GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

Quarter 1 – Week 1
Heman Jude Alli STEM 11 – Bato Puti

LESSON 1
TryThis
A. A
C
F
A. They both consists of cells and life.

Analysis
1. The three important things that all living forms have in common are: First, the cell
because it is the basic unit of life; Second, both plants and animals are made up
of cells. In short, all living things/organisms have cells; Lastly, all cells can only
come from pre-existing cell.
2. “Omnis cellula e cellula” means that each cell derives from a pre-existing cell by
division, is the culmination of a profound insight of the late 19th century and a
dictum articulated by the German pathologist Rudolf Virchow. Base on my own
understanding, cells have continuously divided. At first they existed as single
cells. Over time they got together and formed ever more complex organisms,
culminating in man.
3. The COVID 19 are called pseudo-alive. They require a host to even begin to
function. However, since they use DNA or RNA to pass information to the next
round of viruses the cell makes for them, they are subject to some of the same
principles of evolution and selection that alive organisms are subject to.

Application
1. The third postulate explains the situation 1. As it stated, all cells can come from
pre-existing cells which means that the molds on the bread multiplies as the time
goes by.
 2. Jose taken the stem. The stem is the only part of most cacti where the vital
process takes place. The majority of cactus species have lost their genuine
leaves, leaving just spines, which are highly modified leaves, behind.
- All living organisms are composed of cells. In terms of structure and function, all
cells are essentially the same. It is the outcome of the activities and interactions
of cell components.
3. It should be made up of cells because cells support the skeleton's upkeep,
pigment cells, cells that sense motion on the animal's surface, and occasionally
gland cells that produce sticky fluid and poisons.

Reflection
Cells are the basic building blocks of living things. Cells provide structure for
the body, take in nutrients from food and carry out important functions. Cells group
together to form tissues in which in turn group together to form organs, such as the
heart and brain. All living organisms are made up of cells, which are the fundamental
components. Hundreds of billions of cells make up the human body. They give the body
structure, take in nutrients from meals, turn them to energy, and perform specialized
functions. The human cell is the source of the body's energy supply; it keeps us alive,
not only at optimal health, but at all. We are healthy when our cells are healthy, and we
are sick when our cells are sick. The human body is made up of microscopic units
known as cells.

Reinforcement and Enrichment

Consider a humming factory producing the newest must-have item. Most
factories are built up in much the same way whether they manufacture bicycles, cell
phones, or hot air balloons. Exterior walls protect and support factories, while interior
walls divide labor spaces. They generally feature a manufacturing line where a product
is built, as well as an executive department that chooses what products are
manufactured. A finishing department processes the product and prepares it for
delivery, while a packing department wraps it. A factory also has a receiving
department, which receives the components it needs to create its product, a
communications department, which allows it to communicate with suppliers, and a
power plant, which supplies the energy it need to operate. Finally, a custodial crew
ensures that everything is clean and functional.

Assess Your Learning

1. A
 2. D
3. D
4. D
5. B

Analysis
1. A factory also has a receiving department, which receives the components it
needs to create its product, a communications department, which allows it to
communicate with suppliers, and a power plant, which supplies the energy it
need to operate. Finally, a custodial crew ensures that everything is clean and
functional.
2. There would be no safeguards in place, and anything might enter or exit the cell.
The cell wouldn't have a "command center" or DNA if it didn't have a nucleus.
Yes, some cells do not have nuclei, but those that do require them in order to
live. There would be no mRNA reaching the ribosomes, and the cell would be
unable to grow and repair due to a lack of protein. A cell would not be able to
breathe if it lacked mitochondria, and it would die very quickly. A cell with
ribosomes won't have this if there aren't any, thus removing them would leave it
without a source of growth and repair. If there was no cell membrane, a cell
would simply grow and become a dead mass floating about. Many cells,
obviously, lack a cell wall, but those that do have one do so for a reason: to
maintain the cell's strength and form. I don't suppose the cell would die if this
organelle disappeared, but if it were a plant cell, the plant that the cells make up
would lose its stature if all of its cells lost their cell walls. If the cytoplasm
vanished, the cell's inside would essentially be a vacuum, with the exception of a
few resources floating around like amino acids and proteins. The cell's
nourishment (cell sap in plant cells) is stored in the vacuole, and without it, the
cell would run out of glucose and other nutrients to go through the harsh
seasons. A bacterium, for example, might potentially be able to live without
flagellum. Because the Golgi apparatus organizes the transport of lipids and
proteins throughout the cell, without these organelles, lipids and fats would float
around aimlessly, causing the cell to perish from a shortage of protein.
3. They rely on the lysosome, a cellular stomach-like organelle, to do this process.
 4. The other function of cell membrane is to transports both nutrients and harmful
chemicals into and out of the cell.
5. Cell research aids our understanding of how organisms work. To conduct out life
tasks, cellular components collaborate. Organisms are able to satisfy their
fundamental needs thanks to cellular processes.

Application
1. Adenosine triphosphate is a tiny molecule that stores the chemical energy
created by mitochondria. Muscle cells require a high amount of ATP to contract,
which is why a big number of mitochondria are necessary to generate this ATP.
Mitochondria are the cells' energy producers. ADP and Pyruvate are synthesized
in them to produce ATP, which is a kind of energy. Muscle cells work hard to
move and contract, which necessitates a lot of energy. As a result, they have
more mitochondria, which create a lot of ATP.
2. The nucleus is found in the sperm's head. The cell's DNA is kept in the nucleus.
The head also includes enzymes that aid sperm in breaking through an egg's cell
membrane. Mitochondria abound in the sperm's midsection. Mitochondria are
energy-producing organelles in cells. Sperm migrate by utilizing the energy
stored in the midpiece.

Reflect

Ribosomes and Treacher-Collins syndrome

Ribosomes play a role in protein synthesis, which is essential for cell viability.
Ribosomal malfunction causes serious deficiencies. Mandibular hypoplasia and facial
deformities such as cleft palate are symptoms of Treacher-Collins syndrome, a
ribosomopathy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a different ribosomopathy, is characterized
by macrocytic anemia and skeletal abnormalities. The proteins generated by the
TCOF1, POLR1C, and POLR1D genes all appear to have a role in the early
development of the face's bones and other tissues. These proteins have a role in the
synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which is a chemical relative of DNA. Treacher
Collins syndrome is characterized by slanted eyes, thin eyelashes, and an eyelid
coloboma, a notch in the lower eyelids. Some of the people who are impacted have
other eye problems that might cause visual loss.

Assess Your Learning

1. A
 2. A
3. A
4. D
5. D

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Quarter 1 – Week 2
Try This
Organelles/ Prokaryotic Eukaryotic cell Can be in both
Structures cell types
nucleus ✔
cell membrane ✔
ribosome ✔
mitochondria ✔
DNA ✔

Analysis
Structure Presence of Maintenance
Compartment
Bahay Made up of organic Bamboo or kawayan is It's made of natural,
kubo materials. Raised with used for the renewable
thick bamboo poles, one construction, and tree materials like
to two meters above the threads with dried bamboo and nipa,
ground, depending on coconut leaves or cogon with sloping roofs
the area where the grass are used to that keep heat in
shelter is constructed, connect the pieces. Nipa and handy
providing the inhabitants leaves or bamboo slats apertures for air
a safe shelter. are used for the walls, circulation. An
while finely split durable average bahay
bamboo is used for the kubo or nipa hut
floor. can last for 20
years.
Lopez It is intended to depict Two flights of wooden They usually hire
Mansion the lavish lifestyle of stairs lead to the family's employees to look
Iloilo's wealthiest vast common area, after the grounds,
families during the which houses the maintenance,
American colonial majority of the upkeep, cleaning,
 period in the Philippines. furnishings and artwork. the kids, dogs,
The mansion is built to Even the poster beds in pool, automobiles,
seem as intimidating the second-floor shopping, laundry,
from the exterior as it apartments have been and other home
does from the interior, meticulously maintained chores, as needed.
with ornately carved for public sight. Crystal Some members of
columns and pilasters. chandeliers hang from the crew work full-
the ceiling, casting a time and live on-
soothing, comforting site, while others
glow that illuminates the work part-time.
intricate wooden
paneling that divides
each chamber. The
dining room's focal point
is a hexagonal table that
seats up to twenty-four
people. The ceiling is
fifteen feet high, and a
massive chandelier
hanging from it. The full-
length windows let light
into the area, providing a
cheerful ambiance for
the visitors to dine in.

Application
1. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are comparable in that they both include vesicles,
vacuoles, and the ability to perform the eight tasks of life. Organelles do not exist in
prokaryotes. A plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA are found in every
cell.
2. Single-celled organisms belonging to the Bacteria and Archaea domains are known as
prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells and lack a nucleus and
organelles. A cell wall surrounds all prokaryotic cells. Many of them also feature a
polysaccharide capsule or slime layer. Appendages (protrusions) on the surface of
prokaryotes are common. Flagella and certain pili assist the cell adhere to a surface,
whereas sex pili are utilized for DNA exchange. A single circular chromosome is seen
in most prokaryotic cells. They may also contain plasmids, which are tiny circular DNA
fragments.
3.Eukaryotic cells have a “true” nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and rod-shaped
chromosomes, and are bigger than prokaryotic cells. The nucleus holds the cell's DNA
and controls protein and ribosome production. Mitochondria produce ATP, the
endoplasmic reticulum changes proteins and synthesizes lipids, and the golgi
apparatus sorts lipids and proteins. Peroxisomes carry out oxidation processes that
break down fatty acids and amino acids, as well as detoxifying toxins, while vesicles
and vacuoles serve as storage and transport organelles.

Reflection
It allows you to distinguish between distinct categories of creatures. It provides a
universally accepted means of referring to a certain organism. It aids in the
quantification of biodiversity because once these creatures are recognized, the
population fluctuations through time can be tracked, which aids in the protection of
living organisms. It allows scientists to explain how creatures are linked to one
another.
Depending on the role they must perform, cells vary in shape, size, and structure. As a
result, if all cells are the same size, shape, and structure, multicellular creatures,
including humans, would have a difficult time adapting to their surroundings and
surviving. Furthermore, the division of labor among the cells will be lost, resulting in
survival challenges.

Reinforcement and Enrichment

Viruses, such as the SARS-COV-2 virus that is causing the current COVID-19
epidemic, are essential for understanding life and evolution. Aqueous sequestration
may have given birth to cells. Within a lipid membrane studded with sun photon-
capable chromophores. Nitrogen incorporation in primitive cell chemistry allowed for
the production of amino acids and nucleic acids, which served as a precursor to RNA
and then DNA. Viruses are only discovered in the context of epidemics that they cause
as a result of the host's transmission to others. The host cell appears to resuscitate the
metabolic activity of nucleic acid, which synthesizes its components without any type
of control, by breaking down the viral particle. Endogenous retroviruses' existence in
eukaryotic cells increases the possibility of their participation in evolution.

Assess your Learning

I.
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

- No Nucleus - Cells have

- Have a nucleus
- No organelles DNA
- Cells have
- All are -Have organelles
unicellular ribosome
s - Have a
- All cells have Cytoskeleton
walls - Have
cytoplasm - Some have
cilia
II.
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. C

Try This
Description Plant Animal Cannot be
determined

A unicellular organism with cilia and

thrive in stagnant water environment ✔

An organism with cells having

membrane bound organelles, ✔
bounded with cell membrane.

An organism characterized with a

central vacuole and chloroplasts. ✔

An aquatic organism which is

photosynthetic. ✔

A cell with thick cell wall and

membrane bound organelles. ✔

Activity
1. Animal Cell
2. Plant Cell
3. Animal Cell
 4. Plant Cell

Application
1. There is a need for a plant and animal to be different because this simple
dichotomy between plants and animals is not adequate to encompass all life
forms. Some creatures possess traits that prevent them from fitting cleanly into
either kingdom. Some creatures have both plant and animal characteristics.
Euglena, for example, is a genus of ubiquitous single-cell organisms found in
freshwater or water ponds that photosynthesize and have their own locomotional
system.
2. A plant's cell wall is a specific type of extracellular matrix that surrounds each cell.
Many of the features that distinguish plant cells from animal cells are due to the
cell wall. Second, creating a porous substrate for water, minerals, and other tiny
nutritional molecules to circulate and distribute. Finally, it serves as a repository for
regulatory chemicals that detect harmful microorganisms and regulate tissue
growth.
3. Eukaryotes contain cells that are far more complicated, with many organelles such
as mitochondria, chloroplasts, nuclear membranes, and endoplasmic reticulum. By
forming complex multicellular creatures by complicated apoptotic cell
differentiation, these advantages aid them in forming complex multicellular
organisms. Eukaryotic cells are required by all multicellular organisms. A
eukaryotic cell is considerably more complicated than a prokaryotic cell, but it is
also far more efficient in terms of organization.

Reflect
A plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria,
peroxisomes, and, in some cases, vacuoles are present in every eukaryotic cell;
nevertheless, there are certain significant variations between animal and plant cells.
Animal and plant cells both have microtubule organizing centers, but animal cells
additionally include centrioles linked with the microtubule organizing centers, forming
the centrosome complex. Plastids and vacuoles are two cell organelles that are present
in plant cells but absent in animal cells. Plastids give the plant cell its color, and one of
its chloroplasts accomplishes photosynthesis. Vacuole is a bag-like structure that holds
cell sap, a watery solution rich in sugar, amino acids, proteins, minerals, and other
nutrients.
In both plants and animals, the smallest unit of life is the cell. A single-cell
organism is a bacterium, but an adult human is made up of billions of cells. There would
be no plants if plant cells did not exist. And without plants, all life would perish. Nothing
on Earth would be able to live if plant cells did not exist. An animal cell, on the other
hand, is the most basic functional unit of life in animals. Animal cells help all cells grow
and divide by providing mechanical support.

Assess your Learning

I.
Animal Cell Plant Cell

- Many Small - one large

Vacuoles - Have central
eukaryote vacuole
- With s
lysosomes - No
-Have lysosomes
- Without membran
chloroplast e bound - With cell
organelle wall
- Without cell
s - With
wall
chloroplasts

II.
1. A
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. D