The INNER and OUTER FRAMES do not touch each other when the
system is operating. This configuration allows scanning to occur
without vibrations that might affect the quality of the image.
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TG1883-1
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8 of 120 On-site Service • CASTERS allow the CR 975 SYSTEM to be moved for service
without leveling
• DATA PLATES and MODIFICATION LABELS are located for easy
access and viewing
• PLUGS and CONNECTORS are identified
• data in the Error and Activity logs can be sorted by field for
troubleshooting, for example by date and error code number
• FEs can view internal diagnostics, including error codes,
component tests, and tests of the SENSORS from the TOUCH
SCREEN MONITOR
Remote Service • remote access options:
– dedicated MODEM connected to the CR 975 SYSTEM
– MODEM SERVER provided by the customer
• one point of access to the service functions of all CR 975
SYSTEMS on the customer network from the remote service
access connection
• access to all service functions, except running the Scan/Erase and
Cassette Handling subsystems
• remote service:
– installing software
– setting up the configuration for the CR 975 SYSTEM
– retrieving and clearing Error and Activity Logs
– retrieving Image Processing Library (IPL) diagnostic images
Note
FEs providing remote service cannot view the information about the
patient on images.
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TG1883-1 Main Subsystems
Page
9 of 120
TOUCH EXTERNAL
SCREEN BARCODE to
MONITOR SCANNER network
CR 975 SYSTEM
Logic and Control

Imaging
INTERNAL A2
PC
MCPU
Ethernet BOARD Optical
Error and Activity LOGS
Logs CARDS
A3 A4
DIGITIZER GALVO
BOARD BOARD
INTERNAL A1 PMTs
BARCODE
MCB
SCANNER
BOARD A5 COLLECTOR A18
PMT/DAS
BOARD LASER
DRIVER
PRE-
REGULATOR
Cassette Scan/Erase BOARD
Handling
GALVO
DUPLEX
CAM AY A17
LASER DIODE
CASSETTE DRIVER BOARD
ERASE SLOW SCAN SLOW SCAN
LAMPS ENCODER MOTOR
CASSETTE Cassette Transport LASER
PLATE/
SCREEN
Plate
Handling
Power Distribution
K1 RELAY DC power to
all BOARDS
PS1 and MOTORS
AC power POWER
TRANSFORMER UPS
90 - 264 V AC T1 SUPPLY
H206_1210DC
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page Subsystem Description See:
10 of 120
CASSETTE • includes: STORAGE
PHOSPHOR
– STORAGE PHOSPHOR
CASSETTE
SCREEN that captures and stores the
X-ray image for processing
– CASSETTE SHELL that holds the
PLATE
• available in 5 sizes and 2 resolutions
Cassette Handling • loads the CASSETTE into the CR 975 Cassette Handling
SYSTEM
• removes the PLATE from the CASSETTE
SHELL
• after scanning, installs the PLATE in the
CASSETTE SHELL
• allows the CASSETTE to be removed from
the CR 975 SYSTEM
Scan/Erase • moves the PLATE at a uniform speed: Scan/Erase
– through the scanning area
– to the erase position
• removes the residual image on the
SCREEN by exposing it to intense light
• inserts the PLATE into the CASSETTE
SHELL again
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TG1883-1 Subsystem Description See:
Page
11 of 120 Imaging • controls and moves the laser beam across Imaging
the SCREEN
• captures the blue light emitted from the
SCREEN
• assembles the data from the screen and
changes it to digital format
• processes the image
Logic and Control • processes commands from the operator Logic and Control
• controls the operation of all subsystems
• sends processed images to the network
for distribution
Power Distribution • provides power for all subsystems Power Distribution
• includes a UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER
SUPPLY (UPS)
• has an INTERLOCK SWITCH that is
actuated when the FRONT DOOR is
opened
Error and Activity • records errors in the system Logs
Logs • records user actions
THEORY GUIDE Radiography Theory
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Section 2: Radiography Theory
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Comparison of Film/Screen and Computed Radiography (CR)
X-RAY latent image visible image

TUBE (On Film) (On Film)
FILM/ FILM PROCESSING
SCREEN
AERIAL
IMAGE
FINAL VISIBLE
X-RAY latent image visible image IMAGE
TUBE (Storage Phosphor) (CRT) (Film or Viewer)
ENHANCED
STORAGE CONVERSIONS PROCESSING
PHOSPHOR
SCREEN
AERIAL
IMAGE
H194_5012HC
X-rays are used in medical imaging to make an image of given body parts on a surface,
which can be read by a Radiologist or other medical personnel. The available systems for
capturing these images are:
• Screen/film - captures a projection image on an X-ray film
• Computed Radiography (CR) - captures a digital image
05AUG05
TG1883-1 The following phases are necessary to capture and process projection radiographs for both
Page screen/film systems and CR systems:
13 of 120
Phase of Image Capture Description

Phase 1 - In both screen/film and CR systems:
Making the aerial image • an X-ray TUBE emits X-rays in the direction of an IMAGE
RECEPTOR
• when the X-rays reach the body of the patient, some are
absorbed by the patient and some are not. The result is an
“aerial” image with varying degrees of X-ray power (varying
numbers of X-ray photons)
Phase 2 - When the IMAGE RECEPTOR is exposed to the X-rays in the
Capturing the latent image aerial image, a latent image is captured on the RECEPTOR:
• screen/film systems - image is captured on sensitized
radiographic film
• CR systems - image is captured on a STORAGE
PHOSPHOR SCREEN. The X-ray photons that reach the
SCREEN charge the PHOSPHOR, making a latent image
on the screen.
Phase 3 - The latent image must be changed to a visible image, which
Capturing, changing, and can be read by the Radiologist, moved from one place to
storing the visible image another, and stored for use at another time:
• screen/film systems - radiographic film is processed through
chemicals and the latent image is fixed onto the film
• CR systems - the latent image on the STORAGE
PHOSPHOR SCREEN is scanned by a laser beam, which
stimulates the charged PHOSPHOR on the SCREEN. Blue
light is emitted from the stimulated PHOSPHOR, assembled,
and changed into analog electrical signals. The analog
image is then changed into digital signals and processed.
The digital image is stored and displayed by a computer
system and can be routed to other computers and
PRINTERS through a network.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 The following table compares the analog and digital health image capture systems.
Page
14 of 120
Analog Screen/Film Systems Digital CR Systems
Uses “Rare Earth” SCREENS - Uses a BARIUM FLOUROHALIDE
GADOLINIUM OXYSULFIDE or STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN.
LANTHANUM OXYBROMIDE.
Speed range from 100 - 1000. Screen speed:
• General Purpose (GP), 200 - 250
• High Resolution (HP), 100 - 125
Film processing parameters are important in No film processing is necessary.
determining the quality of the image, for
example chemical temperature and timing.
It is hard to obtain the same print quality The user can print a copy of the digital image
when copies are necessary because of at any time.
variations in GENERATORS, PROCESSORS,
positions, procedures, and conditions for
developing the film.
Overexposing or underexposing an image Exposure factors do not normally make it
normally makes it necessary to expose the necessary to expose the patient to ionizing
patient to ionizing radiation again. radiation again.
Image quality is changed by conditions in the Image quality is not changed by conditions in
environment, for example temperature or the environment.
humidity.
The image cannot be viewed in more than CR images can be viewed at more than one
one place at a time. place at the same time, in the same building
or in remote nodes on the network.
• Recording medium - film • Recording medium - STORAGE
PHOSPHOR SCREEN
• Output medium - film
• Output medium - film, paper, digital
• Storing medium - film
display
• Storing medium - digital
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Analog Screen/Film Systems Digital CR Systems
Page
15 of 120 Image density and contrast are controlled by Density and contrast are controlled by image
kilovolts peak (kvP), milliampere seconds processing parameters. kvP, and mA.s
(mA.s), and film type. continue to be important image control
factors for details and noise in the digital
image.
Viewing quality can only be improved by Digital images can be improved by
increasing the brightness of the LAMP that processing on a computer to change the
illuminates the film. density, contrast, sharpness, and other
factors.
The quality of films that are not exposed Images that were not exposed correctly can
correctly cannot be improved. be improved. For example, software
parameters can improve image density and
contrast.
Overview of CR Technology
Operations
The following operations are necessary to capture the latent image in the STORAGE
PHOSPHOR SCREEN and change it to a digital image that can be viewed on a computer
screen and sent to a PRINTER.
• Exposing the STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN
• Stimulating the PHOSPHOR
• Changing Light Energy to an Analog Signal
• Changing Analog Signals to Digital Signals
• Processing the Digital Image
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Exposing the STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN
Page
16 of 120 X-RAY latent
aerial
TUBE image
image Lighter values indicate that more
x-rays were absorbed by the
SCREEN - bone tissue
Mid-range values indicate that fewer

x-rays were absorbed by the
SCREEN - soft tissue
Darker values indicate that most

STORAGE PHOSPHOR PLATE x-rays were absorbed by the
Charged storage phosphors SCREEN - did not pass through the body
proportional to x-ray energy
absorbed by screen.
H194_5033BC
When a STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN is exposed to X-rays:

• special PHOSPHOR on the SCREEN absorbs the radiation in degrees of intensity
determined the body part and the type of SCREEN:
– soft body tissues absorb a small quantity of radiation - these areas are indicated in the
X-ray image by mid-range values
– bone tissues absorb most of the radiation - these areas are indicated in the X-ray
image by light values
– X-rays that do not hit any obstructions are indicated in the X-ray image by dark values
– High Resolution SCREENS absorb less energy than General Purpose SCREENS
• SCREEN has a latent image in the areas that were exposed to the radiation. The quantity
of stored energy or charge on the SCREEN is proportional to the quantity of
X-ray energy absorbed by the SCREEN.
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page Characteristics of the
17 of 120 STORAGE PHOSPHOR Description
SCREEN
X-ray absorption About 50% of the X-ray energy is released in the form of
fluorescence when the SCREEN is exposed. The X-ray energy
remaining makes the latent image on the SCREEN.
Photostimulable When the charged PHOSPHOR on the SCREEN is stimulated by
luminescence light, the PHOSPHOR releases or discharges blue light proportional
to the energy the PHOSPHOR has stored.
Fading The latent image fades with time, but it is possible to read data from
the SCREEN for a number of days after scanning.
Residual image After a SCREEN is erased by exposing it to light, it keeps some
charge from the latent image. This charge does not make the
SCREEN less effective when it is used again.
Signal accumulation Signals can accumulate on SCREENS that are not used for more
than 24 hours. Erasing these SCREENS decreases the residual
image to the optimum range for using the SCREEN again. Failure to
erase these signals can result in artifacts.
Long life The photostimulable luminescent quality of the SCREEN does not
decrease with time. The life of a SCREEN can be decreased by
damage to the material.
Stimulating the PHOSPHOR

It is necessary to stimulate the PHOSPHOR in the SCREEN to read the latent image. The
following components of the CR systems provide this function:
• light source:
– exposes the SCREEN with high-intensity light that stimulates the electrons and causes
the electrons to be luminescent
– laser beam moves from one side of the SCREEN to the other to expose the image
05AUG05
TG1883-1 • DEFLECTOR:
Page
18 of 120 – moves the laser beam across the SCREEN and then back to the starting position. At
the same time, the SCREEN moves perpendicular to the scanning direction of the
laser beam.
– is continually monitored and adjusted to check that the scanning operation is correct
and has a continual speed
• scanning optics:
– focuses and shapes the laser beam, keeping the speed and angle of the beam the
same when it moves across the SCREEN
– angle of a laser beam determines the size, shape, and speed of the beam. An
example is the beam of a flashlight moving across a flat surface from one edge to the
center and to the other edge.
Changing Light Energy to an Analog Signal

The following components of CR systems change the light energy in the exposed SCREEN to
an analog signal:
• LIGHT COLLECTOR:
– provides the collection of the blue light emitted when the SCREEN is stimulated by the
laser beam
– CR 975 SYSTEM uses an INTEGRATING CAVITY with MIRRORS to provide the
collection of the blue light
• BLUE FILTER:
– does not allow any red light reflected from the SCREEN to reach the LIGHT
DETECTORS
– allows only the blue light to reach the LIGHT DETECTORS
05AUG05
TG1883-1 • LIGHT DETECTORS:
Page
19 of 120 – are normally PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES (PMT)
– receive light that enters the COLLECTOR
– change the light photons into electrons when the photons enter through a
PHOTOCATHODE. When the electrons move through the LIGHT DETECTORS, the
electrons increase in number - “gain”.
– when more than one LIGHT DETECTOR is used in a system, the system adds and
changes the signals into one output. The output from the added PMTs can include
frequencies that are outside of the limits of the system - “noise”. An ANALOG FILTER
limits this noise.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Changing Analog Signals to Digital Signals
Page
20 of 120
X-RAY latent image visible image

TUBE (On Film) (On Film)
FILM/ FILM PROCESSING
SCREEN
AERIAL
IMAGE
FINAL VISIBLE
X-RAY latent image visible image IMAGE
TUBE (Storage Phosphor) (CRT) (Film or Viewer)
ENHANCED
STORAGE CONVERSIONS PROCESSING
PHOSPHOR
SCREEN
AERIAL
IMAGE
H194_5012HC
Analog signals are changed to digital signals by sampling the blue light from the STORAGE
PHOSPHOR SCREEN and moving it through an ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER to
make a digital value for the brightness of each sample.
Sampling is similar to making a photograph of the signal at a given time. The sample has
both a horizontal and a vertical value. The size of the sample is defined in the system
software for both the horizontal and vertical directions.
• The horizontal value indicates a point in time in the motion of the laser beam across the
SCREEN.
• The vertical value indicates a line on the screen at a right angle to the scanning direction.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 If you find both the horizontal and the vertical points of the sample on an imaginary matrix,
Page similar to the one in the graphic, the result indicates one pixel in the digital image.
21 of 120
Continual analog input values are changed to output values. In this process, the replacement
of small ranges of analog input values with one digital output value occurs. The digital output
value indicates one pixel of information on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR.
The output is a linear digital signal. The CR 975 SYSTEM emits a 16-bit digital signal with a
total signal range of 65,536 levels. Because it is not possible for the human eye to see this
range of separate values, the CR 975 SYSTEM changes the 16-bit linear image data to 12-bit
log data. This 12-bit log provides data from 0 - 4095 values. These values are used in the
CR 975 SYSTEM.
Processing the Digital Image

Digital imaging allows users to improve diagnostic images by processing the images. After the
digital image is made, the digital data is processed using parameters set up in the software.
In the CR 975 SYSTEM, this processing occurs in the INTERNAL PC.
Examples of image processing used for digital images:
• segmentation
• tone scaling
• edge enhancement
• brightness - level
• contrast - window
THEORY GUIDE Sequence of Operation
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page
Section 3: Sequence of Operation
22 of 120
Overview of Workflow Using the CR 975 SYSTEM
1 The Radiology Department receives a request for an X-ray exam.
2 The Radiologist, the operator, assembles the patient information. For example, patient
name, ID, and accession number.
Note
If the facility has a Hospital Information System/Radiographic Information System (HIS/RIS)
that is HL-7 compatible, the patient information can be automatically downloaded to the
CR 975 SYSTEM through a HIS/RIS gateway. If no automatic connection is available, the
information can be manually entered at a ROP or a CR 975 SYSTEM.
3 The operator can select network nodes to send the image data to.
4 The operator uses a CR CASSETTE to do the exam, capturing the latent image on the
STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN.
5 Using the CR 975 SYSTEM or the ROP, the operator enters the CASSETTE ID
Information by scanning the BAR CODE LABEL on the CASSETTE or entering it
manually.
6 The operator places one or more exposed CASSETTES onto the CR 975 SYSTEM. The
operator presses the START BUTTON. The system scans the SCREEN, capturing the
latent image on the SCREEN and changes to a digital image. After scanning, the
SCREEN is automatically erased and inserted into the CASSETTE SHELL, and ejected.
7 The CR 975 SYSTEM processes the image. If the system is in:
• “Pass-Through Mode” - the image is automatically sent to all network nodes
• “QA Mode” - the operator can process the image and then send it to other network
nodes
8 If necessary, the image can be processed and sent to network nodes again.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Before Loading the CASSETTE
Page
23 of 120 1 After initializing, the CR 975 SYSTEM is ready to receive a CASSETTE for scanning.
2 The Radiology Technologist uses a Computed Radiology (CR) CASSETTE to capture the
latent image of the body part on the SCREEN.
3 The operator scans the BAR CODE LABEL on the CASSETTE. The information about
the CASSETTE becomes part of the patient and exam data in the system.
Status: CR 975 SYSTEM - Ready to Load CASSETTE

• MAIN BELT is in the home position.
• ALIGNMENT CAMS are engaged, raised.
• LOAD BAR is in the home position, SLOT 1.
• UNLOAD BAR is in the “engaged” position, PROCESS SLOT 0.
• ELEVATOR is down.
• SIZE CHANGER can be in any position.
• DUPLEX CAM is at the home position. See “DUPLEX CAM AY.”
• EXTRACTION BAR is at the home position.
• The DYNAMIC FRAME LOCK (DFL) is engaged.
• MOTORS are stopped.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Loading the CASSETTE
Page
24 of 120 1 The operator loads one or more CASSETTES into the input station SLOTS 2 through 8.
2 The CASSETTE SENSORS on the TOP SENSOR BOARD A11 detect the CASSETTES.
3 The START BUTTON is green.
4 The MCB A1 sends a “Cassette Available” message to the MCPU BOARD A2.
5 The operator presses the START BUTTON on the front of the CR 975 SYSTEM.
6 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends an “Advance Cassette to SLOT 1” message to the MCB
A1.
7 If no CASSETTE is in SLOT 1, the CASSETTES move one SLOT to the left. See
“Cassette Transport.”
• The ALIGNMENT CAMS are disengaged and rotated down to be clear of the
CASSETTES.
• The MAIN BELT, LOAD BELT, and UNLOAD BELT move one position to the left.
• The UNLOAD BAR moves from the engaged position at PROCESS SLOT 0 to the
home position at SLOT -1 and back to the engaged position.
• The LOAD BAR moves from the home position at SLOT 1 to the engaged position at
PROCESS SLOT 0 and back to the home position.
• The ALIGNMENT CAMS are engaged and rotated up to align the CASSETTES.
8 The CASSETTES continue to move one SLOT to the left until a CASSETTE is detected
in SLOT 1.
9 The INTERNAL BAR CODE READER B1 reads the size, speed, and serial number from
the BAR CODE LABEL on the CASSETTE in SLOT 1 and:
• issues an audible tone
• MCB A1 sends:
– “Cassette Detect” message to the MCPU BOARD A2
– CASSETTE ID to the MCPU BOARD A2
05AUG05
TG1883-1 10 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends:
Page
25 of 120 • “Cassette Detect Reply” message to the MCB A1
• “Scan Request” message to the INTERNAL PC
11 The INTERNAL PC:
• checks that it has the quantity of memory necessary to receive the image
• makes a raw-image file to receive the image
• sends a “Scan Request Reply” message to the MCPU BOARD A2 with a value of
“OK”
12 The TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR displays the “Loading (Cassette ID)” message.
13 The MCPU BOARD A2:
• sends a “Load Cassette” message to the MCB A1
• sends the information about the size and speed of the CASSETTE to the DIGITIZER
BOARD A3 and the MCB A1
14 The SIZE CHANGER sets the ELEVATOR for the size of the CASSETTE.
15 The CASSETTES move one SLOT to the left:
a The ALIGNMENT CAMS are disengaged and rotated down to allow the
CASSETTES to move.
b The MAIN BELT, LOAD BELT, and UNLOAD BELT move one position to the left.
c The UNLOAD BAR moves from the engaged position at PROCESS SLOT 0 to the
home position at SLOT –1.
d The LOAD BAR moves from the home position at SLOT 1 to the engaged position at
PROCESS SLOT 0, which moves the CASSETTE in SLOT 1 to PROCESS SLOT 0.
e The ALIGNMENT CAMS are engaged and rotated up to align the CASSETTES.
16 The ELEVATOR raises, lifting the CASSETTE off the LOAD BAR. See “CASSETTE
ELEVATOR.”
17 The LOAD BAR moves to the home position at SLOT 1 to allow the CASSETTE to move.
18 The ELEVATOR moves the CASSETTE down to the EXTRACTION BAR.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 19 The CASSETTE PRESENT SENSOR S19 detects that a CASSETTE is in the position
Page where the CLAMPS can move in to hold the CASSETTE.
26 of 120
Note
If the BAR CODE LABEL cannot be read, an error message displays. Any size CASSETTE
can be selected.
20 The DUPLEX CAM moves to position 2, which moves the SLED PLATE forward 0.64 cm
(0.250 in.).
21 The FRONT CUP of the SIZE CHANGER moves to push the CASSETTE to the back,
which holds the CASSETTE in the REAR CUP.
22 The CASSETTE CLAMPS move in from the right and left sides to hold the CASSETTE
tightly in position.
Status: CASSETTE Loaded

• DUPLEX CAM has reached position 2
• SLED PLATE is 0.64 cm (0.250 in.) forward of the home position
• CASSETTE is on the EXTRACTION BAR
• CASSETTE is held tightly by the CASSETTE CLAMPS
• CASSETTE is closed and the SCREEN remains inside the
CASSETTE
• HOOKS on the EXTRACTION BAR are retracted
Fastening the SCREEN

1 The DUPLEX CAM moves toward position 3. See “DUPLEX CAM AY.”
2 When the DUPLEX CAM rotates, the SLED CAM and the HOOK CAM execute the
following actions. The first degrees of the CAM rotation move the HOOKS up. The
remaining part of the rotation releases the LATCHES of the CASSETTE and fastens the
PLATE to the EXTRACTION BAR.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 • SLED CAM actions:
Page
27 of 120 – SLED PLATE moves an additional 0.896 cm (0.350 in.) forward
– CASSETTE CLAMPS are in the “unlatch” position, holding the CASSETTE tightly
• HOOK CAM actions:
– HOOK CAM moves against the HOOK YOKE FOLLOWER, which starts the
mechanical sequence to extend the HOOKS on the EXTRACTION BAR into the
LATCH AY.
– With the HOOKS in position inside the CASSETTE, the forward motion of the
INTERMEDIATE PLATE causes the SPRING-LOADED LATCH inside the PLATE
to release and fastens the PLATE to the EXTRACTION BAR.
3 The MCB A1 sends a signal to the MCPU BOARD A2 that the CASSETTE is loaded.
Status Summary: PLATE Fastened
• DFL is engaged
• DUPLEX CAM has reached position 3
• SLED PLATE is 1.376 cm (0.600 in.) forward of the home position
• CLAMPS are holding the CASSETTE
• PLATE is fastened to the EXTRACTION BAR by the HOOKS
• EXTRACTION BAR is at the home position
• DUPLEX CAM MOTOR M1 is de-energized
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Preparing to Scan
Page
28 of 120 1 The SLOW SCAN MOTOR starts rotating the LEAD SCREW, pulling the PLATE down
from the CASSETTE.
• When the EXTRACTION BAR moves down to the position immediately before
scanning starts, the LOWER ARM of the PLATE POSITIONING AY moves forward to
touch the back of the PLATE, which is partially out of the CASSETTE SHELL. The
LOWER ARM keeps the PLATE SCREEN from touching the WALLS of the
CASSETTE when it moves out of the CASSETTE.
• After the LOWER ARM moves forward to touch the back of the PLATE, the UPPER
ARM of the PLATE POSITIONING AY also moves forward. It keeps the larger
PLATES steady during scanning and when they leave and move back into the
CASSETTE.
2 When the SCREEN is moving into the position to start scanning, the MCPU BOARD A2
energizes the PMTs and sets them to 0.
3 The SCREEN PRESENT SENSOR S5 detects that a SCREEN is fastened, and sends a
message of the status to the MCB A1.
Status Summary: Prepared for Scanning
• SLOW SCAN MOTOR starts rotating the LEAD SCREW
• PMTs are energized and set to “0”
• DFL is disengaged
Scanning the SCREEN

1 The MCB A1 sends a “Load Plate Reply” message to the MCPU BOARD A2.
2 The MCPU BOARD A2:
• actuates the GALVO, which starts rotating to provide steadiness of scanning by the
time the SCREEN is in position to be scanned
• sends a signal to the MCB A1 to start the SLOW SCAN MOTOR
• sends a signal to the INTERNAL PC that the scan is starting
05AUG05
TG1883-1 3 The INTERNAL PC displays a TIMED PROGRESS BAR on the TOUCH SCREEN
Page MONITOR. This is a graphic display only and not a real-time indication of the status of
29 of 120
the scanning operation.
4 The SLOW SCAN MOTOR rotates, moving the SCREEN at a controlled speed through
the field of scan in the slow scan direction. The SLOW SCAN MOTOR uses set speeds
for given sizes of the SCREEN.
5 The GALVO BOARD A4 controls the motion of the laser beam across the SCREEN in
the fast scan direction. The SCREEN is scanned one pixel at a time, one line at a time.
See “Scanning the SCREEN - Slow Scan/Fast Scan.”
Note
• The fast scan motion is an almost horizontal trace across the SCREEN, from the back of
the SCREEN toward the front. When it reaches the end of a line, it does a fast retrace to
start another line. During the scanning, the SCREEN is moving down at a controlled
speed to make each fast scan trace one pixel line higher up on the SCREEN than the line
before. The result is that the fast scan is in a slightly diagonal trace across the SCREEN.
• The slow scan runs for a given number of lines in the vertical direction. A set number of
samplings occur for each line. The number is determined by the size of the SCREEN.
Both the number of lines and the number of samplings are set up in the calibration for that
size of SCREEN.
6 When the end of the scan is reached, the MCB A1 sends an “End of Scan” message to
the MCPU BOARD A2.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 7 The MCPU BOARD A2:
Page
30 of 120 • de-energizes the PMTs
• de-energizes the GALVO
• sends a “Scan End” message to the INTERNAL PC
Note
The TIMED PROGRESS BAR displays on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR until the image is
stored in the INTERNAL PC. This process might not be completed until after the image on
the SCREEN is removed, the SCREEN is inserted into the CASSETTE SHELL again, and
the CASSETTE is removed from the CR 975 SYSTEM.
Erasing the SCREEN

1 The TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR displays the “Erasing” message.
2 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends an “Erase Plate” command to the MCB A1, which sends a
signal to the SLOW SCAN MOTOR.
3 The SLOW SCAN MOTOR starts and moves the SCREEN into the “Erase” position,
determined by the counts of the SLOW SCAN ENCODER. The size of the SCREEN
determines the “erase” position.
4 The SLOW SCAN MOTOR stops and waits for a response from the MCPU BOARD A2.
5 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends the “Erase” command and time to the MCB A1, which
actuates the ERASE LAMPS.
6 The ERASE LAMPS illuminate for 2 - 12 seconds to remove the image from the
SCREEN.
Note
The length of time the ERASE LAMPS illuminate is determined by the highest pixel code
value of the image that was scanned. If one pair of LAMPS is not operating, the time
increases by a factor of 2. If more than one pair of LAMPS is not operating, a message
displays on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 7 When the SCREEN is erased, the MCB A1 sends the “Erase Reply” status to the MCPU
Page BOARD A2.
31 of 120
Inserting the PLATE back into the CASSETTE SHELL

1 The DFL is engaged.
2 The TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR displays the “Ejecting” message.
3 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends a command to the MCB A1 to:
• return the EXTRACTION BAR to the home position
• insert the PLATE into the CASSETTE
4 The MCB A1 reverses the SLOW SCAN MOTOR, which moves the PLATE back up into
the open CASSETTE SHELL.
5 All of the actions of the PLATE POSITIONING AY occur in reverse.
6 The components of the Plate Handling subsystem guide the PLATE into the CASSETTE
SHELL.
7 When the EXTRACTION BAR reaches the home position, the SLOW SCAN MOTOR
stops. At the home position, ENCODER counts are 0.
8 The MCB A1 sends an “Eject Plate Reply” command to the MCPU BOARD A2.
Status Summary: SCREEN Inserted Into the CASSETTE
• SLOW SCAN MOTOR is stopped
• SCREEN is inside the CASSETTE
• HOOKS remain fastened to the SCREEN
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Removing the CASSETTE
Page
32 of 120 1 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends an “Eject Cassette” command to the MCB A1.
2 The DUPLEX CAM moves toward position 4. When the CAM rotates, the following
actions occur.
• The SLED PLATE moves 0.896 cm (0.350 in.) to the back.
• The HOOKS move up, releasing the pressure.
• The motion of the SLED PLATE causes the HOOKS to retract into the EXTRACTION
BAR.
• The CASSETTE CLAMPS open to the “unpinch” position and release the
CASSETTE.
3 The FRONT CUP of the SIZE CHANGER moves toward the back position.
Scanning the Next CASSETTE

1 The sequence of operation starts again at Loading the CASSETTE when any
CASSETTES remain in SLOTS 1 - 8 and no CASSETTE is in the LEFTMOST SLOT.
• If a CASSETTE is detected in SLOTS 1 - 8 and no CASSETTE is in the LEFTMOST
SLOT, the MCB A1 sends a “Cassette Available” message to the MCPU BOARD A2.
• If no CASSETTE is detected in SLOTS 1 - 8, the MCB A1 sends a
“No Cassettes in Slots 1 - 8” message to the MCPU BOARD A2. This message stops
the motion of the UPPER CONTROL MECHANISMS and no more scanning occurs.
Note
The CR 975 SYSTEM cannot process another CASSETTE until the INTERNAL PC sends the
Scan End Reply” message to the MCPU BOARD A2.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Error Conditions
Page
33 of 120
Error Description
Error after loading the The MCB A1 sends a “Load Cassette Reply” message to the
CASSETTE MCPU BOARD A2 when the CASSETTE has been loaded and the
PLATE is fastened to the EXTRACTION BAR. If this message
contains an error indication, the MCPU BOARD A2 sends an
“Eject Cassette” message to the MCB A1 to eject the CASSETTE
before the PLATE is extracted, scanned, or erased.
Error after loading the The MCB A1 sends a “Load Plate Reply” message to the MCPU
PLATE BOARD A2 when the PLATE has been extracted and moved to the
scanning position. If this message contains an error indication, the
MCPU BOARD A2 sends an “Eject Plate” request to the MCB A1
to eject the CASSETTE before the PLATE is scanned or erased.
The system inserts the PLATE into the CASSETTE SHELL and
then ejects the CASSETTE.
Error at end of scan The MCB A1 sends an “End Of Scan” message to the MCPU
BOARD A2 when the PLATE has been scanned. If this message
contains an error indication, the MCPU BOARD A2 sends an
“Erase Plate” commend to the MCB A1. The SCREEN is erased,
the PLATE is inserted into the SHELL, and then the CASSETTE is
ejected. No image file is sent to the INTERNAL PC.
THEORY GUIDE STORAGE PHOSPHOR CASSETTE
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page
Section 4: STORAGE PHOSPHOR CASSETTE
34 of 120
Overview
CASSETTE
SHELL
PLATE
NOSEPIECE
STORAGE
PHOSPHOR
SCREEN
PLATE
PROTECTIVE COATING
PHOSPHOR/BINDER
BAR CODE LABEL
ESTAR Base
BLACK CELLULOSE
ACETATE BACKING
SIDE-1 LEAD (Pb) BACKSCATTER LAYER
EXTRUSION
ALUMINIUM (Ai)
HONEYCOMB PANEL
H194_5024HCA
H194_5024HC
STORAGE PHOSPHOR CASSETTES have a SCREEN with a layer of PHOSPHOR that is

charged by X-ray photons. STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREENS can capture a wider range of
information within the aerial image than is possible with a screen/film system.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 STORAGE PHOSPHOR CASSETTES include:
Page
35 of 120
Component Description
CASSETTE SHELL The SHELL has a CARBON FIBER FRONT and an aluminum BACK.
The SHELL is open on one side for removal of the PLATE. A LATCH
on the inside of the PLATE holds it in place inside the SHELL.
PLATE Includes:
• STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN - made of an ESTAR BASE
with a layer of PHOSPHOR PARTICLES suspended in a
POLYMER BINDING, a light-absorbing black BACKING, and a
LEAD BACKSCATTER LAYER. The layer of PHOSPHOR has a
COATING that extends beyond the edge of the PHOSPHOR to
protect the PHOSPHOR from damage.
• BACKING - a rigid aluminum “honeycomb” PANEL that makes
inserting the SCREEN into the CASSETTE SHELL easier.
• 2 hard plastic STRIPS - fastened to the back side of the PLATE to
make the thickness of the PLATE the thickness of the PLATE
NOSEPIECE.
BAR CODE LABEL Each CASSETTE has a BAR CODE LABEL on the SIDE-1
EXTRUSION. The BAR CODE LABEL identifies the CASSETTE.
SIDE-1 EXTRUSION The edge of the PLATE with the LATCH. The EXTRACTION BAR
HOOKS insert into the LATCH to remove the SCREEN from the
CASSETTE SHELL.
PLATE NOSEPIECE Plastic edge on the PLATE that guides the PLATE back into the
CASSETTE SHELL.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Size and Resolution of SCREENS
Page
36 of 120
Resolution Compatible With:
Size of the SCREEN
GP-25 HR
15 x 30 cm YES NO Kodak DirectView COMPUTED
RADIOGRAPHY SYSTEMS 800/850/900/
950/975 (CR 800/850/900/950/975
SYSTEMS)
35 x 43 cm YES NO CR 800/850/900/950/975 SYSTEMS
35 x 43 cm - YES NO CR 800/850/900/950/975 SYSTEMS
Kodak DirectView CR
LONG - LENGTH
IMAGING SYSTEM
35 x 35 cm YES NO CR 400/800/850/900/950/975 SYSTEMS
24 x 30 cm YES YES CR 400/800/850/900/950/975 SYSTEMS
24 x 18 cm YES YES CR 400/800/850/900/950/975 SYSTEMS
Note
The 35 x 43 cm SCREEN is not compatible with the CASSETTES of the same size used with
the Kodak Digital Science COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY SYSTEM 400.
The CR 975 SYSTEM uses SCREENS with the following resolutions.
Resolution of the
Description
SCREEN
General Purpose • thicker layer of PHOSPHOR than the HR SCREEN, making the
(GP-25) image less sharp
• no special exposure procedures are necessary
High Resolution • thinner layer of PHOSPHOR than the GP-25 SCREEN, making the
(HR) image sharper
• approximately 2 times the X-ray exposure is necessary
05AUG05
TG1883-1 The light intensity of the exposed GP-25 SCREEN is less than the HR SCREEN. The
Page CR 975 SYSTEM adjusts for the difference in light intensity by adjusting the pixel code values
37 of 120
in the image processing.
Fast Scan / Slow Scan Directions
43 cm
Slow 35 cm
Scan 30 cm
18 cm
30 cm
35 cm 35 cm 24 cm 24 cm
15 cm
Fast Scan H194_5022BC
The diagram indicates the direction of the 2 scanning actions for each size CASSETTE:
• slow scan - the SCREEN moves vertically from up to down during scanning
• fast scan - the laser beam moves horizontally across the SCREEN at the same time it
moves down
The slow scan direction for CASSETTES is important, because problems in the slow scan
process can cause artifacts in the image. For example, banding artifacts can appear across
the SCREEN in the horizontal direction, but the cause of the artifact might be a problem with
the vertical slow scan motion of the SCREEN.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Image Matrix Size
Page
38 of 120 The CR 975 SYSTEM scans the STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREENS at the resolutions in the
table below. The scan rate is the same for General Purpose (GP) and High Resolution (HR)
SCREENS of the same sizes.
Size of Image Size Pixel Size in Spatial Resolution

Sampling Rate File Size
SCREEN Pixels x Lines Microns LP = Line Pairs
15 x 30 cm 120 x 2560 8.33 pixels/mm 115 ± 2 4.0 LP/mm 6.5 MB
35 x 43 cm 2048 x 2500 5.8 pixels/mm 168 ± 2 2.8 LP/mm 10 MB
For smaller SCREENS, compared to larger SCREENS:
• pixel size is smaller
• spot size of the laser beam and digitizing rate are the same
• scanning speed is slower. To make smaller pixels, the speed of the horizontal motion of
the laser beam during the fast scan and the transport speed of the SCREEN under the
COLLECTOR during the slow scan decrease. The decrease in pixel size increases the
spatial resolution of the image.
Spatial resolution is determined by factors of the system including:
• scatter of the PHOSPHOR
• spot size and shape of the laser beam
• bandwidth of the electronics
Note
The image file size for the 24 x 30 cm SCREEN is larger than the image file size for the
35 x 35 cm SCREEN because of the higher sampling rate.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Reading the BAR CODE LABEL of the CASSETTE
Page
39 of 120 The BAR CODE LABEL identifies the
CASSETTE and provides the size and
resolution of the SCREEN. The following
table describes the digits in the BAR CODE.
Each digit indicates a group of BARS on the
BAR CODE.
Digit Indicates
1 Value of “9”
2 Resolution:
1 = General Purpose (GP)
2 = High Resolution (HR)
3 = Enhanced High Resolution
(EHR)
3-4 Size:
01 = 24 x 18 cm
02 = 24 x 30 cm
03 = 35 x 35 cm
BAR CODE
H194_5025GCA 04 = 35 x 43 cm
H194_5025GC
05 = 35 x 43 cm Long Length
06 = 15 x 30 cm
5 - 10 Serial number of the CASSETTE
THEORY GUIDE Cassette Handling
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page
Section 5: Cassette Handling
40 of 120
Overview
Cassette Transport
Cassette Handling
DUPLEX CAM
A1
CAM MOTOR M1
FRONT CUP
MCB To
CLAMPS BOARD DFL
REAR
CUP
SIZE CHANGER
STEPPER MOTOR
M10
ELEVATOR
DRIVE MOTOR M6
SIZE CHANGER BELT
EXTRACTION BAR
H206_1203DCA SLOW SCAN MOTOR

H206 1203DC
05AUG05
TG1883-1 The Cassette Handling subsystem moves the CASSETTE into position
Page to remove the PLATE from the CASSETTE for scanning. The Cassette Handling subsystem
41 of 120
includes the following components:
• Cassette Transport
• Plate Handling
The following steps provide an overview of the actions of the Cassette Handling subsystem.
1. The loaded CASSETTES move from SLOTS 8 - 1 and then to PROCESS SLOT 0.
2. In PROCESS SLOT 0, the CASSETTE ELEVATOR lifts the CASSETTE off the LOAD BAR
and moves it down onto the EXTRACTION BAR.
3. The EXTRACTION BAR fastens onto the PLATE inside the CASSETTE SHELL.
4. The PLATE is released from the CASSETTE and then the PLATE is moved down for
scanning.
5. The DFL is moved to the disengaged position.
6. After scanning and erasing, the PLATE moves up and is inserted into the CASSETTE
again.
7. The DFL is moved to the “Engaged” position
8. The CASSETTE is raised and placed on the UNLOAD BARS.
9. The CASSETTE moves to the SLOTS –1 through –8 for removal by the operator.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Cassette Transport
Page
42 of 120 Overview
MAIN BELT
RIGHT DEAD STOP
STOP SENSOR
INTERLOCK
SENSOR LEFTMOST
S23
S41 SLOT SENSOR
MAIN BELT S22
PROCESS
SLOT 0
SENSOR S20
MAIN BELT
SERVO SLOTS
MOTOR M7 TOP SENSOR
(UNDER) BOARD A11
INTERNAL
UNLOAD BELT BAR CODE
READER B1
UNLOAD BAR
STEPPER
MOTOR M9
LEFT DEAD
STOP
INTERLOCK
S21
UNLOAD
BAR HOME
SENSOR S15
UNLOAD BAR LOAD

ENGAGED BELT
SENSOR S13 LOAD BAR
LOAD STEPPER
UNLOAD BAR MOTOR M8
BAR
LOAD BAR
HOME ALIGNMENT
LOAD BAR CAMS CLEAR
SENSOR S16
ENGAGED SENSOR S17
SENSOR ALIGNMENT
S14 ALIGNMENT CASSETTE ALIGNMENT CAMS
CAMS CAM MOTOR ENGAGED SENSOR S18
H206_0813DCA
H206_0813DC M5
05AUG05
TG1883-1 The Cassette Transport subsystem:
Page
43 of 120 • holds CASSETTES that are loaded by the operator
• reads the BAR CODE LABEL on the CASSETTE
• moves the CASSETTE to the CASSETTE ENTRY where the PLATE is
removed from the CASSETTE SHELL for scanning
• after scanning, when the PLATE moves back into the CASSETTE SHELL,
moves the CASSETTE away from the CASSETTE HANDLING AY
• holds the scanned CASSETTES until the operator removes them
The Cassette Transport subsystem includes the following main components:
• INPUT and OUTPUT SLOTS
• BELTS
• CASSETTE ALIGNMENT CAMS
• LOAD BARS
• UNLOAD BARS
• INTERNAL BAR CODE READER B1
INPUT and OUTPUT SLOTS

The INPUT SLOTS hold the CASSETTES on the right side of the upper surface of
the CR 975 SYSTEM. The OUTPUT SLOTS hold the CASSETTES on the left
side of the upper surface. The SLOTS have the following numbers.
• right side: SLOTS 1 through 8
SLOTS 2 through 8 are input SLOTS where the operator loads the
CASSETTES to be scanned.
• center: PROCESS SLOT 0
PROCESS SLOT 0 is the position where the ELEVATOR lowers the
CASSETTE to the CASSETTE HANDLING AY.
• left side: SLOTS –1through –8
SLOTS –1 through –8 are output SLOTS where the CASSETTES are moved
away from PROCESS SLOT 0 after scanning.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 BELTS
Page
44 of 120 The BELTS move the CASSETTES from right to left across the upper horizontal
surface of the CR 975 SYSTEM.
Description
MAIN BELT Operates with the LOAD BELT and UNLOAD BELT to
move the loaded CASSETTES from right to left across the
upper horizontal surface of the CR 975 SYSTEM. Includes
one TIMING BELT that moves from left to right across the
upper vertical surface of the CR 975 SYSTEM.
MAIN BELT SERVO Drives the MAIN BELT, LOAD BELT, and UNLOAD BELT
MOTOR M7 using a series of GEARS, COUPLINGS, and SHAFTS.
These BELTS move together from right to left, one SLOT
position at a time.
MAIN BELT STOP Detects the correct distance for the MAIN BELT to move to
SENSOR S41 the left for each SLOT. Includes:
• DISK on the right MAIN BELT SHAFT with 4 holes at
90 degree intervals
• SENSOR that detects the edges in the DISK
When the MAIN BELT moves one position to the left, the
MAIN BELT STEPPER MOTOR M7 drives the MAIN BELT
until the next hole in the DISK is detected.
Note
When the MOTOR stops, the tension in the BELT might
cause it to move backward slightly. This backward motion
can result in the DISK covering the SENSOR again.
Because of this possibility, at the start of the motion the
MOTOR is driven for 136 steps to the next hole to
determine that the SENSOR is clear of the hole in the
DISK where it last stopped.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Description
Page
45 of 120 LOAD BELT Moves the CASSETTES across the upper surface from
SLOT 8 to SLOT 1. The LOAD BELT includes 2 flat BELTS
that move across the right half of the upper horizontal
surface of the CR 975 SYSTEM.
UNLOAD BELT Moves the CASSETTES across the upper surface from
SLOT –1 to the LEFTMOST SLOT –8. The UNLOAD BELT
includes 2 flat BELTS that move across the left half of the
upper horizontal surface of the CR 975 SYSTEM.
CASSETTE ALIGNMENT CAMS

The Cassette Alignment components provide the correct horizontal position of the
CASSETTES and allow the CASSETTES to move from right to left.
Description
ALIGNMENT Align the bottom edge of the CASSETTES in SLOTS 1
CAMS through 8. The ALIGNMENT CAMS move down to allow
the MAIN BELT and the LOAD BELT to move the
CASSETTES one SLOT to the left. The CAMS move back
up after the CASSETTES are in the new position.
ALIGNMENT Detects when the ALIGNMENT CAMS are in the down
CAMS CLEAR position. The ALIGNMENT CAMS must be down before the
SENSOR S17 CASSETTES can move to the left.
ALIGNMENT Detects when the ALIGNMENT CAMS are in the up
CAMS ENGAGED position. The ALIGNMENT CAMS must be up for the
SENSOR S18 CASSETTES to be correctly aligned.
CASSETTE Uses a TIMING BELT to rotate the ALIGNMENT CAMS to
ALIGNMENT CAM the down or up positions.
MOTOR M5
05AUG05
Page
46 of 120 TOP SENSOR Includes:
BOARD A11 • SENSORS that detect the presence of CASSETTES in
SLOTS 1 through 8
• LEDs that indicate the status of:
– SENSORS
– DEAD STOP INTERLOCK S23
– LEFTMOST SLOT SENSOR S22
– PROCESS SLOT 0 SENSOR S20
– MAIN BELT SENSOR S21
– MAIN BELT STOP SENSOR S41
– CASSETTE PRESENT SENSOR S19
PROCESS SLOT 0 Detects a CASSETTE in PROCESS SLOT 0. This
SENSOR S20 SENSOR has a greater range than the SLOT 1 through 8
SENSORS to allow it to detect a CASSETTE even if the
CASSETTE has moved a small distance away from the
MAIN BELT.
LEFTMOST SLOT Detects a CASSETTE in the LEFTMOST SLOT. The
SENSOR S22 operator must remove the CASSETTE from the
LEFTMOST SLOT before the other CASSETTES can move
left.
LEFT/RIGHT DEAD Disables the CASSETTE TRANSPORT if a CASSETTE
STOP INTERLOCK advances past the LEFTMOST or RIGHTMOST SLOT and
SWITCH S23/S24 is not detected by the SLOT SENSOR.
Note
The LEFT/RIGHT DEAD STOP INTERLOCK SWITCH
does not stop scanning or removing images from a
SCREEN that is being processed.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 LOAD BARS
Page
47 of 120 The LOAD BAR moves the CASSETTE from SLOT 1 to PROCESS SLOT 0,
where it moves into the Cassette Entry and Plate Handling systems.
Description
LOAD BAR Moves the CASSETTE from SLOT 1 to PROCESS
SLOT 0. Positions of the LOAD BAR:
• home position: SLOT 1
• engaged position: PROCESS SLOT 0
LOAD BAR HOME Detects when the LOAD BAR is in the SLOT 1 position,
SENSOR S16 the home position.
LOAD BAR Moves the LOAD BAR between SLOT 1 and PROCESS
STEPPER SLOT 0.
MOTOR M9
LOAD BAR Detects when the LOAD BAR is in the PROCESS SLOT 0
ENGAGED position, the engaged position.
SENSOR S14
UNLOAD BARS
After scanning, the UNLOAD BAR moves the CASSETTE from PROCESS SLOT
0 to SLOT –1 for removal by the operator.
Description
UNLOAD BAR Moves the CASSETTE from PROCESS SLOT 0 to
SLOT –1. Positions of the UNLOAD BAR:
• home position: SLOT –1
• engaged position: PROCESS SLOT 0
UNLOAD BAR Moves the UNLOAD BAR between PROCESS SLOT 0 and
STEPPER SLOT –1.
MOTOR M9
05AUG05
Page
48 of 120 UNLOAD BAR Detects when the UNLOAD BAR is in the SLOT –1
HOME position, the home position.
SENSOR S15
UNLOAD BAR Detects when the UNLOAD BAR is in the PROCESS SLOT
ENGAGED 0 position, the engaged position.
SENSOR S13
INTERNAL BAR CODE READER B1

The INTERNAL BAR CODE READER B1 reads the BAR CODE LABEL on the
CASSETTE in SLOT 1 using a MIRROR. The information from the BAR CODE
LABEL is sent to the MCPU BOARD A2. The INTERNAL BAR CODE READER
B1 receives control commands through an RS-232 INTERFACE to the MCB A1.
Sequence of Operation
1 The operator loads one or more CASSETTES into INPUT SLOTS 1 through 8.
2 The CASSETTE SENSORS on the TOP SENSOR BOARD A11 detect the CASSETTES.
3 The MCB A1 sends a “Cassette Available” message to the MCPU BOARD A2.
4 The START BUTTON on the CR 975 SYSTEM illuminates.
5 The operator presses the START BUTTON.
6 The INTERNAL PC sends a “Start” message to the MCPU BOARD A2.
7 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends an “Advance Cassette to SLOT 1” message to the MCB
A1.
8 If no CASSETTE is in SLOT 1, the CASSETTES move one SLOT to the left.
a The ALIGNMENT CAMS rotate to the down position to allow the CASSETTES to
move to the left.
home position at SLOT -1 and back to the engaged position.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 d The LOAD BAR moves from the home position at SLOT 1 to the engaged position at
Page PROCESS SLOT 0 and back to the home position.
49 of 120
e The ALIGNMENT CAMS move to the up position to align the CASSETTES correctly.
9 The CASSETTES continue to move one SLOT to the left until a CASSETTE is detected
in SLOT 1.
10 The INTERNAL BAR CODE READER B1 reads the size, speed, and serial number of
the CASSETTE from the BAR CODE LABEL on the CASSETTE in SLOT 1 and emits a
beep.
11 The MCB A1 sends:
• “Cassette Detect” message to the MCPU BOARD A2
• CASSETTE length and width to the MCPU BOARD A2
12 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends a “Cassette Detect Reply” message to the MCB A1.
13 The CASSETTES move one SLOT to the left.
a The ALIGNMENT CAMS rotate to the down position to allow the CASSETTES to
move to the left.
home position at SLOT –1.
d The LOAD BAR moves from the home position at SLOT 1 to the engaged position at
PROCESS SLOT 0.
e The ALIGNMENT CAMS move to the up position to align the CASSETTES
14 The ELEVATOR moves up, lifting the CASSETTE off the LOAD BAR. See CASSETTE
ELEVATOR.
15 The LOAD BAR moves from the PROCESS SLOT 0 position to the SLOT 1 position.
16 The ELEVATOR moves the CASSETTE down onto the EXTRACTION BAR.
17 The CASSETTE CLAMPS move to hold the CASSETTE tightly. See CASSETTE
CLAMPS.
18 The SCREEN moves:
05AUG05
TG1883-1 • out of the CASSETTE SHELL
Page
50 of 120 • through the SCAN/ERASE components for scanning and removal of the image
• back into the CASSETTE SHELL
19 The ELEVATOR lifts the CASSETTE up off the EXTRACTION BAR.
20 The UNLOAD BAR moves from the SLOT -1 position to the PROCESS SLOT 0 position.
21 The ELEVATOR moves down and places the CASSETTE on the UNLOAD BAR.
22 The UNLOAD BAR moves from the engaged position at PROCESS SLOT 0 to the home
position at SLOT -1, which moves the CASSETTE to SLOT –1.
23 The UNLOAD BAR moves back to the engaged position, PROCESS SLOT 0.
24 The MCB A1 sends an “Eject Cassette Reply” message to the MCPU BOARD A2.
25 Step 1 through Step 24 repeats if any CASSETTES are in SLOTS 1 through 8 and no
CASSETTE is in the LEFTMOST SLOT.
Plate Handling
Overview
The Plate Handling subsystem receives a CASSETTE from the Cassette Transport
subsystem, lifts the CASSETTE from the LOAD BAR, and places and fastens the
CASSETTE onto the EXTRACTION BAR. These components include:
• CASSETTE ELEVATOR
• CASSETTE CLAMPS
• EXTRACTION BAR
• DUPLEX CAM AY
05AUG05
TG1883-1 CASSETTE ELEVATOR
Page
51 of 120 SIZE CHANGER REARREAR
CUP CUP
STEPPER MOTOR
FRONT CUP
DRIVE BOARD A16 ELEVATOR UP
SENSOR S12
SIZE CHANGER FRONT CUP
SERVO MOTOR M10
SIZE CHANGER
ELEVATOR MOTOR M6
STEPPER MOTOR M10
ELEVATOR DOWN
SENSOR S11
ELEVATOR DOWN
SENSOR S11M
CASSETTE ELEVATOR
CASSETTE ELEVATOR
H206_1200BCA
H196_1207BCA
H206_1200BC
H196_1207BC
The CASSETTE ELEVATOR lifts the CASSETTE off the LOAD BAR and moves
the CASSETTE down to the EXTRACTION BAR. After the SCREEN has been
scanned and inserted back into the CASSETTE SHELL, the CASSETTE
ELEVATOR moves the CASSETTE up and places it on the UNLOAD BAR to be
moved to SLOT -1.
CASSETTE FRONT and REAR SHAFTS with CUPS on the top that
ELEVATOR hold the CASSETTE. The SHAFTS move up to receive the
CASSETTE and down again to move it to the CASSETTE
HANDLING AY. After scanning, they move the CASSETTE
back up for removal by the operator.
ELEVATOR Raises and lowers the ELEVATOR with a RACK AND
MOTOR M6 PINION GEAR.
ELEVATOR DOWN Detects when the ELEVATOR is in the “Down” position.
SENSOR S11
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Component Description
Page
52 of 120 CASSETTE Detects when a CASSETTE in PROCESS SLOT 0 is
PRESENT below the LOAD BAR or UNLOAD BAR.
SENSOR S19
SIZE CHANGER Moves the FRONT CUP of the CASSETTE ELEVATOR
into the correct position to hold the size of the CASSETTE
in PROCESS SLOT 0. Includes:
• FRONT CUP - moves to the back to hold the
CASSETTE. The home position is at 24 cm.
• REAR CUP - moves up and down
• SIZE CHANGER STEPPER MOTOR M10 - drives a
BELT to move the FRONT ELEVATOR SHAFT to the
correct size of the CASSETTE or to the home position
05AUG05
TG1883-1 CASSETTE CLAMPS
Page
53 of 120
CLAMPSDUPLEX CAM CAM
DUPLEX
SLED PLATE CLAMPS
SLED PLATE
H206_1200BCB
H196_1210BCA
H196_1210BC
H206_1200BC
The LEFT and RIGHT CASSETTE CLAMPS hold the CASSETTE tightly when the
PLATE moves out of the CASSETTE SHELL for scanning.
The DUPLEX CAM controls the actions of the CLAMPS.
• When the DUPLEX CAM rotates toward position 2, the SLED CAM moves the
SLED PLATE forward, causing the CASSETTE CLAMPS to move in toward the
CASSETTE.
• When the DUPLEX CAM rotates from position 3 to position 4, the SLED CAM
moves the SLED PLATE back, causing the CASSETTE CLAMPS to move
away from the CASSETTE. This motion releases the CASSETTE and allows
the CASSETTE ELEVATOR to move up to the OUTPUT SLOTS.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 DYNAMIC FRAME LOCK
Page
54 of 120
INSIDE
FRAME DYNAMIC FRAME LOCK
MOTOR M11
CAM
Engaged Position
OUTSIDE
FRAME
H206_1211HCA
Disengaged Position
H206_1211HC
The DYNAMIC FRAME LOCK locks the OUTSIDE FRAME and the INSIDE FRAME during
the CASSETTE HANDLING.
• When the DYNAMIC FRAME LOCK MOTOR M11 rotates the CAM to the engaged
position, the INSIDE and OUTSIDE FRAMES are locked to make a clear path for
CASSETTE HANDLING.
• During the SCAN CYCLE the DYNAMIC FRAME LOCK MOTOR M11 rotates the CAM to
the disengaged position allowing the 2 FRAMES to become separated, preventing artifacts
from vibrations to the OUTSIDE FRAME.
• During PLATE insertion back into the CASSETTE SHELL, the DYNAMIC FRAME LOCK
MOTOR M11 rotates the CAM to the engaged position to make a clear path for PLATE
HANDLING.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 EXTRACTION BAR
Page
55 of 120 The EXTRACTION BAR removes the PLATE
Fastening the PLATE from the CASSETTE, moves the PLATE
to the EXTRACTION BAR vertically through the scanning and erasing
operations, and returns the PLATE to the
CASSETTE END STOP CASSETTE SHELL. Includes:
• HOOK YOKE LEVERS - release the
LATCH that fastens the PLATE to the
CASSETTE SHELL and raises and
lowers the HOOKS
• HOOKS - fasten the PLATE to the
EXTRACTION BAR and release the
EXTRACTION HOOKS
BAR LATCH
The motion of the DUPLEX CAM controls
HOOK YOKE LEVERS
the actions of the EXTRACTION BAR and
HOOKS through the following components:
Pulling the SCREEN
Down for Scanning
• HOOK CAM - When the DUPLEX CAM
moves through positions 1 - 4, the
HOOK CAM begins the actions to
release the PLATE from the CASSETTE
and fasten to the EXTRACTION BAR.
• HOOK YOKE FOLLOWER - Transfers
CASSETTE
the motion of the HOOK CAM to press
PLATE down on the HOOK YOKE AY. The
HOOK YOKE FOLLOWER, HOOK CAM,
SCREEN and HOOK YOKE AY are not visible in
EXTRACTION
BAR
the graphic.
• HOOK YOKE AY - Moves the HOOK
H194_5028CCA
H194_5028CC YOKE WHEELS and HOOK YOKE
LEVERS to start moving the HOOKS
that fasten to the PLATE. The HOOK
YOKE WHEELS are not visible in the
graphic.
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page DUPLEX CAM AY
56 of 120
DUPLEX POSITION FLAG HOME FLAG

CAM
MOTOR T A T I ON
RO
HOOK CAM
SLED
PLATE
SLED
CAM S11 OUTER
FOLLOWER CAM SENSOR
S10 INNER
H196_1211ACA Facing CAM SENSOR H194_5034ACA
H196_1211AC CAM MOTOR H194_5034AC
The DUPLEX CAM AY:

• moves the CLAMPS to hold the CASSETTE tightly
• moves the EXTRACTION BAR HOOKS that pull the PLATE from the CASSETTE for
scanning
• moves the SLED to unlatch the image PLATE
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page
57 of 120
Positions of the DUPLEX CAM

Home Position 1 Position 2
Position 3 Position 4
H194_5042DC
05AUG05
Page
58 of 120 SLED CAM The SLED CAM is the GROOVE in the side of the DUPLEX CAM. It
executes the motions necessary to load and release the CASSETTE.
SLED CAM Moves the SLED PLATE backward and forward when the DUPLEX CAM
FOLLOWER rotates.
SLED PLATE When the SLED PLATE moves backward and forward with the motion of
the DUPLEX CAM, the SLED PLATE engages components on the
INTERMEDIATE PLATE to actuate operations of the Cassette Handling
subsystem. Includes:
• CASSETTE ENTRY SENSOR S1
• CASSETTE LOAD SENSOR S2
• CASSETTE REAR SENSOR S3
• DRIVE MOTOR M2
INTERMEDIATE Components fastened to the INTERMEDIATE PLATE provide the
PLATE direction of motion for components on the SLED PLATE when it moves
backward and forward.
HOOK CAM The HOOK CAM is the outside edge of the DUPLEX CAM. The HOOK
CAM moves the EXTRACTION BAR HOOKS up and down when the
DUPLEX CAM rotates.
CAM MOTOR M1 Moves the DUPLEX CAM to each of the 4 positions. The INNER CAM
SENSOR S10 and OUTER CAM SENSOR S11 send information to the
MCB A1, which sends a message to the CAM MOTOR M1 to move the
DUPLEX CAM to one of the 4 positions:
• position 1 = INNER CAM SENSOR S10 and OUTER CAM SENSOR
S11 are blocked
• position 2 = INNER CAM SENSOR S10 is blocked
• position 3 = no CAM SENSORS are blocked
• position 4 = OUTER CAM SENSOR S11 is blocked
05AUG05
Page
59 of 120 CAM SENSORS: When the DUPLEX CAM moves to each of the 4 positions, the RING
• INNER CAM FLAGS block or unblock the path of the beam of the INNER and
SENSOR S10 OUTER CAM SENSORS. The status of the SENSORS is sent to the
• OUTER CAM MCB A1, which starts the motion of the DUPLEX CAM to the next
SENSOR S11 position.
RING FLAGS: Block and unblock the path to the INNER CAM SENSOR S10 and
• HOME FLAG OUTER CAM SENSOR S11 when the DUPLEX CAM rotates.
• POSITION
FLAG
1 When the DUPLEX CAM rotates from position 1 toward position 2, the SLED moves and
pinches the CLAMPS.
2 When the DUPLEX CAM moves to position 2, the LATCH inside the PLATE releases the
SCREEN from the CASSETTE SHELL.
3 The HOOK YOKE FOLLOWER presses down on the HOOK YOKE AY, making the
HOOK YOKE WHEELS press down on the HOOK YOKE LEVERS of the EXTRACTION
BAR.
4 The HOOKS move up into the 2 SLOTS in the PLATE.
5 The spring-loaded HOOKS fasten the PLATE to the EXTRACTION BAR.
6 The EXTRACTION BAR holds the PLATE when the PLATE is removed from the
CASSETTE SHELL, moved through the scan/erase operation, and inserted into the
CASSETTE SHELL again.
7 When the PLATE is inserted, the DUPLEX CAM rotates to position 4, releases the
HOOKS and locks the PLATE inside the CASSETTE.
THEORY GUIDE Scan/Erase
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page
Section 6: Scan/Erase
60 of 120
Overview
PLATE POSITIONING AY
CASSETTE
SHELL and
PLATE
from MCPU BOARD
EXTRACTION BAR
A1
MCB ERASE LAMPS
LEAD SCREW
SLOW SCAN
CONTROLLER
CIRCUIT SLOW SCAN COIL BOARD A7
MOTOR
H206_1204HCA
H206_1204HC ENCODER
The Scan/Erase subsystem moves the PLATE:

• through the field of scan at a uniform speed
• to the ERASE AY to be erased
• back up to be inserted into the CASSETTE SHELL
05AUG05
TG1883-1 The Scan/Erase subsystem includes:
Page
61 of 120 • PLATE POSITIONING AY
• LEAD SCREW
• EXTRACTION BAR
• EXTRACTION BAR HOME SENSOR S9
• PLATE PRESENT SENSOR S5
• SLOW SCAN MOTOR
• ENCODER
• ERASE AY
• LAMP CURRENT SENSORS CS1 - CS5
05AUG05
TG1883-1 PLATE POSITIONING AY
Page
62 of 120 The ARMS of the PLATE POSITIONING AY
UPPER ARM keep the PLATE in the correct vertical
position for removal from the CASSETTE,
LOWER ARM for scanning, and for inserting the PLATE
into the CASSETTE SHELL after scanning.
The PLATE POSITIONING AY has 2 ARMS
that each include:
• LOWER ARM - when the EXTRACTION
BAR moves down to the position
immediately before scanning starts, the
LOWER ARM moves forward to touch
the back of the PLATE, which is partially
PLATE
POSITIONING out of the CASSETTE SHELL. The
AY LOWER ARM keeps the PLATE
SCREEN from touching the WALLS of
the CASSETTE when it moves out of the
PLATE CASSETTE.
• UPPER ARM - after the LOWER ARM
moves forward to touch the back of the
PLATE, the UPPER ARM also moves
EXTRACTION
BAR forward. It keeps the larger PLATES
H194_5013GCB
H194_5013GC steady during scanning and when they
move out of and back into the
CASSETTE.
LEAD SCREW
The LEAD SCREW is connected to the MOTOR SHAFT. When the LEAD SCREW rotates, it
moves the EXTRACTION BAR up and down.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 EXTRACTION BAR
Page
63 of 120
EXTRACTION BAR
Home position
Reference
position
Start of scan
position
End of scan - fixed
Erase position
H196_1201GCA
H196_1201GC
The EXTRACTION BAR holds the PLATE when it moves down during scanning and up after
erasing.
Note
The PLATE is not visible in the graphic.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 The EXTRACTION BAR has 5 vertical positions.
Page
64 of 120
Position of the
Description
EXTRACTION BAR
Reference position Position of the EXTRACTION BAR when the EXTRACTION BAR
HOME SENSOR S9 is blocked. The EXTRACTION BAR HOME
SENSOR S9 is installed at this position during manufacture. This
position is not exactly the same for all CR 975 SYSTEMS due to
manufacture variations.
When the system is initialized, the EXTRACTION BAR checks for the
EXTRACTION BAR HOME SENSOR S9. Once it is located, the
EXTRACTION BAR moves up to the home position. The
EXTRACTION BAR remains at the home position until the start of a
new cycle.
Home position Position of the EXTRACTION BAR at the start and end of a cycle.
Home position is always above the EXTRACTION BAR HOME

SENSOR S9. The home position is set in the factory, but can be
adjusted in the field if necessary.
Start of scan Position of the EXTRACTION BAR when the SCREEN is in position
position to be scanned. The start of scan position is a set number of counts of
the ENCODER below home position. The number of counts of the
ENCODER defines the mechanical start of scanning. The optical start
of scanning occurs after the MCPU BOARD A2 sends a message to
the GALVO to start scanning the SCREEN. For more information
about the ENCODER, see ENCODER.
End of scan position The end of scan is defined by counts of the ENCODER, determined
by the size of the SCREEN.
Erase position Position below the end of scan when the SCREEN is located directly
in front of the ERASE LAMPS. The erase position is determined by
the size of the SCREEN.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 EXTRACTION BAR HOME SENSOR S9
Page
65 of 120 The EXTRACTION BAR HOME SENSOR S9 checks for a FLAG on the EXTRACTION BAR
that provides the SLOW SCAN AY with the reference position. All other positions of the
SLOW SCAN AY are relative to the reference position.
PLATE PRESENT SENSOR S5

After the PLATE is fastened by the EXTRACTION BAR, the PLATE is pulled down by the
SLOW SCAN AY. The PLATE moves between the EMITTER and DETECTOR of the PLATE
PRESENT SENSOR S5. The MCB A1 reads the status of the SENSOR and determines if a
PLATE is loaded before continuing the slow scan operation.
SLOW SCAN MOTOR
LEAD SCREW
A1 MCB BOARD
COIL BOARD CABLE
COIL BOARD A7
RS-232 MAGNET
connection to
A2 MCPU SLOW SCAN
CONTROLLER FLYWHEEL
CIRCUIT
ENCODER CABLE
ENCODER
fixed to shaft
H206_1205BC
The SLOW SCAN MOTOR is a 3-phase DC MOTOR that provides all vertical motion of the
PLATE necessary for scanning and erasing operations.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 The following components control the operation of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR:
Page
66 of 120
SLOW SCAN Controls the motions of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR. The COIL BOARD
CONTROLLER A7 and the ENCODER connect to this BOARD. Normally, the
CIRCUIT ON THE parameters of motion of the MOTOR include:
MCB A1 • direction of motion - clockwise or counterclockwise
• number of counts of the ENCODER that the MOTOR must move
• acceleration
• running speed
• deceleration
SLOW SCAN Includes:
MOTOR • STEEL PLATE - operates with the COIL BOARD A7 to generate
the MAGNET that causes torque in the SLOW SCAN MOTOR
• COIL BOARD A7 - keeps the correct rotation of the SLOW SCAN
MOTOR
• MAGNET/FLYWHEEL - a steel CYLINDER with a MAGNET at the
top end that adds rotating mass to the MOTOR and makes the
rotation smooth
ENCODER Monitors the speed and position of the MAGNET to provide:
• smooth operation of the MOTOR
• speed of the MOTOR that does not change
The COIL BOARD A7 and the MAGNET operate together to rotate the MOTOR.
1 The HALL EFFECT SENSORS determine the polarization of the MAGNET when the
MAGNET is aligned with the COILS.
2 The SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER CIRCUIT on the MCB A1 changes the amplitude and
direction of the current flow in the COILS to make a magnetic field.
3 The MAGNET rotates to align with the magnetic field.
4 The process continues, providing a smooth rotation of the MOTOR.
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page MAGNET
67 of 120
HALL EFFECT
SENSORS
THERMAL
H194_5039AC FUSES
The COIL BOARD A7 includes:

• 6 TRIANGULAR-SHAPED COILS of wire around the CENTRAL SHAFT of the MOTOR
• 3 HALL EFFECT SENSORS, which detect magnetic fields. The SENSORS determine the
position of the MAGNET POLES relative to the COILS.
• 3 THERMAL FUSES, which protect the components if a COIL is too hot or other
malfunctions occur
Obtaining Smooth Operation of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR
To obtain smooth operation of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR, it is necessary to have smooth
rotating torque. The COILS make a magnetic field and the MAGNET aligns with the COILS.
When the MAGNET POLES are almost in alignment with the magnetic field, the torque
potential is highest. When the MAGNET rotates out of perfect alignment, more current is
necessary in the COILS to provide the same quantity of torque.
To provide the smoothest torque, the SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER CIRCUIT on the MCB A1
uses a sinusoidal current in the COILS. When the polarization of the MAGNET is most out of
alignment with the magnetic field of the COIL, the sinusoidal current is at the maximum.
When the MAGNET and the field are almost perfectly aligned, the current drops to almost 0.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 The current in the COIL then changes to negative polarity to repel the MAGNET POLE and
Page continue the smooth torque. When the next POLE starts to approach, the current reverses
68 of 120
direction and reaches the maximum again.
The SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER CIRCUIT on the MCB A1 monitors the signals from the
ENCODER when the MOTOR is operating. If the MOTOR is operating too slowly, the SLOW
SCAN CONTROLLER CIRCUIT on the MCB A1 increases the peak of the COIL current
sinuosity to provide more torque to increase the speed. If the MOTOR is operating at a higher
speed than it should, the MOTOR decreases the current.
ENCODER
LIGHT EMITTER LIGHT EMITTER
Signal from DETECTOR 1
Signal from DETECTOR 2
LIGHT DETECTOR 1 LIGHT DETECTOR 2

ENCODER WHEEL
( 5000 Lines )
H194_5031BC
The ENCODER monitors the speed and position of the MAGNET during rotation to provide
smooth operation and continual speed.
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page Component Description
69 of 120
ENCODER WHEEL A clear disk that has 5000 lines leading from the center to the
outside edge.
2 OPTICAL Placed at the edge of the ENCODER WHEEL. Each beam from the
SENSORS - EMITTER/DETECTOR is blocked by the lines of the WHEEL when
EMITTER/ the WHEEL rotates.
DETECTORS
The signals of the SENSORS are 90 degrees out of phase with each other in a “quadrature
relationship.” One DETECTOR detects the edge of a line and the other detects the middle of
the line.
The ENCODER determines:
• speed of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR by measuring the frequency of the signals
• direction of rotation of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR by determining the sequence in which
the signals change
The signals from the 2 SENSORS are continually monitored by the SLOW SCAN
CONTROLLER CIRCUIT on the MCB A1, and the power to the COIL BOARD A7 is
decreased or increased to provide smooth rotation and continual speed.
20,000 counts of the ENCODER make one rotation of the LEAD SCREW. The system moves
to each of the following positions until it reaches the correct number of counts:
• start of scan
• erase
• end of scan
05AUG05
TG1883-1 ERASE AY
Page
70 of 120
ERASE LAMPS
SLOW SCAN
MOTOR
PLATE
H177_1244GCB
H177_1244GC
The ERASE AY includes 5 pairs of high-intensity ERASE LAMPS that expose the scanned
SCREEN to white light. This operation releases any residual charge on the SCREEN.
1 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends an “Erase” command to the MCB A1, which sends a
signal to the SLOW SCAN MOTOR to start the erasing operation.
2 The SLOW SCAN MOTOR starts and moves the PLATE into the erase position
determined by the ENCODER counts.
3 The SLOW SCAN MOTOR stops and waits for a response from the MCPU BOARD A2.
4 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends the “Erase” command and time to the MCB A1, which
actuates the ERASE LAMPS.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 5 The ERASE LAMPS illuminate for 2 - 10 seconds to remove the image from the
Page SCREEN.
71 of 120
6 When the SCREEN is erased, the MCB A1 sends the “Erase Done” status to the MCPU
BOARD A2.
Note
• The MCB A1 and the MCPU BOARD A2 are not visible in the graphic.
• The length of time the ERASE LAMPS illuminate is determined by the highest pixel code
value of the image that was scanned. If one pair of LAMPS is not operating, the time
increases by a factor of 2. If more than one pair of LAMPS is not operating, a message
displays on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR.
LAMP CURRENT SENSORS CS1 - CS5

Each pair of ERASE LAMPS has one BALLAST. A LAMP CURRENT SENSOR monitors the
electrical current to each BALLAST.
THEORY GUIDE Imaging
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page
Section 7: Imaging
72 of 120
Overview
A5
A2
INTERNAL PMT/DAS
PC MCPU BOARD
BOARD
DIGITIZER A/D
BOARD CONVERTER
analog
A3 digital image data blue
image light
data
red
laser
light
motion
commands
A4
GALVO
BOARD
LASER
A1
A18 LASER DRIVER A17 LASER DIODE
PRE-REGULATOR DRIVER BOARD MCB
BOARD BOARD
H206_1206DC
05AUG05
TG1883-1 The Imaging subsystem of the CR 975 SYSTEM:
Page
73 of 120 • makes the laser beam and focuses it onto the SCREEN
• moves the laser beam across the SCREEN at a controlled rate to release the stored
energy in the PHOSPHOR
• obtains the image by capturing the light that was released and changing it to a digital
format
The Imaging subsystem includes the following components:
• LASER
• GALVO
• COLLECTOR and PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE (PMT)
• MCPU BOARD A2
• INTERNAL PC - See “Distribution of Images to the Network.”
The Sequence of operation provides information on the sequence of actions of all
components and BOARDS.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 LASER
Page
74 of 120 PLATE
FOLD MIRROR SCREEN
F THETA LENS
FOLD MIRROR
F THETA LENS
GALVO
H194_5029HCA
H194_5029HC GALVO
LASER Type 30 mW LASER DIODE DRIVER BOARD that emits a red
beam of light of high intensity.
The LASER DRIVER PRE-REGULATOR BOARD A18 controls the
power of the LASER:
• Threshold” - supplies minimum power when the LASER is
moving to the start of the next line - retrace
• “Scan” - supplies full power to the LASER during scanning
• “Full-on” - used for diagnostics
05AUG05
Page
75 of 120 COLLIMATING Provides focus for the light beam to make the spot of light the
OPTICS correct size on the SCREEN - not visible in the graphic.
F-THETA LENS Changes the light beam from the LASER from a continual angular
position to a continual linear position.
LASER SHUTTER Blocks or unblocks the laser beam. The LASER SHUTTER has 3
positions:
• “Closed” - The laser beam is fully blocked.
• “Open in Operating Mode” - The full power of the laser beam is
available for normal scanning.
• “Open in Service Mode” - A NEUTRAL DENSITY FILTER in front
of the beam decreases the intensity of the laser beam to prevent
damage to the eyes.
GALVO Controls the motion of the light beam from the LASER across the
SCREEN in the fast scan direction - horizontal.
FOLD MIRROR Changes the direction of the light beam from the LASER to align it
in the center of the COLLECTOR.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 GALVO
Page
76 of 120
A4
GALVO BOARD
Clock Signal
A3 A18 A17
Desired Position
Plate Size
DIGITIZER LASER DRIVER LASER DRIVER
Offset and Amplitude
BOARD PRE-REGULATOR DIODE BOARD
BOARD
Line Start Signal
Desired Position Signal
Closed Loop
Servo Circuit
Actual Drive Signal

Position
Signal
GALVO
MIRROR
GALVO
H194_5041HC
The GALVO moves the laser beam to scan the SCREEN:

• rotates the GALVO MIRROR to cause the laser beam to scan across the SCREEN - fast
scan
• moves to the beginning of the next line on the SCREEN
• scans the next line until the SCREEN is fully scanned
The GALVO uses a feedback system in which the “desired” position of the GALVO MIRROR
is compared to the “actual” position in the rotation, and corrections are made to keep the
GALVO in the correct position on the SCREEN at the correct time. When the GALVO is in the
correct position, the laser beam is also in the correct position.
05AUG05
TG1883-1
77 of 120
DIGITIZER BOARD Controls the operation of the GALVO BOARD A4, which moves the
A3 laser beam.
GALVO Includes:
GALVO
• MOTOR M4 - rotates the SHAFT
• SHAFT - has a MIRROR at one end to send the laser beam
toward the F-THETA LENS
GALVO BOARD A4 Includes a feedback circuit that controls the position of the MIRROR.
The position of the MIRROR determines the position of the laser
beam. The GALVO BOARD A4 uses the following information to
define the “desired” position of the MIRROR:
• clock signal from the DIGITIZER BOARD A3, which moves
through the “desired” position between the offset and amplitude.
• size of the SCREEN from the DIGITIZER BOARD A3, which
receives the information from the BAR CODE LABEL on the
CASSETTE
• values for the SCREEN size, which were set up during calibration:
– offset - starting point
– amplitude - the distance to move across the SCREEN
Information from POSITION SENSORS determine the position of the
GALVO SHAFT in the scan - the “actual” position. The “actual”
position is compared to the “desired” position and corrections in
position are made to provide a smooth motion of the beam.
The GALVO BOARD A4 also:

• emits “Line Start” signals to the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to provide
the information that a line is complete and it can start another line
• energizes the LASER DIODE DRIVER BOARD A17 at times
determined by software
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Traces in the Operation of the GALVO
Page
78 of 120
A B C D
POSITION
vs
TIME SCA
N
DESIRED-POSITION
TRACE
DWELL TIME
ACTUAL-POSITION
TRACE
"0" Velocity
VELOCITY
H177_1229HC
The following table describes the positions within the 3 traces.

05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page Traces of the GALVO Description
79 of 120
Desired position • position A - the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 has sent a signal to the
trace GALVO to retrace
• between Positions A and B - the system is waiting for the GALVO
to complete the retrace
• between Positions B and C - the speed of the GALVO is
increasing to operating speed
• position C - the PIXEL CLOCK starts and the PMT/DAS BOARD
A5 starts measuring the pixel data from the SCREEN. The laser
beam is at the edge of the SCREEN.
• between Positions C and D - the complete line of pixels is
scanned
• position D - the laser beam is at the other edge of the PLATE and
the PIXEL CLOCK stops
Actual position trace • matches the desired position trace during scanning of the
SCREEN
• does not match the desired position trace between Positions A
and B, indicating the time necessary for the GALVO to be stable
and start moving across the next line
Velocity trace • GALVO is moving in the scanning direction when the trace is
above the “0 Velocity” line in the diagram
• GALVO is moving in the retrace direction when the trace is below
the “0 Velocity” line
• GALVO is moving at a continual speed during scanning
• the speed of the GALVO increasing to operating speed between
Positions B and C
• the difference between the scanning and retrace speed is larger
than it appears in the diagram
05AUG05
TG1883-1 COLLECTOR and PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE (PMT)
Page
80 of 120 Overview
The COLLECTOR and the PMTs:
• provide collection of the blue light emitted from the PHOSPHOR SCREEN
• measure the brightness of the blue light
• change the measurement of brightness to digital format
analog
signal
LIGHT COLLECTOR
PMT
(1 of 2)
BLUE FILTER
red laser light
blue light
PHOSPHOR SCREEN
H194_5009GC
05AUG05
TG1883-1
81 of 120
PHOTOMULTIPLIER 2 LIGHT SENSORS, which emit a current signal corresponding to the
TUBES (PMT) light reaching the FACE of the PMT. The PMTs use a high-voltage
POWER SOURCE to operate. The voltage of the POWER SOURCE
determines the sensitivity of the PMTs.
BLUE FILTER Removes any red laser light reflected from the SCREEN, allowing
only the blue light to reach the PMTs.
LIGHT COLLECTOR Provides the collection of the blue light emitted from the SCREEN
and sends it toward the PMTs. The inside surface of the
COLLECTOR is reflective.
PMT/DAS BOARD • Changes analog signals from the PMTs to digital format:
A5 – amplifies the signals from the 2 PMTs
– adds the signals from the PMTs
– filters the summed signal
– changes the summed signal to a digital format
• Measures the strength of the laser beam and changes it to digital
format.
DIGITIZER BOARD Controls the operation of the GALVO BOARD A4 and the PMT/DAS
A3 BOARD A5 to provide for the measurement and collection of image
data at the correct time:
• sends a signal to the GALVO to rotate the MIRROR to move the
laser beam in the fast scan direction across the SCREEN
• sends a signal to the PMT/DAS BOARD A5 to measure the
emitted light at controlled times. Each measurement makes a pixel
in the completed image.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Operation of the COLLECTOR and the PMTs
Page
82 of 120
Blue Light
From PLATE
/SCREEN
DYNODE 2
-350 V DC
DYNODE 7 DYNODE 6 DYNODE 3

-100 V DC -150 V DC -300 V DC
ANODE
0 V DC
DYNODE 8 DYNODE 5 DYNODE 4

-50 V DC -200 V DC -250 V DC Path of electrons from
PHOTOCATHODE
DYNODE 1
-400 V DC
Blue Light
From PLATE
FOCUSING ELECTRODE
/SCREEN
-500 V DC
PHOTOCATHODE
-600 V DC
H194_5043HC
1 When the red light from the LASER reaches the SCREEN, blue light is emitted in
random directions. The COLLECTOR captures most of the rays of blue light and provides
the deflection of the rays toward the FACE of the PMTs.
2 Some of the red light from the LASER that reaches the SCREEN is reflected and enters
the COLLECTOR. A BLUE FILTER between the COLLECTOR and the PMTs rejects
most of the red light and allows the blue light to enter. The PMTs receive only the blue
light from the SCREEN.
3 Inside the PMT are a number of components that are connected to varying levels of high
voltage. The circuits on the PMT/DAS BOARD A5 separate the high voltage into a
05AUG05
TG1883-1 descending series of voltages. These voltages are connected to components in the PMT.
Page In the graphic, example voltages are given.
83 of 120
Note
The HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY provides a high negative voltage. The
PHOTOCATHODE is connected directly to the -600 V source. The FOCUSING ELECTRODE
in the PMT is set to -500 V. Next to the FOCUSING ELECTRODE are a series of DYNODES,
which are set at decreasing voltages until the end where there is an ANODE set at 0 V.
4 The PHOTOCATHODE emits an electron when it is hit by a light photon. Because the
efficiency of the PHOTOCATHODE is less than 100%, the number of electrons is less
than the number of photons entering the PMT.
5 The negatively charged electron is influenced by the electrical field between the
PHOTOCATHODE at -600 V and the more positive FOCUSING ELECTRODE
at -500 V, pulling the electron toward the FOCUSING ELECTRODE.
6 When the electron moves toward the FOCUSING ELECTRODE, it is pulled by the more
positive DYNODE. When the electron hits the DYNODE surface, it reflects from the
surface and emits more electrons. At each DYNODE, the number of electrons increases,
more electrons are added, and all the electrons are attracted to the next more positive
DYNODE.
7 At the end of the PMT, all the electrons are attracted to the ANODE, which assembles
the electrons and sends the electrons to the PMT/DAS BOARD A5 in a small current
signal.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Operation of the PMT/DAS BOARD A5:
Page
84 of 120
A5 PMT/DAS BOARD
2 CURRENT-TO-VOLTAGE
analog AMPLIFIERS
blue ANODE voltage
light signals
A3
2 PMT GAIN CONTROL DIGITIZER BOARD
PMT1 D/A CONVERTERS
PIXEL CLOCK
SUMMING AMPLIFIER
blue ANODE FIFO BUFFER
light
digital
image
PMT1 LOW PASS FILTER data
A2
MCPU BOARD
16-BIT A/D CONVERTER

to HIGH BUFFER
VOLTAGE
DIVIDERS 16 bit
raw image
data
processed
HIGH VOLTAGE DATA MULTIPLEXER 8 bit digital
POWER SUPPLY images
8 bit INTERNAL PC
to network
H194_5046HC
1 The 2 PMTs connect to the PMT/DAS BOARD A5. The HIGH VOLTAGE POWER
SUPPLY feeds power to the HIGH VOLTAGE DIVIDERS. Each PMT has a HIGH
VOLTAGE DIVIDER that sends the given levels of high voltage to the components inside
the PMTs.
2 The ANODE of each PMT is connected to a CURRENT-TO-VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER, which
changes the small current signal from each PMT into a corresponding voltage signal.
Each of the voltage signals moves through a PMT GAIN CONTROL D/A CONVERTER.
These CONVERTERS change the signal level from each PMT to adjust for gain
variations from PMT to PMT.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 3 The corrected signals are added together in the SUMMING AMPLIFIER. An offset
Page adjustment signal is added to adjust for any other offset error. The offset signal is
85 of 120
provided by 2 D/A CONVERTERS that allow large and small adjustments. The offset
adjustment signal causes the signal to be 0 when no light hits the PMTs.
4 The adjusted signal is sent through a LOW PASS FILTER for noise reduction.
5 The filtered signal is sent to the 16-BIT A/D CONVERTER for measurement of the
brightness of the blue light emitted by the SCREEN. The intensity of the blue light is
proportional to the charge stored by the PHOSPHOR and the intensity of the laser beam
that hit the PHOSPHOR. To construct the original image again, it is necessary to know
the strength of the laser beam when the blue light was measured.
6 The PMT/DAS BOARD A5 includes logic circuits that interface with the DIGITIZER
BOARD A3. This serial data interface allows the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to adjust the
A/D CONVERTERS on the PMT/DAS BOARD A5. The PIXEL CLOCK on the DIGITIZER
BOARD A3 connects to the A/D CONVERTER and sends a command to make a
measurement. The A/D CONVERTER makes a 16-bit value for each measurement. The
16-bit values are sent to a DATA MULTIPLEXER that breaks the 16-bit value into 2 8-bit
bytes.
7 The image is sent to the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 one pixel at a time. The data is stored
in a FIFO BUFFER until a complete line of data is received. The raw image data is sent
from the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to the MCPU BOARD A2. In the MCPU BOARD A2 the
data is stored in a BUFFER. When all the data for a given image is in the BUFFER, the
MCPU BOARD A2 sends the full raw image to the INTERNAL PC for processing and
distribution to the hospital network.
MCPU BOARD A2
The MCPU BOARD A2:
• provides the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 and the GALVO BOARD A4 with the scanning
parameters determined by the size of the SCREEN to be scanned
• obtains raw image data from the DIGITIZER BOARD A3
• changes the image data from 16-bit linear to 12-bit log data
• actuates the LASER DIODE
05AUG05
TG1883-1 • provides correction of the Collector Profile for the image data
Page
86 of 120 • records the maximum pixel value of a scan to allow the “smart erase” algorithm to
calculate the time necessary to remove the image from the SCREEN
• sends the image to the INTERNAL PC for image processing and viewing
Sequence of operation
Scanning the SCREEN - Slow Scan/Fast Scan
PLATE
fast scan motion
throwaway
lines
2048 - 2392 0
amplitude offset
slow scan motion H194_5040AC
1 When the SCREEN reaches the mechanical start of scan position, the MCB A1 sends a
message to the MCPU BOARD A2 that the SCREEN is ready for scanning.
2 The MCPU BOARD A2, through the DIGITIZER BOARD A3, sets up the GALVO BOARD
A4 and PMT/DAS BOARD A5 with the following information recorded during calibration of
the CR 975 SYSTEM:
• offset and amplitude of the GALVO
• gain of the PMTs
• high voltage of the PMTs
05AUG05
TG1883-1 • number of pixels/line
Page
87 of 120 • number of lines to scan
Note
The number of lines scanned includes the lines scanned for the image and also the
“throwaway” lines. “Throwaway” lines at the beginning of the scanning are lines that are
scanned but are not part of the image.
3 When the MCB A1 is ready, it sends a message to the MCPU BOARD A2, which sends
messages to:
• MCB A1 to start the slow scan
• DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to start moving the GALVO
• PMT/DAS BOARD A5 to start the collection of data
4 The GALVO starts and provides the deflection of the laser beam onto the SCREEN. The
laser beam moves horizontally across the SCREEN. This horizontal motion is the fast
scan direction. See “GALVO.”
5 At the same time, the SCREEN moves vertically. This vertical motion is the slow scan
direction.
Both motions are determined by calibration data for the given size of the SCREEN. The
MCB A1 controls the slow scan motion through the SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER
BOARD A6. The DIGITIZER BOARD A3 controls the fast scan motion through the
GALVO BOARD A4.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Obtaining the Image Data
Page
88 of 120
analog
signal
LIGHT COLLECTOR
PMT
(1 of 2)
BLUE FILTER
red laser light
blue light
PHOSPHOR SCREEN
H194_5009GC
1 The red laser beam scans across the PHOSPHOR SCREEN in the fast scan direction.
When it hits the PHOSPHOR charged by the X-ray exposure, it causes the PHOSPHOR
to emit blue light. The brightness of the blue light is proportional to the strength of the X-
ray and the power of the LASER at the point it hits the PHOSPHOR. The light is emitted
in a random pattern.
2 The collection of random blue light is provided by the COLLECTOR, which reflects the
light toward the FACES of the 2 PMTs:
• For each line of the fast scan, a given number of measurements is made, determined
in the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 by the size of the SCREEN. This is the “sampling rate.”
The sampling rate defines the size of each pixel of information that is read from the
05AUG05
TG1883-1 SCREEN. For more information about sampling, see “Changing Analog Signals to
Page Digital Signals”.
89 of 120
• Both the red light from the LASER and the blue light emitted from the PHOSPHOR is
emitted toward the COLLECTOR. A BLUE FILTER prevents the red light from entering
the PMTs. The BLUE FILTER allows only the blue light into the PMTs.
3 The PMTs change the light energy into analog electrical current signals.
4 The output from each of the 2 PMTs is sent to the PMT/DAS BOARD A5. The PMT/DAS
BOARD A5 changes and amplifies the output to a proportional voltage signal.
5 Gain control is applied to each of the voltage signals to correct for gain variations from
the 2 PMTs.
6 The SUMMING AMPLIFIER adds the corrected signals and an offset adjustment signal is
also added. This new signal is sent through a LOW PASS FILTER for noise reduction.
7 The voltage signal is sent through a 16-bit ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL (A/D) CONVERTER,
which changes it to a 16-bit digital signal.
8 The 16-bit image data is sent 2 pixels at a time to the DIGITIZER BOARD A3.
Processing the Data

1 The 2 16-bit values are received in a FIFO BUFFER on the DIGITIZER BOARD A3. The
data is stored in the FIFO BUFFER until a complete line of data is received.
2 In rapid sequence, when the GALVO is moving to the start of the next line:
• 32 bits times the number of pixels in the line, for example 32 x 2048, are moved to
the MCPU BOARD A2 using Direct Memory Access (DMA)
• MCPU BOARD A2 receives a message indicating that all the data for that line is on
the MCPU BOARD A2 and it can start processing the line
• MCPU BOARD A2 sets up the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to receive the next line of data
3 The GALVO begins to scan the next line on the SCREEN.
4 When the GALVO is scanning the next line, the MCPU BOARD A2 processes the last
line the MCPU BOARD A2 received. During this time, the MCPU BOARD A2 applies the
Collector Profile to each pixel to adjust for any change in the efficiency of the
COLLECTOR.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 5 The MCPU BOARD A2 changes the pixels from 16-bit linear values to 12-bit log values.
Page Each pixel has a value between 0 - 4095. The image is now a “raw image” that is
90 of 120
formatted. The image is stored in a BUFFER on the MCPU BOARD A2.
Note
When the BAR CODE is read and the CASSETTE moves to the load position, the INTERNAL
PC sets up a raw image file to receive the raw image from the MCPU BOARD A2. The size
of the file is determined by the size of the SCREEN.
6 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends the full raw image to the PC in one transmission.
7 When the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 assembles the set number of lines for the SCREEN
size, the MCPU BOARD A2 and the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 do the erase sequence to
clear the SCREEN to be used again.
Processing the Image

1 When the software on the INTERNAL PC detects that a raw image was received from
the MCPU BOARD A2, the software:
• places the data in a prepared raw image file
• checks the CASSETTE ID
• locates the patient record that matches the CASSETTE ID
2 The software on the INTERNAL PC:
• reads the body part projection information to determine the necessary processing
• connects to the Image Processing Library (IPL) to locate a given image processing
algorithm for the body part on the image - PTone algorithm
• using the PTone algorithm, makes a subsample-by-9 image and applies the PTone
Lookup Table (LUT) to the image. The PTone LUT provides pixel values for
corresponding shades of gray on the image.
• using the PTone algorithm, makes a subsample-by-4 image and applies the PTone
LUT to the image.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 • applies image processing algorithms in the IPL to the subsample-by-4 image to
Page improve the image, for example:
91 of 120
– Edge Enhancement (EE) - makes edges in the image sharper
– Black Surround Mask (BSM) - makes the area on the outside of the image black
• makes a thumbnail image from the subsample-by-4 image, about 70 x 70 pixels. This
is the image that displays on the EXAM SCREEN. All the thumbnail images in the
database are available to be displayed on the EXAM SCREEN at any time.
Note
The full 6.5 - 10 MB raw image is stored on the database of the CR 975 SYSTEM, but no
software in the CR 975 SYSTEM allows viewing of the full raw image. The subsample-by-4
image in.JPG format can be viewed, and the processing parameters can be removed to view
the subsample-by-4 raw image again. If necessary, the FE can download the full raw image
using special software.
3 The operator touches the thumbnail image on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR. This
action displays the subsample-by-4 image,. The operator makes changes and corrections
to the subsample image and keeps the changes. The software applies all the processing
changes to the full resolution image and stores the changes in the database. The
changes are applied to the image that is sent to any network nodes.
4 The system software adds the Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM)
information to the image file.
5 The Medical Image Manager (MIM) software makes a copy of the 10-MB DICOM file and
sends information from that file to all network nodes. The MIM software recognizes the
features of each node and adjusts the image for correct viewing at each node.
Note
After the MIM sends the processed image, the DICOM file is deleted. The original raw image
file and all the processing parameters are stored in a database directory of the INTERNAL
PC for possible use at another time. The database has a maximum storage level, after which
a program automatically deletes the raw image, subsample-by-4, and thumbnail files.
THEORY GUIDE Logic and Control
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page
Section 8: Logic and Control
92 of 120
Overview
To Hospital Network
CR 975 INTERNAL PC DICOM - TCP/IP
SYSTEM
A5
PMT/DAS EXTERNAL
BOARD BARCODE
SCANNER
#1 #2
ethernet
A2
CARDS
A3
DIGITIZER MCPU KEYBOARD KEYBOARD
BOARD BOARD connection
A17
LASER DIODE
DRIVER BOARD
RJ-45
PLUG
SLOW/SCAN INTERNAL BAR

CONTROLLER A1 CODE SCANNER
A18
CIRCUIT
A4
MCB
LASER DRIVER
GALVO BOARD
PRE-REGULATOR BOARD
BOARD
GALVO A7
MOTOR
M4 COIL
BOARD SLOW SCAN
ENCODER
H206_1207HC
The Logic and Control subsystem:

• processes commands from the operator
• controls the operation of all subsystems
• sends processed images to the network for distribution
05AUG05
TG1883-1 The Logic and Control subsystem includes:
Page
93 of 120 • Operator Input Components
• BOARDS
• Distribution of Images to the Network
Operator Input Components

The TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR allows the operator to enter information for an exam into
the CR 975 SYSTEM. The display of the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR has a menu and
control system with a TOUCH SCREEN OVERLAY.
The INTERNAL PC provides the screen format for each menu item selected. The TOUCH
SCREEN MONITOR enables the operator to select a displayed menu item or control by
touching the SCREEN. This action sends a command to the CR 975 SYSTEM. The
INTERNAL PC sends the necessary data to do that action. CONTROL BUTTONS on the
TOUCH SCREEN allow the user to select functions and to move to other menus or functions.
The TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR uses VIRTUAL KEYBOARDS that are displayed on the
TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR for entering information into the CR 975 SYSTEM. The
configuration of the KEYBOARD is determined by the type of information to be entered. Each
KEYBOARD automatically displays when a menu item is selected to enter data.
The system also uses typed input from a PHYSICAL KEYBOARD connected to the
INTERNAL PC.
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page
94 of 120
The main menu provides access to the controls for the operation and service of the CR 975
SYSTEM. The following table describes the menu items that are available to operators. Each
type of operator has a password that allows access to the indicated menu items.
The Main Menu provides access to the controls for the operation and service of the CR 975
SYSTEM. It includes the following items.
Menu Item Description

Study Data Allows operators to view patient data.
Image Review Allows operators to view digital X-ray images.
Key Operator Allows operators to set up system and image processing default
Functions parameters.
Applications Allows operators to set the MONITOR, SMPTE Test Pattern, and
Consultant Diagnostic Image configuration.
Service Functions Allows operators to do diagnostic tests on the CR 975 SYSTEM.
Each type of operator enters a password at the LOGIN SCREEN, which allows the operator
to have access to the menu items indicated in the following table.
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page Operator Can View Main Menu
95 of 120 Description
Type Items:
Operator • Study Data Operators can view patient data and images.
• Image Review
Key • Key Operator Key Operators can:
Operator Functions • set system and image processing default parameters
• Study Data • view patient data and images
• Image Review
Applications • Applications Applications Consultants can:
Consultant Consultant • set up the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR, SMPTE
Test Pattern, and Diagnostic Image configuration
• Key Operator
Functions • set system and image processing default parameters
• Study Data • view patient data and images
• Image Review
Service • Service Service Providers can:
Provider Functions • have access to diagnostic and service menus,
including:
• Applications
Consultant – diagnostics
• Key Operator – configuration of formats for the BAR CODE
Functions – configuration of the network
• Study Data • set the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR, SMPTE Test
• Image Review Pattern, and Diagnostic Image configuration
• set default system and image processing parameters
• view patient data and images
05AUG05
TG1883-1 BOARDS
Page
96 of 120 The BOARDS control the operation of the Cassette Handling, Imaging, and Scan/Erase
subsystems of the CR 975 SYSTEM.
BOARD Description
MECHANISM Controls the electro-mechanical devices in the CR 975 SYSTEM, including:
CONTROLLER • motion of the CASSETTE
BOARD • illumination of the ERASE LAMPS
(MCB) - A1
• motion of the DUPLEX CAM
• provides the SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER CIRCUIT to:
– remove the SCREEN from the CASSETTE before scanning and insert
the SCREEN back into the CASSETTE after scanning
– control the slow scan motion of the SCREEN during scanning
– control the motion of the SCREEN when it moves to and from the erase
position
• provides an interface for:
– INTERNAL BAR CODE READER
– TOP SENSOR BOARD A11
• controls the operation of all MOTORS.
MASTER The MCPU BOARD A2:
CENTRAL • obtains raw image data from the DIGITIZER BOARD A3
PROCESSING • changes the image data from 16-bit linear to 12-bit log data
UNIT (MCPU) - A2
• actuates the LASER
• provides correction of the Collector Profile for the image data
• sends the image to the INTERNAL PC for image processing and viewing
• provides the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 and the GALVO BOARD A4 with the
scanning parameters determined by the size of the SCREEN to be scanned
• records the maximum pixel value of a scan to allow the “smart erase”
algorithm can calculate the time to erase the SCREEN
• provides an interface to the MCB A1
05AUG05
TG1883-1 BOARD Description
Page
97 of 120 MICROCOMPUTED Obtains the image data from the PMT/DAS BOARD A5 and sets up timing and
RADIOGRAPHY control to the PMT/DAS BOARD A5 and GALVO BOARD A4. The DIGITIZER
DIGITIZER BOARD A3:
CONTROLLER • synchronizes the start and horizontal motion of the GALVO fast scan and
(DIGITIZER) - A3 the PMT/DAS A/D CONVERTERS that obtain the data
• receives image data a pixel at a time from the PMT/DAS BOARD A5 and
stores the data in a FIFO BUFFER until a line is completed. One pixel is
made of 32-bit segments.
• starts DMA transfer of the image data from the FIFO BUFFER to the MCPU
BOARD A2 when each line is completed
GALVO - A4 Provides drive and feedback signals to control the position of the GALVO
MIRROR that provides the deflection of the laser beam onto the SCREEN
during the fast scan operation.
• The DIGITIZER BOARD A3 sends data to the GALVO BOARD A4, then
sends timing signals used by the GALVO BOARD A4 to command the
GALVO to move the MIRROR through a full line cycle.
• At the end of the cycle, the GALVO BOARD A4 sends a signal to the
DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to indicate that the line is completed.
• A closed loop SERVO CIRCUIT in the GALVO BOARD A4 uses the
POSITION SENSORS in the GALVO to keep the speed of the MIRROR
smooth and in the position necessary for the maintenance of image quality.
The GALVO BOARD A4 also provides timing and control of the LASER DIODE
DRIVER BOARD A17.
PHOTOMULTIPLIE Amplifies, adds, and filters the data from the 2 PMTs, then changes the analog
R/DATA data to digital data. The PMT/DAS BOARD A5 also supplies power to the 2
ACQUISITION PMTs.
SYSTEM (PMT/
DAS) - A5
COIL - A7 Includes 6 triangular-shaped WIRE COILS around the CENTRAL SHAFT of the
SLOW SCAN MOTOR. At the outside edge of the COILS are 3 HALL EFFECT
SENSORS. These components work with the SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER
BOARD A 6 and the MAGNET of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR to rotate the
MOTOR.
05AUG05
Page
98 of 120 CAM SENSOR - A8 Includes 2 SENSORS, the CAM INNER SENSOR S10 and CAM OUTER
SENSOR S11 that read the position of the DUPLEX CAM determined by the
status of the HOME and POSITION FLAGS - blocked or not blocked. It then
provides the position to the MCB A1, which controls the next motion of the
DUPLEX CAM, determined by the current position of the DUPLEX CAM.
TOP SENSOR - Includes:
A11 • SENSORS that detect the presence of CASSETTES in SLOTS 1 through 8
• LEDs that indicate the status of:
– SENSORS for SLOTS 1 through 8
– DEAD STOP INTERLOCK S23
– LEFTMOST SLOT SENSOR S22
– PROCESS SLOT 0 SENSOR S20
– MAIN BELT MOVEMENT SENSOR S21
– CASSETTE PRESENT SENSOR S19
Information from all of the SENSORS is sent to the MCB A1, which controls
the operation of the CASSETTE TRANSPORT.
MAIN BELT Controls the operation of the MAIN BELT STEPPER MOTOR M7. The MCB A1
STEPPER MOTOR controls the operation of this BOARD.
DRIVER - A12
LOAD BAR Controls the operation of the LOAD BAR STEPPER MOTOR M8. The MCB A1
STEPPER MOTOR controls the operation of this BOARD.
DRIVER - A13 Note
The LOAD BAR STEPPER MOTOR DRIVER BOARD A13 is the same BOARD
as the UNLOAD BAR STEPPER MOTOR DRIVER BOARD A14.
UNLOAD BAR Controls the operation of the UNLOAD BAR STEPPER MOTOR M9. The MCB
STEPPER MOTOR A1 controls the operation of this BOARD.
DRIVER - A14 Note
The UNLOAD BAR STEPPER MOTOR DRIVER BOARD A14 is the same
BOARD as the LOAD BAR STEPPER MOTOR DRIVER BOARD A13.
05AUG05
Page
99 of 120 LASER DIODE Includes a LASER DIODE that provides the red laser light used to scan the
DRIVER - A17 SCREEN. The GALVO BOARD A4 controls the operation of the LASER DIODE
DRIVER BOARD A17 by sending and receiving signals through the LASER
DRIVER PRE-REGULATOR BOARD A18.
LASER DRIVER Controls the power provided to the laser and has 3 modes of operation:
PRE-REGULATOR • “Threshold” - supplies minimum power when the LASER is moving to the
- A18 start of the next line - retrace
• “Scan” - supplies full power to the laser during scanning
• “Full-on” - used for diagnostics
Checking of BOARDS During Initializing
When the CR 975 SYSTEM is energized, an initializing process occurs, in which BOARDS
and software operations are checked and hardware components are moved to the home
position. When the CR 975 SYSTEM is successfully initialized, the main menu appears on
the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR.
Sequence of operations during initializing:
INTERNAL PC • The software of the INTERNAL PC checks all the system
components:
– memory
– DISK DRIVES
– KEYBOARD and MOUSE
– network hardware
• The operating system loads and starts running. The software for
the CR 975 SYSTEM starts automatically when the operating
system is running. The first component to energize is the MCPU
BOARD A2.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 MCPU BOARD A2 • The BOOT CODE of the MCPU BOARD A2 provides configuration
Page
100 of 120 information for the MICROCONTROLLER and checks the memory.
• The BOOT CODE checks the main application program on the
PCMCIA CARD under the MCPU BOARD A2 and loads it into the
main memory of the MCPU BOARD A2.
• The application program for the CR 975 SYSTEM starts.
• The BOOT CODE checks that the MCPU BOARD A2 signals can
be sent between the MCB A1 and the INTERNAL PC.
• The BOOT CODE of the MCPU BOARD A2 reads the calibration
data stored on the PCMCIA CARD.
• The BOOT CODE of the MCPU BOARD A2 checks the DIGITIZER
BOARD A3 using a diagnostic program on the DIGITIZER BOARD
A3.
DIGITIZER BOARD • The DIGITIZER BOARD A3 fills the FIFO BUFFER with a test
A3 pattern.
• The MCPU BOARD A2 moves that data to memory, similar to a
normal image scanning operation.
• The MCPU BOARD A2 checks that the data is correct.
GALVO BOARD A4 • A diagnostic program on the GALVO BOARD A4 checks the
interface by sending a command to the A/D CONVERTER on the
GALVO BOARD A4 to read the 2.5 V reference on the BOARD.
This procedure determines that the SERIAL INTERFACE to the
GALVO BOARD A4 is running and that the offset and amplitude
values can be set for the size of SCREEN.
• The COUNTER on the GALVO BOARD A4 is checked.
– The MCPU BOARD A2 and DIGITIZER BOARD A3 start a scan
operation with the GALVO BOARD A4.
– If the GALVO BOARD A4 is operating correctly, the GALVO
emits a “Line Start” signal and a given number of lines of data
are captured. If it is not operating correctly, no Line Start signal
occurs and only one line of data is captured.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 PMT/DAS BOARD • The PMT/DAS BOARD A5 is set to “0” with the PMT high voltage
Page
101 of 120 A5 de-energized.
• The “coarse zero” adjustment is adjusted high.
• The output data is checked again for the correct increase.
MCB A1 • When the MCB A1 is energized, the boot program checks the
memory.
• In hardware, all interrupts are disabled and the SENSOR MASKS
are cleared.
• The SLOW SCAN AY is moved to the home position. The BOOT
PROGRAM locates the EXTRACTION BAR HOME SENSOR S9
and moves the number of counts of the ENCODER to the home
position.
• The DUPLEX CAM moves to the home position 1.
• The BAR CODE READER initializes.
• CASSETTE PRESENT SENSOR S19 is checked to determine if it
is blocked.
• The ELEVATOR moves down.
• The components of the CASSETTE TRANSPORT move to the
home position.
• The ALIGNMENT CAMS are in the engaged up position.
• The UNLOAD BAR is in the engaged position at PROCESS
SLOT 0.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Distribution of Images to the Network
Page
102 of 120
Scanning/Input
Components
A2
MCPU BOARD
images/commands Ethernet
NIC INTERNAL PC
or
Pass-Through Mode QA Mode
D;\images\raw_inbox- D;\images\raw_inbox-
contains raw image files contains raw image files
File names for image files:
yyyy.mm.dd.hh.mm.ss_xxxxxxxxxx.raw
DDS
D;\images\delivery_inbox Database
Operator presses "ACCEPT"
D;\images\delivery_inbox
D;\images\routing_inbox
D;\images\routing_inbox
Medical Image Manager (MIM)
NIC
Ethernet to hospital network

H194_5050DC
05AUG05
TG1883-1 The INTERNAL PC receives raw images from the MCPU BOARD A2, processes the images,
Page and stores or sends the images to given nodes in the hospital network. Ethernet CABLES
103 of 120
connect the NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS (NIC) on the INTERNAL PC to:
• MCPU BOARD A2
• hospital network
Sequence of Operation
1. When the CR 975 SYSTEM has made a raw image, the MCPU BOARD A2 sends the raw
image file to the following directory on the INTERNAL PC: D:\images\Raw_Inbox.
2. The software on the INTERNAL PC that monitors the Raw_Inbox, automatically processes
the image file in the Raw_Inbox folder:
• makes a subsample by 9 image and places it in the folder
D:\images\Raw_Inbox\full or xxx_full
• applies the correct PTone algorithm for the body part in the image, changes the image
values by changing the values to the values in the Lookup Table for that body part, and
places the processed image in the folder D:\images\Raw_Inbox\lut or xxx_lut
• makes a subsample by 4 image and places the image in the folder
D:\images\Raw_Inbox\ss4 or xxx.jpg. This image is the one displayed on the TOUCH
SCREEN MONITOR for review by the operator.
• improves the subsample by 4 image by doing Edge Enhancements (EE), Enhanced
Visual Processing (EVP), and Black Surround Mask (BSM) and places the image in
the folder D:\images\Raw_Inbox\xx4 or xxx_raw
• makes a thumbnail image from the improved subsample by 4 image and places the
image in the folder D:\images\Raw_Inbox\thumbnail or xxx.tmb.jpg
3. The software on the INTERNAL PC that monitors the Delivery_Inbox moves image files to
the D:\images\Delivery_Inbox directory and processes the images:
• connects the image with the correct record for the patient in the Data Demographics
Services (DDS) database on the INTERNAL PC
• does EE, EVP, and BSM image processing on the full resolution image - in “QA Mode”,
after the operator presses “ACCEPT” - in “Pass-Through Mode”, occurs automatically
05AUG05
TG1883-1 4. The software on the INTERNAL PC that monitors the Routing_Inbox moves the processed
Page images to the D:\images\Routing_Inbox directory:
104 of 120
• changes the image/patient data file to DICOM format and provides the file to the
Medical Image Manager (MIM). MIM provides all the parameters necessary to format
the file correctly for any output device on the hospital network.
• writes the image to the C:\images directory
• sends the image to the selected output devices or network nodes using the Ethernet
connection with the hospital network
• changes the image status to “PENDING” until MIM receives a message that indicates
that transmission of the image was successful. An image can remain in “Pending” for a
long time if the receiving device is slow because of high network traffic or more than
one device sending images to the same destination at the same time.
• when MIM receives a message that the transmission of the image was successful,
changes the image status to “DELIVERED”
• if a MIM failure occurs or the CR 975 SYSTEM is started during image transmission,
changes the status of the image to “FAILED Delivery”. The operator must send the
image to the destinations again.
THEORY GUIDE Power Distribution
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page
Section 9: Power Distribution
105 of 120
Overview
FRONT DOOR
INTERLOCK A1
INTERLOCK control for:
SWITCH MCB
+24 V DC - LASER DIODE DRIVER
DEAD STOP -24 V DC BOARD BOARD A17
INTERLOCK - ERASE LAMPS
- LASER DRIVER
SWITCHES
PRE-REGULATOR
ERASE BOARD A18
120 V AC LAMPS
INTERNAL
PC 120 V AC
K1 RELAY
PS1 DC power to
TRANSFORMER UPS1 POWER
T1 all BOARDS
SUPPLY +12 V DC
90 - 264 V AC 120 V AC 120 V AC +24 V DC
-24 V DC
H206_1209HC
The Power Distribution subsystem includes:

• POWER SUPPLY
• Power Distribution
• INTERLOCK
• UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS)
05AUG05
TG1883-1 POWER SUPPLY
Page
106 of 120 The CR 975 SYSTEM operates correctly when connected to the power sources described in
the table below. These voltages can be obtained from a line-and-neutral or line-to-line
connection. For all voltages, only a single-phase power distribution system is necessary.
The input power is changed at the TRANSFORMER T1 to an output voltage of 120 V AC. No
additional FILTERS, TRANSFORMERS, or other devices are necessary to provide correct
operating voltage. Also, no procedures are necessary to set the TRANSFORMER or POWER
SUPPLY.
Voltage Tolerance Current Frequency

100 V AC +10% 10 A 50/60 Hz
115 V AC +10% 10 A 50/60 Hz
120 V AC +10%, -13% 10 A 50/60 Hz
127 V AC +10% 10 A 50/60 Hz
200 V AC +10% 5A 50/60 Hz
208 V AC +10% 5A 50/60 Hz
220 V AC +10% 5A 50/60 Hz
230 V AC +10% 5A 50/60 Hz
240 V AC +10% 5A 50/60 Hz
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Power Distribution
Page
107 of 120
A2 A3
MCPU DIGITIZER
= INTERLOCK SWITCH BOARD BOARD
PS1 A1
POWER MSB
SUPPLY BOARD
V1 A5
PMT/DAS
24V DC BOARD
GND
AC SOURCE TRANSFORMER 120V AC
100-240V AC UPS1
T1
50/60 Hz 120V AC DS1
V2
50/60 Hz 12V DC TOUCHSCREEN
DISPLAY
V3 A4
GALVO
-24 V DC
BOARD
120V AC 120V AC
-24 V DC
K1 ERASE
RELAY LAMPS A18
LASER DRIVER
PRE-REGULATOR
BOARD
INTERNAL -6.5V DC
PC
A17
LASER DIODE
DRIVER BOARD
COOLING FANS
H206_0008HC_ CF1 - CF5
Supply Description
INTERLOCK The INTERLOCK SWITCH S8 controls RELAYS on the MCB A1,
SWITCH S8 which controls the 24 V DC power to the DC components, including
the MOTORS and SOLENOIDS. The INTERLOCK SWITCH is
dictated when the FRONT DOOR is opened.
TRANSFORMER T1 The TRANSFORMER T1 receives from 100 to 240 V AC, 50/60 Hz,
and changes the power to 120 V AC, 50/60 Hz.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Supply Description
Page
108 of 120 UNINTERRUPTIBLE Receives 120 V AC from the TRANSFORMER T1 and sends it to the
POWER SUPPLY POWER SUPPLY PS1, the ERASE AY, and the INTERNAL PC.
UPS1
DC POWER This supply has +12 V DC and +/-24 V DC outputs only. It receives
SUPPLY PS1 120 V AC from the UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY UPS1 and
supplies all the BOARDS and the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR. The
ERASE ASSEMBLY does not receive power from the POWER
SUPPLY PS1.
ERASE LAMP Provides 120 V AC to the ERASE LAMPS.
RELAY K1
COOLING FANS Move air at room temperature through the CR 975 SYSTEM to
CF1 - CF6 decrease heat from the operation of the laser and the MOTORS.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 INTERLOCK
Page
109 of 120
FRONT DOOR +24 V DC -24 V DC
INTERLOCK
SWITCH
DC MOTOR +24 V DC
K1
DC voltage for
SLOW SCAN
MAIN CAM
ELEVATOR
CASSETTE ADVANCE FRAME LOCK
24 V DC ELEVATOR
DC voltage for
ALIGNMENT CAM
MAIN BELT
LOAD BAR
UNLOAD BAR
ERASE
+24 V DC LAMPS
LASER DRIVER DIODE BOARD -24 V DC

K5
A4
-24 V DC to GALVO
LASER DRIVER BOARD
PRE-REGULATOR
BOARD
A18 LASER DRIVER -6.5 V DC A17

PRE-REGULATOR LASER DIODE
H206_0009HC_ BOARD DRIVER BOARD
The INTERLOCK protects users from exposure to electrical systems by de-energizing

selected systems when the FRONT DOOR opens. The FRONT DOOR INTERLOCK SWITCH
controls RELAYS on the MCB A1 that de-energize the following systems.
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page Systems Protected by
110 of 120 Description
INTERLOCK SWITCH
MCB A1 • has an LED that indicates the status of the INTERLOCK SWITCH -
DS5 and DS6
• has LED INDICATORS for the 3 INTERLOCK VOLTAGES:
– DS4, DC MOTOR +24 V DC
– DS3, CASSETTE ADVANCE +24V DC
– DS9 - K3, RELAY for LASER -24V DC
• controls the INTERLOCK SWITCH for all DC MOTORS
SLOW SCAN • +5 V DC is continually energized when the CR 975 SYSTEM is
CONTROLLER energized
CIRCUIT on the • +24 V DC is de-energized when the INTERLOCK SWITCH is
MCB A1 opened
LASER DRIVER • –24 V DC to the BOARD is de-energized when the INTERLOCK
PRE-REGULATOR SWITCH is opened
BOARD A18 • –24 V DC to this BOARD is routed through the GALVO BOARD A4,
but is not used by the GALVO BOARD A4
Note
The GALVO BOARD A4 is continually energized when the
CR 975 SYSTEM is energized.
LASER DIODE 6.5 V. DC from the LASER DRIVER PRE-REGULATOR BOARD A18 is
DRIVER BOARD de-energized when the INTERLOCK SWITCH is open.
A17
ERASE LAMPS 120 V AC is de-energized when the INTERLOCK SWITCH is opened
05AUG05
TG1883-1 UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS)
Page
111 of 120 The “UpsManager” monitors the power of the BATTERY. If the power drops to 25% of
capacity, the UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS) starts an automatic system
shutdown. The CR 975 SYSTEM completes the shutdown in 2 minutes. During the 2 minutes,
the following actions occur.
• Application software completes all actions, including shutdown of the operating system of
the INTERNAL PC.
• A message displays on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR to provide the user with
information on the shutdown that is about to occur.
• The system completes transmission of any images sent at the time of the power failure.
• If a CASSETTE was detected at the “Plate Present” position before starting the shutdown,
the system completes the scan, stores the raw image data on the hard disk, and erases
the SCREEN before the shutdown of the UPS.
• The WEB BROWSER is the first software component to shutdown to prevent entering or
viewing any more PEC records or images.
Note
A CASSETTE placed in the “Plate Present” position after the CR 975 SYSTEM shutdown
process has started is not scanned. No error message displays to the user because the
shutdown message has displayed on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR and it cannot receive
messages after that time.
When power is restored to the CR 975 SYSTEM, the operator can energize the CR 975
SYSTEM using the normal procedure.
If the system detects any of the conditions in the following table and cannot clear them within
60 seconds, a system shutdown starts and the “UpsManager” displays a message on the
TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR.
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page Dialog
112 of 120 Message Description
ID
47950 “The UPS has reported a This is an informational message. UPS1 has
power fail condition. detected a power failure condition. Check that the
Operation of scanner will CR 975 SYSTEM is connected to the AC power
continue.” source.
47951 “The UPS has reported a low This is an informational message. UPS1 has
battery condition. Operation detected that the capacity of the BATTERY is low.
of the scanner will continue.” Check that the CR 975 SYSTEM is connected to
the AC power source. Check the UPS1 BATTERY.
47952 “The UPS has reported a UPS1 has reported a problem. Check the UPS1. It
general fault condition. might be necessary to install a new UPS1.
Operation of the scanner will
continue.”
Note
A CASSETTE placed in an INPUT SLOT after the shutdown of the CR 975 SYSTEM has
begun will not be scanned. No error message displays to the user since the shutdown
message is already displayed on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR.
One of the following messages displays if the fault condition is repaired before the BATTERY
is at 25% of capacity.
Dialog
Message Description
ID
47960 “The UPS has reported that the This is an informational message. The power
power fail condition is now OK.” has been restored.
47961 “The UPS has reported that the This is an informational message. The capacity
low battery condition is now OK.” of the UPS1 BATTERY has been restored.
47962 “The UPS has reported that the This is an informational message. The UPS1
general fault condition is now OK.” no longer in a fault mode.
THEORY GUIDE Logs
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page
Section 10: Logs
113 of 120
Overview
INTERNAL PC CR 975 SYSTEM
Error and Activity Log A2
TOUCH
SCREEN Error Frequency Log MCPU BOARD
MONITOR
Actuation Log
H206_1208BC
The MCPU BOARD A2 receives log information from components in the CR 975 SYSTEM
and the information to the INTERNAL PC for display on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR.
The CR 975 SYSTEM provides the following logs:
• Error and Activity Log
• Error Frequency Log
• Actuation Log
All logs:
• include the date and time
• are in English
• can be viewed:
– by service personnel
– on the CR 975 SYSTEM or from a remote network node
THEORY GUIDE Logs
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Error and Activity Log
Page
114 of 120 The Error and Activity Log provides information for 2 types of errors:
• errors the operator can correct - messages and error codes display on the TOUCH
SCREEN MONITOR:
• errors the operator cannot correct - a message displays on the TOUCH SCREEN
MONITOR if important data might be changed or deleted:
Note
• Messages provide instructions the user must do before starting operation of the CR 975
SYSTEM again.
• Logs of error codes and messages are stored on the HARD DRIVE of the INTERNAL PC.
• The action of a Service Provider might be necessary to clear the error.
The Error and Activity Log also provides information on actions within the CR 975 SYSTEM
that are not errors. For example, when the DOOR is opened, a log entry is made.
The Error and Activity Log includes the following information:
• date and time the error or actions were detected
• error code
• CASSETTE ID
• error message
THEORY GUIDE Logs
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Error Frequency Log
Page
115 of 120 The Error Frequency Log stores the number of times each error occurred. Entries in the Error
Frequency Log can be sorted by date, error code, or frequency. The Error Frequency Log is
available only to service personnel.
Data on the number of times the system was started and the number of times an error
occurred, remain on the CR 975 SYSTEM until cleared by a Service Provider.
The Error Frequency Log can be stored on a FLOPPY DISK. The CR 975 SYSTEM cannot
provide a printout of this log.
Actuation Log
The Actuation Log records all the times the system is actuated. This log is available to Key
Operator Personnel. Entries in the Actuation Log can be sorted by CASSETTE ID, date, time,
and technician ID.
Information included in the Actuation Log:
• number of all actuations
• number of images deleted before transmission, including:
– technician ID
– exam type
– CASSETTE ID
• number of successful image transmissions to all network nodes, including:
– time and date of the successful transmission
– image ID
– network node ID
THEORY GUIDE Glossary
05AUG05
TG1883-1
Page
Section 11: Glossary
116 of 120
Term Description
A/D Analog-to-digital.
Amplitude Position of the GALVO when the laser beam has reached the end of
the trace across the PHOSPHOR SCREEN in the fast scan direction,
determined by the size of the SCREEN.
Artifact Any irregularity on the radiograph caused by lint, dust, electrostatic
discharge, processing, or storing or handling that is not correct.
Aspect ratio Measurement of an object in the fast scan and slow scan directions.
For example, if a square object were exposed and the image
processed, the processed image should remain square, not
rectangular in shape.
Backscatter Radiation that is scattered backward in the path of the original beam.
The Kodak DirectView CR CASSETTES have a backscatter-control
layer to decrease backscatter.
BAR CODE A series of vertical BARS on a label that provide information that can
be read by a computer. The BAR CODE LABEL on a CR 975
SYSTEM CASSETTE uses a 10-digit code to identify the size, type,
and serial number of the CASSETTE.
BAR CODE Device for reading BAR CODE LABELS.
SCANNER
Cluster A collection of CR 800/850/900/950/975 SYSTEMS and the Kodak
DirectView REMOTE OPERATIONS PANEL (ROP) that can exchange
patient exam and image information on a network.
CR Computed Radiography.
DICOM Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine. Standard for
transferring medical images on a network.
DIS DICOM Information System. An information system or front end to an
information system that can operate with DICOM HIS/RIS services.
DMA Direct Memory Access.
05AUG05
TG1883-1 Term Description
Page
117 of 120 EVP Enhanced Visual Processing. An algorithm for improving contrast
included in the IPL.
Exam A collection including a raw image, versions of the image, exam
information, and patient information.
Exam information Data that describes an exam procedure.
Exam type Body part and projection. Body position is optional data.
FIFO BUFFER FIRST IN, FIRST OUT BUFFER. The CR 975 SYSTEM uses a FIFO
BUFFER on the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to receive pixel data from the
PMT/DAS BOARD A5, assemble it into a line of data, and send it to
the MCPU BOARD A2.
Flat field exposure PLATE exposed from 10 mR to 30 mR for calibration.
Gain The increase in signal when transferred from one point to another.
GP CASSETTE General Purpose CASSETTE.
HIS/RIS Hospital Information System/Radiology Information System. HIS/RIS
indicates that both systems are at the same site, but does not indicate
that the systems are connected or are part of the same network.
HR CASSETTE High Resolution CASSETTE. The layer of PHOSPHOR on the
SCREEN is thinner than on a GP CASSETTE. The thinner layer
allows the HR CASSETTE to capture more information than a GP
CASSETTE.
Image Data in a DICOM-compliant format, which includes image data, patient
information, and information about the procedure for capturing the
image data.
INTERLOCK De-energizes all dangerous systems if the DOOR for user access is
SWITCH open.
IPL Image Processing Library. The image processing algorithms used by
the CR 975 SYSTEM.
kV Kilovolts. A measurement of the strength of an X-ray beam.
kVp Kilovolts peak.
05AUG05
Page
118 of 120 LUT Lookup table. A matrix which changes image values from one type of
measurement into another; for example, density to luminance.
Mandatory A network node to which all images from the CR 975 SYSTEM are
destination sent.
mA Milliamperes. The measurement for the quantity of X-ray energy
emitted in a given time.
MIM Medical Image Manager.
mR 1/1000 of a Roentgen. Measure of exposure energy at the detection
device.
NVRAM Non-Volatile Random Access Memory. A read/write memory that
receives power from a BATTERY when necessary.
Offset Position of the GALVO when the laser beam first reaches the edge of
the SCREEN. In the fast scan direction, the offset is the “0” position.
Patient information The data about a patient.
PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.
PCMCIA CARD A memory card that includes the calibration data and the Collector
Profile.
PEC record The information describing the patient, exam, and the CASSETTE
used for the exam. The PEC record identifies a given image.
Photostimulable A condition in which PHOSPHOR discharges stored energy when
luminescence stimulated by infrared or visible light.
Pixel code value The value of each pixel of information that includes both the
measurement for samplings in the fast scan direction and the lines in
the slow scan direction.
Radiographic A person that provides diagnostic levels of radiation to make
Technologist diagnostic images.
Resolution Ability of an imaging system to detect separate lines that are close
together.
Retrace Motion of the laser beam across the SCREEN after it has scanned a
line.
05AUG05
Page
119 of 120 ROP REMOTE OPERATIONS PANEL.
Routing Transferring an image from a CR 975 SYSTEM to a given node on
the network.
RS-232 Serial communication protocol.
SENSOR A slotted OPTICAL SENSOR used to detect the motion of a
component or an obstruction.
Spatial resolution The measurement of the line pairs (LP)/mm. Spatial resolution is
determined by system factors including scatter of the PHOSPHOR,
spot size and shape of the LASER, and electronics bandwidth.
SRAM Static Random Access Memory. SRAM keeps data bits continually in
memory in a computer during the time power is provided.
STORAGE PHOSPHOR that can store energy.
PHOSPHOR
SVGA SUPER VIDEO GRAPHICS ADAPTER. A video system name used
on computers to describe the abilities of the graphic display.
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Interchange Protocol.
Timed progress bar A graphic display that indicates the status of the scanning operation.
This is not a real-time indication.
Tone scale A graduated range of gray values that improve an image for clinical
diagnosis by highlighting the body parts that are necessary for the
radiologist or physician to see.
Trace Motion of the laser beam across the SCREEN in the fast scan
direction.
Unassigned image An image that is scanned and not matched to a PEC record at this
time.
Unassociated image An image that cannot be matched to an existing PEC record.
05AUG05
Page
120 of 120 Unsharp masking An algorithm for improving edges that provides a more defined image.
An original image is made that is not clear. This image is subtracted
from the original. An amplified version of the resulting image is then
selectively added back in to the original, providing the edge-enhanced
image.
Viewing station DICOM viewing station - “World-Wide Workstation”.
Publication History
Publication Publication Changed

ECO No. File Name Notes
Date No. Pages
05AUG05 TG1883-1 --- --- tg1883_1.fm New Publication
Kodak and DirectView are trademarks of Eastman Kodak Company.
Printed in U.S.A. • tg1883_1.fm
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY

Rochester, NY 14650 HEALTH GROUP

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© EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, 2005 HEALTH GROUP

{TheoryGuide}{Production}{Health Group}{ExternalAndInternal} Publication No. TG1883-1

Size 259 x 190.7 cm (102 x 75 in.)

The ROP allows operators to:

Logic and Control

X-RAY latent image visible image

FILM/ FILM PROCESSING

Phase of Image Capture Description

Mid-range values indicate that fewer

Darker values indicate that most

When a STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN is exposed to X-rays:

Stimulating the PHOSPHOR

Changing Light Energy to an Analog Signal

X-RAY latent image visible image

FILM/ FILM PROCESSING

Processing the Digital Image

Status: CR 975 SYSTEM - Ready to Load CASSETTE

Status: CASSETTE Loaded

Fastening the SCREEN

Scanning the SCREEN

Erasing the SCREEN

Inserting the PLATE back into the CASSETTE SHELL

Scanning the Next CASSETTE

STORAGE PHOSPHOR CASSETTES have a SCREEN with a layer of PHOSPHOR that is

The CR 975 SYSTEM uses SCREENS with the following resolutions.

Fast Scan / Slow Scan Directions

Fast Scan H194_5022BC

Size of Image Size Pixel Size in Spatial Resolution

H206_1203DCA SLOW SCAN MOTOR

UNLOAD BAR LOAD

INPUT and OUTPUT SLOTS

CASSETTE ALIGNMENT CAMS

INTERNAL BAR CODE READER B1

SLED PLATE CLAMPS

DUPLEX POSITION FLAG HOME FLAG

The DUPLEX CAM AY:

Positions of the DUPLEX CAM

from MCPU BOARD

The Scan/Erase subsystem moves the PLATE:

End of scan - fixed

Home position is always above the EXTRACTION BAR HOME

PLATE PRESENT SENSOR S5

SLOW SCAN MOTOR

The COIL BOARD A7 includes:

LIGHT EMITTER LIGHT EMITTER

Signal from DETECTOR 1

Signal from DETECTOR 2

LIGHT DETECTOR 1 LIGHT DETECTOR 2

LAMP CURRENT SENSORS CS1 - CS5

FOLD MIRROR SCREEN

Desired Position Signal

Actual Drive Signal

The GALVO moves the laser beam to scan the SCREEN:

The GALVO BOARD A4 also:

The following table describes the positions within the 3 traces.

red laser light

DYNODE 7 DYNODE 6 DYNODE 3

DYNODE 8 DYNODE 5 DYNODE 4

16-BIT A/D CONVERTER

fast scan motion

slow scan motion H194_5040AC

red laser light

Processing the Data