Module 1 ETHICS AND THE HUMAN PERSON For Upadating 1

LM01-NGEC
0513
Learning Module

Introduction to
ETHICS

This is a property of
Bataan Peninsula State University
NOT FOR SALE
Knowledge Area Code : PHILO
Course Code : NGEC0513
Learning Module Code : LM01-NGEC0513
Module OverviewModule
Introduction to ETHICS
Learning Module 01i
Overview
Ethics and the Human Person
First Edition, 2020

Copyright. Republic Act 8293 Section 176 provides that “No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein
the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office
may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. “

Borrowed materials included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to reach and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The University and authors do not claim ownership over them.

Published by the Bataan Peninsula State University
President: Gregorio J. Rodis, PhD
Learning Module Development Team

Writers:

Arvic O. Baldoza, Instructor I
Lamberto Marasigan Bamba, Jr, Assistant Professor I.

Evaluators:

Evaluator 01 Joerald M. Gadia, Assistant Professor IV
Evaluator 02 Daniel R. Bawan, Associate Professor (IV)
Evaluator 03 Jason Anthony Banzon, Assistant Professor (III)

Quality Management Team:

Arlene I. Pascual
Focal Person, University Gender and Development

Cristina G. Rivera
Chair, Oversight Committee on Curriculum Development

Arlene D. Ibañez
Chair, Oversight Committee on Textbook and Instructional Materials

Jesselyn C. Mortejo, EdD
Director, Quality Assurance Office

Emmanuel C. Macaraeg, PhD, CESE
Vice President for Academic Affairs

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS ii

Overview
Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS iii

Netiquette Guide for Online Courses
It is important to recognize that the online classroom is in fact a classroom, and certain
Overview
behaviors are expected when you communicate with both your peers and your instructors.
These guidelines for online behavior and interaction are known as netiquette.
Security
Remember that your password is the only thing protecting you from pranks or more serious
harm.
 Don't share your password with anyone.
 Change your password if you think someone else might know it.
 Always log out when you are finished using the system.
Appearance
Bear in mind that you are attending a class, dress appropriately.
General Guidelines
When communicating online, you should always:
 Treat your instructor and classmates with respect in email or any other communication.
 Always use your professors’ proper title: Dr. or Prof., or if in doubt use Mr. or Ms.
 Unless specifically invited, don’t refer to your instructor by first name.
 Use clear and concise language.
 Remember that all college level communication should have correct spelling and
grammar (this includes discussion boards).
 Avoid slang terms such as “wassup?” and texting abbreviations such as “u” instead of
“you.”
 Use the prescribed font Palatino Linotype and use a size 10-point font.
 Avoid using the caps lock feature AS IT CAN BE INTERPRETTED AS YELLING.
 Limit and possibly avoid the use of emoticons like :) or J.
 Be cautious when using humor or sarcasm as tone is sometimes lost in an email or
discussion post and your message might be taken seriously or sound offensive.
 Be careful with personal information (both yours and other’s).
 Do not send confidential information via e-mail.
Email Netiquette
When you send an email to your instructor, teaching assistant, or classmates, you should:
 Use a descriptive subject line.
 Be brief.
 Avoid attachments unless you are sure your recipients can open them.
 Avoid HTML in favor of plain text.
 Sign your message with your name and return e-mail address.
 Think before you send the e-mail to more than one person. Does everyone really need to
see your message?
 Be sure you REALLY want everyone to receive your response when you click, “reply all.”
Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS iv

 Be sure that the message author intended for the information to be passed along before
you click the “forward” button.
Netiquette Guide for Online Courses

Overview
Message Board Netiquette and Guidelines
When posting on the Discussion Board in your online class, you should:
 Make posts that are on topic and within the scope of the course material.
 Take your posts seriously and review and edit your posts before sending.
 Be as brief as possible while still making a thorough comment.
 Always give proper credit when referencing or quoting another source.
 Be sure to read all messages in a thread before replying.
 Don’t repeat someone else’s post without adding something of your own to it.
 Avoid short, generic replies such as, “I agree.” You should include why you agree or add
to the previous point.
 Always be respectful of others’ opinions even when they differ from your own.
 When you disagree with someone, you should express your differing opinion in a
respectful, non-critical way.
 Do not make personal or insulting remarks.
 Be open-minded.

(Source: http://teach.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/NetiquetteGuideforOnlineCourses.pdf)
Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS v

About the Faculty
The faculty are advised to introduce themselves to the learners to establish a social presence
Overview
by providing a brief background about themselves—their educational background, line of
specialization and other major accomplishments.
(To be filled by the respective faculty who will be facilitating the blended learning)
Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS vi

Table of Contents
Overview
Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS vii

Course Overview
Introduction
This course is designed for students to understand and value the human person as a moral
being not only for the self but for others and the world. Through lectures, case analysis and series of
reflections and paper reviews, the student is expected to apply the ethical principles and theories in
certain situations in life and in everyday dealings in the modern and post-modern digitalized world .
Generally, Ethics deals with principle of ethical behavior in modern society at the level of the
person, society, and in interaction with the environment and other shared resources. (CMO 20s 2013)
Morality pertains to the standards of right and wrong that an individual originally picks up from the
community. This course will provide students the basic understanding of these ethical theories and
moral standards not only to pass a course requirement but mainly to instill in them the necessary
foundations to realize their personhood by being a moral agent.
The course is organized according to the three (3) main elements of the moral experiences: (a)
agent including - cultural, communal, and environmental; (b) the act, and (c) reason or framework (for
the act). To deliver the course to students during these pressing times brought by the pandemic, we are
forced to transition from the traditional classroom face-to-face discussion to a new modular approach
using the online learning module such as Google classroom, Google Meet, Zoom, and Facebook
Messenger as platforms for blended learning. This module is designed to blend instructor assisted
learning and self-assisted learning by scheduling online classes and meetings through the above
mentioned platforms while leaving some lessons for the students’ explorations in their own paces. It is
divided into three parts where each contains course packets that covers the duration of the semester.
The three main parts are based on the three overall learning outcomes under three learning
domains namely cognitive, affective and psychomotor. For Cognitive part, the first module is entitled
Ethics and the Human Person. The Affective part is entitled Ethical Theories, Principles, and the
Relationship of Act and Character. For the application part, the third module is entitled Moral Issues
and Ethics in Praxis.
Throughout the duration of the course, you will be required to write and submit personal
reflections/reactions in essay form on some ethical issues and dilemmas be it from personal or from
others’ experiences. You shall also be required to submit group and/or individual case analysis. These
subjective assessments will be graded through rubrics. There will be objective type assessments to
measure your basic understanding of each course packet.
Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS 1

Key Learning Competencies
At the end of the semester, the student is expected to:

1. . Learn the principles and frameworks of morality as standards in making and doing
ethical decisions.
2. . Value the importance of developing ethical outlook in life even in the midst of greatest
challenges of personal, social and environmental aspects of life
3. . Apply the basic skills in solving moral dilemmas and adopt a sound ethical framework
as a standard for making moral decisions.
Course Details:
 Course Code: NGEC 0513
 Course Title: Introduction to Ethics
 No. of Units: 3 units
 Classification Lecture-Based
 Pre-requisite / Co-Requisite: None
 Semester and Academic Year: First Semester 2020-2021
 Schedule:
 Name of Faculty: __________
 Contact Details
Email:
Mobile Number:
Viber:
Messenger:
 Consultation
Day:
Time:
Learning Management System
Due to our current health crisis, blended learning mode will be utilized until things return to
normal for face to face learning mode. Classes then will be conducted either asynchronous or
synchronous. Asynchronous learning mode allows you to work at your own pace. With the aid of this
module, you are to study on your own. Should you need assistance, feel free to contact your

instructor/professor to any given social media platforms with respect to the time agreement.
Synchronous learning is when on line classes are conducted using a learning management platforms.
For our class, Google Meet will be utilized You are also encouraged to enroll in the Google Classroom
and include yourself in the Group Chat via Messenger.
Assessment with Rubrics
Each course packet contains preparatory activities and post assessment tools which are either
objective or subjective type. Long quizzes, mid-term exams and final exams will be given as objective
type assessment. For the subjective type such as essays, forums, social media comment, case analysis
and article/movie reviews, rubrics for evaluation is provided. It basically follows a simplified learning
paradigm of 4EXs understood as EXPLAIN, EXPOUND, EXAMPLE and EXPERIENCE. (See
Appendices). To EXPLAIN means you have to elaborate the important terms found from the lesson.
To EXPOUND means to contribute to these key terms either from your previous knowledge or
searched ideas that will improve your understanding of the topic. To concretize your learnings, you are
advised to give Examples related to the ideas found from the key terms. It is highly recommended
that your examples are based from your own EXPERIENCES if possible as long as it is related
and will strengnthen the topic being discussed.
There will be other rubrics to be utilized depending on the type of subjective assessment used.
The rubrics are annexed at the last part of each course packets.
Final Requirement with Rubrics

As a final requirement, the student is tasked to write an Overall Recap of Learning Paper
which will be submitted on the final week of the semester. This will be graded using rubrics.
Grading System
Class Standing Percentage
Oral and Written Examination: 30%
Class Participation / Attendance: 20%
Major Written Outputs: 50%

TOTAL 100%
Midterm Final
Class Standing - 70%
Term Exam - 30% Class Standing - 70%
Term Exam - 30%
Final Rating
Midterm Grade (50%) + Final Grade (50%) = Final Rating
Course Policy
(Present the policies to be implemented and observed by both the faculty and learners.)
1. Observe proper netiquette. .
2. Maintain respect and discipline.
3. Should you wish to talk during online classes, feel free to ask permission nicely and
respectfully.
4. Observe silence and focus.
5. Always check the shared folder/s for relevant readings.
6. Be prompt in submitting reports and other requirements.
7. Be responsible and spend your time wisely.
8. Always check for new announcements and instructions.
9. Feel free to ask questions through our hotlines and social media platforms.
10. Lastly and most importantly, Enjoy!!! If this course is stressing you out, stop and rest but
please do not quit!

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Module Overview
Introduction
This first installment of three part module speaks of the connection of Human Person and
Ethics. This is comprised by three course packets that speaks of Human person as the moral agent. As
such, this module will establish for you the “situatedness” of the human person and how living
ethically helps in the process of self- realization. The course packets are:
 Topic 01: Ethics, Rules, Laws and Standards

 Topic 02: The Human Person as a Moral Being in Context
 Topic 03: The Filipino Culture and Morality
The study of Ethics is directly link to the study of the Philosophy of the Human Person for by
being not just a species as an animal a man lives, but by being a person gifted with consciousness,
reason, emotion and freedom hs/he is apart from others. Through this personhood, the notion of ethical
relationship comes because humanity possesses inviolable honor and dignity to which it must be
preserved and respected through ethical actions as it is always threatened by immoralities.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module, you are expected to :
1. Define rules, laws, ethics and its three main branches.
2. Recognizes the primacy of reason and affection as the natural inclination of man to morality.
3. Distinguish moral standards from other rules and laws.

4. Differentiate the following terms:
a. Human vs. Person
b. Acts of Man vs. Human Actions

5. Recognize the situatedness of the human person in relationship to self, others, environment
and to the Absolute.
6. Perform simple analysis of moral acts through the use of three integral parts of human
actions: Object, Intention and Circumstance
7. Define culture, “loob”, “hiya”, “daya” and “kapuwa”.
8. Explain how culture influences the practice of morality.
9. Discuss the relationship of “loob”, “hiya”, “daya” and “kapuwa” in Filipino Ethics.
Minimum Technical Skills Requirement
(State the minimum technical skills requirement for the learner to smoothly proceed with the learning
module.)
(Provide the link for the class as used in Google Classroom. Likewise, share links of other learning
materials stored using the Google Drive. In the event that a commercial LMS will be made available by
the University, links shall be refreshed/updated and also be shared.)
Duration
(Specify the number of hours allotted for this module. Likewise, specify the number of hours allotted per
topic. In a separate sheet, a calendar depicting all the deadlines and due dates may be provided for
progress monitoring.)

 Topic 01: Ethics, Rules, Laws and Standards = 3 Hours
 Topic 02: The Human Person as a Moral Being in Context = 3 Hours
 Topic 03: The Filipino Culture and Morality = 6 Hours
Delivery Mode:
Asynchronous Mode


Course
Packet
LM01-NGEC
Learning Module 1

Ethics and the
Human Person

Course Packet 01
Ethics, Rules, Laws and
Standards

Knowledge Area Code : PHILO NOT FOR SALE
Learning Module Code : LM-NGEC0513
Course Packet Code : LM-NGEC0513-01
Learning Module 1: Ethics and the Human Person 3

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Course Packet 01
Ethics, Rules, Laws and Standards
Introduction
In this packet you will learn at least five important presuppositions in studying Ethics. You
will learn the basic definitions of Ethics and its branches such as Meta-Ethics, Normative Ethics and
Applied Ethics. Some activities also are in store for you to be answered. This will help you find some
hints on basic understanding about laws, rules and standards as your passage in appreciating the
importance of Moral Rules and how it differs from any other rules. Perhaps, you will find controversial
in this packet is the source of our notion of ethics and morality as we are conditioned by our religious
convictions when we act ethically and morally.
This packet opens the door to other topics. As such, this might be your easiest packet, a
“warm-up” lesson after a long vacation. Be that as it may, I urge you to take this packet and the
succeeding ones as well to take the lessons with proper serious attention wihtout losing enjoyment. At
the latter part your learnings will be assessed. Kindly undergo the process by answering the pre-
assessment test after reading this introduction. If there are lessons, terms or points that you find quite
unclear and you want to be expounded, feel free to write them in our feedback form so that it will be
included in one of our discussions in our scheduled online class.
Good luck and enjoy!
Objectives
At the end of this course packet, you may able to :
10. Define rules, laws, ethics and its three main branches.
11. Recognizes the primacy of reason and affection as the natural inclination of man to morality.
12. Distinguish moral standards from other rules and laws.


Duration
(Specify the number of hours allotted for this course packet.)

 Topic 01: Ethics, Rules, Laws and Standards = 3 hours

Delivery Mode
(State the delivery mode, whether onsite (face-to-face under split-half scheme for shopwork) or online
(synchronous or asynchronous)).

(Discuss the assessment tool to be used along with the corresponding rubrics.)

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Requirement with Rubrics
Most of the activities will be subjective. Meaning, it could be in the form of essay questions which
require your personal insights. Rubrics are provided to evaluate and score your answers. Feel free to
check the annexes for the rubrics. .
Pre-Assessment”

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NAME:_______________________________________ DATE:_______________
COURSE/YR./SEC.______________________________ SCORE:___________
Direction : Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if it is FALSE on the space provided
before the number.
_____1. Ethics is the branch of Philosophy that studies the rightness or wrongness of human
conduct.
_____2. Philosophy speaks of a code or system of behavior in regards to standard of right or

wrong.
_____3. Conduct is understood us regulations or principles governing conduct within a

specific activity or sphere.
_____4. Meta-Ethics is the branch of ethics that studies the nature of morality.
_____5. Ethics is a discipline that studies not only the rightness or wrongness of our actions
but also as to how and why they are right or wrong.
_____6. Normative Ethics is the branch of Ethics that deals on how man should act.
_____7. Religion is the only source of our knowledge of what is right and wrong.
_____8. Reason can tell whether our actions are right or wrong.
_____9. There are laws that can be detrimental to human life and therefore considered as not
moral. Therefore, not all legal are moral.
_____10. Moral laws are the foundation of all rules and laws concerning the survival,
preservation and advancement of human life.
Activity 1: “No Rules! No Rules! No Rules!”

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Situation 1: Imagine you wake up one day with the power to change the rules in
your home, community, school and in our Filipino Society. What are the rules that you really
want to change and why?
a. Home:
b. Community:
c. School :
d. Filipino Society:
Situation 2: How about waking up one day when all rules are gone. What do you
think will happen to you and to the society that you are in? What are the things that you are
going to do ?
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Situation 3: This might be true to you. Have you ever experience getting so tired of
rules? Have you ever wonder why humanity must follow rules ? Share your experience of
wondering and the possible answers to the questions mentioned.

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___________________________________________________________________________
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________
Situation 4. What if someone asks you “ Where did you get your knowledge of what
is right or wrong?” Think of your possible answers and write them down. Next, challenge
your answers with this question : “Without all of these, is it still possible to know what is
right from what is wrong?” Explain your answers.
___________________________________________________________________________
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Processing of the Activity:
Everyday we live by the rules. Sometimes it gets too tiresome to follow them because
we think they stop us from being free to do what we want. But, upon thinking and answering
the questions from the situations above, have you realized the importance of rules and laws
in our lives? What do you think are the importance of rules and laws? Can you give at least
five (5) and explain your realizations?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The situations and the questions presented in our activity are experiences that
perhaps you encountered or currently you are being confronted with. Worry not. Because
you are not alone. If these questions did not occur yet to you, then, this course is inviting you
to delve into philosophical experience of reflecting our humanity as “persons” capable of
understanding what is right from wrong and value the importance of following rules, laws
and standards. If you follow and seriously answer the activity, you will find out that the
answers lie within you as a HUMAN PERSON and a MORAL BEING.

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Key Points:

 Brief Lesson
1.Morality/Ethics deals with
Generally, rules are “accepted principles or instructions the rightness and wrongness
of human conduct.
that state the way things are or should be done, and tells you
2.Not all rules are moral
what you are allowed or are not allowed to rules”.
do”(Cambridge,2020). While law, according to Thomas Aquinas, 3. “Not all legal are moral”
is “an ordinance of reason for the common good of a [complete] 4. Moral Rules are basically
rules that preserves and
community, promulgated by the person or body responsible for advances human life.
looking after the community”(Stanford,2020). Both terms are 5. Reason is the foundation
of Moral Philosophy (Kant)
commonly used interchangeably as long as we are talking about
order and organization for the common good. But in terms of its Definition of Terms:

consequences, laws carry much more weight. For Aquinas, as far
1.Promulgated- To make
as human laws are concern, they are all reasonably created, known to public
2.Normative – in ethics, it
written and promulgated by a leader or leaders of a particular tells or prescribes what
man should do.
community. Violating laws would mean punishment and 3.Meta-Ethics- studies the
nature of Morality or
restitution according to the nature of violation committed. Ethics.
4.Legal- deriving authority
Bottomline, any society or community needs rules and laws as from law (Webster,2020)
5.Objective-having reality
guide to conduct, preservation and survival, peace and order, independent from the
mind (Webster)
promotion of common good and flourishing of human values 6.Subjective –relating to
or being experience or
and rights.
knowledge conditioned by
personal mental
In a practical understanding, consider the things that characteristics (Webster)
7.Relative- a thing having
you are enjoying right now: education, shelter, food, computer necessary dependence on
another thing (Webster)
games, etc…Because of implemented laws, all of these things are 8.Absolute-Fundamental,
ultimate (Webster)
within our grasps. But think of those nations are at war and the

laws of the land are not respected, such privileges are deprived
from the people experiencing such chaos. Our society, though

lacking of so many things, is far better than those who are at war

and experiencing lawless violence.

Both rules and laws are generated by our reason by
which, upon knowing it is good, we either follow or violate
them. But there are times, laws are created but one could not
follow because our consciences dictates that it is wrong. For

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instance, why is death penalty, abortion and divorce are not allowed here in the Philippines
while other countries implement them? Is it because we know better than them? If we do,
how do we know if rules are really geared towards good and avoid what is wrong? Perhaps,
a more pressing question would be “How do we know what is right?”, “Is there really a
universal standard by which all rules and laws are generated? These are just some of the
many questions that Ethics, a branch of Philosophy that deals with the rightness and
wrongness of human actions, is trying to answer.
The word “Ethics” is derived from the Greek term “ethos” which means custom or
habit. Taking its meaning from the word itself, we can say that Ethics as something to do with
our actions which develop into custom or habit. As a field of Philosophy, Ethics or also
known as Moral Philosophy is “concerned with questions of how people ought to act, and
the search for a definition of right conduct (identified as the one causing the greatest good)
and the good life (in the sense of a life worth living or a life that is satisfying or happy)”.
(PhilosophyBasics, 2020). The word “morality” is used interchangeably with the word ethics
as it also connotes as the “most important code of conduct put forward by a society and
accepted by the members of that society”(Stanford, 2020).Throughout this module, ethics and
morality will be used also interchangeably as it is futile to differentiate one from the other.
Moral theorist of today divides the study of Ethics into three sub parts; Meta-Ethics,
Normative Ethics and Applied Ethics. Meta-Ethics is concerned with the nature of ethics or
morality itself. It deals with the questions such as “Is morality objective or subjective?” and/or
“Is there an absolute, objective and universal morality?” Normative Ethics basically deals
with what one should act morally. The term “should” implies its prescriptive nature. This
includes regulating our behaviors depending on the habits we develop, the duties that we
follow and weighing the foreseeable consequences of our actions. Applied Ethics deals with
the application of ethical standards in analyzing and solving moral issues from different
disciplines and institutions such as or related to medicine, environment, society, technology,
etc.(IEP, 2020). As we go on, these three sub-parts will be expounded. What you have to
remember for now is the idea that Ethics is a discipline that studies not only the rightness
or wrongness of our actions but also as to how and why they are right or wrong.
Morality or Ethics is the basis of all laws and rules. It is the guiding principle behind
every creation and promulgation of laws. Thus, there must be what the moral philosophers

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called “Moral Standards” or “Moral Laws” which nobody had written but everyone, every
society and culture seems to follow. Commonly to us Filipinos, we have a grasp of Moral
Laws through our Christian orientation. Most familiar to us are the injunctions “Thou shall
not kill”, “Thou shall not lie”, “Thou shall not steal” and “Thou shall not commit adultery”
that commonly known to us as part of the Ten Commandments. So much so that we could
not think of the possibility of the absence of such Jewish Christian moral standards. But
assuming that we did not become a Christian nation or perhaps, without the Bible or religion,
is morality still possible? What do you think?
For Immanuel Kant, practical reason is the foundation of Moral Philosophy (Garath,
Stanford 2020). It is our ability to think and reason out that we can basically evaluate what is
right from what is wrong. Consider this thought experiment for instance; What will happen
if killing one another becomes a law and allowable and required for us to follow? What If all
of us are required to lie? What if stealing becomes naturally allowable for all of us? What if
adultery becomes morally permissible? If all of these are allowed and become our rule of life,
then there will be chaos. Humanity might become extinct. Ownership and security are
impossible. Words will be meaningless and exclusivity of marriage and family life will be
different from what we think of them now. Can you imagine sharing your husband or wife
with someone and it is totally fine to you? Aside from reasoning, our natural inclination to
desire welfare of the other leads us to do good, thus, we are naturally sympathetic beings
(Thilly,1900). In Christian perspective, we call it love in its ultimate sense. But then, even if we
do not call it love, it is in our system that we want what is good for others and therefore, we
could not help but to do good for others. Any action that intends and causes ill effects to
others are wrong. Notice that in morality then, we behave morally by avoiding first what is
dangerous for others. Then, we tend to do what is good not only for our survival but also for
our own human flourishing and social advancements (p.226).
Our human faculties, specially intellect and reasoning make us capable of thinking,
reflecting and contemplating our actions. If we are to agree with science that we are animals
in highest form, it is our ability to use our consciousness that makes us apart from other
animals. Thus, with all of the things that we discuss so far, and the succeeding learnings on
this course, we will be touching the Moral Dimension of our humanity. This course will
remind us and deepen your understanding of how and why man is naturally, a moral being.

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 Generalization
What can we draw from these? First, when we talk about ethics or morality, we are
talking about the rightness and wrongness of human conduct. Second, Moral Standards or
Moral Laws are guiding principles of human conduct proper to survival, preservation and
progress of our humanity. These are not promulgated or written by any men and can be
considered as the “unwritten laws” (Chen, 2018). Thirdly, even in the absence of religion, it
is natural for us to use our reason and affection to do good and avoid evil. Morality is natural
to us. Fourthly, we realized that “not all rules are moral rules” but every sets of rules and
laws can be derived from a system of moral standards. Lastly, we must remember that “not
all legal are considered moral.” Consider for instance “abortion” which is legal and lawfully
permitted in other countries. It may be legal but it is not moral because it does not respect and
do harm to human life.
Most importantly, this course packet brings us back to the idea that as humans
subject to laws of nature and created rules, our nature as moral beings make us follow
naturally if not religiously inclined, these so called moral rules or standards. That unlike
other animals who follow their own instinct to eat, to kill, to prey among others, we humans
are capable of thinking and rethinking our actions and therefore, responsible to our
misconduct. We do not arrest animals who killed or eat another animal. We do not say “Get a
room!” to dogs copulating on the streets. We do not hold responsible the pets who have gone
wild and hurt people but their owners. Simply because we are humans. And no matter how
we hate to follow rules, we are always subject to follow the dictates of our reason and
affection more specifically if it pertains to our morality. Because like it or not, we humans are
Moral Beings.

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Activity Sheet
1. In connection to the discussions above, what are your thoughts about the pictures
below?
(Source: Lauren Coberly, Instagram Post, accessed from https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/399694535673139748/ , July
2020)
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(Source : The Poised Atheist, Critically Thinking through the Bible, Posted July, 2017, accessed from
https://thepoisedatheist.wordpress.com/2017/07/16/morality-meme/, July 2020)
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Assessment
NAME:____________________________________ ______ DATE:________________
PROGRAM/YR/SEC:_______________________________________ SCORE:_____
Post Assessment:
EXPLAIN, EXPOUND, EXAMPLE,EXPERIENCE : Let us now evaluate your learning by
answering the following questions:
1. What is Ethics/ Morality and how do rules and laws related to it?
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2. Explain the concept “Not all rules are moral rules” and give examples to prove your
point/s.
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3. Explain the concept “Not all legal are moral” and give examples to prove your
point/s.
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4. Is it possible for a person who does not believe in religion to be ethical? Explain your
answer.
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+++COURSE PACKET 1 ENDS HERE+++

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Sources :
Fiesser, James. ( ). Ethics. International Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Retrieved August 28,2020,
from https://iep.utm.edu/ethics/
Finnis, John, "Aquinas’ Moral, Political, and Legal Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Summer 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
<https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/aquinas-moral-political/>.
Sayre-McCord, Geoff, "Metaethics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2014
Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
<https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/metaethics/>.
Thilly, Frank. (1900). The Moral Law. International Journal of Ethics, 10(2), 223-235. Retrieved
August 28, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2376038
Williams, Garrath, "Kant's Account of Reason", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
<https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/kant-reason/>.
Xunwu, Chen, “Positive Law and Natural Law”, Journal of East-West Thought , 11-32 Retrieved
August 20, 2020, from https://www.cpp.edu/~jet/Documents/JET/Jet18/Chen11-32.pdf
Cambridge Online Dictionary
Merriam Webster Dictionary
https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_ethics.html
Illustrations :
Lauren Coberly, Instagram Post, accessed from
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/399694535673139748/ , July 2020
The Poised Atheist, Critically Thinking through the Bible, Posted July, 2017, accessed from
https://thepoisedatheist.wordpress.com/2017/07/16/morality-meme/, July 2020

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Annexes:

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Learner’s Feedback Form

Name of Student: __________________________________________________________
Program : __________________________________________________________
Year Level : ______________ Section : __________________
Faculty : __________________________________________________________
Schedule : __________________________________________________________

Course Packet : Code : _________ Title : __________________________________

How do you feel about the topic or concept presented?
 I completely get it.  I’m struggling.
 I’ve almost got it.  I’m lost.

In what particular portion of this course packet, you feel that you are struggling or lost?
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Did you raise your concern to you instructor?  Yes  No

If Yes, what did he/she do to help you?
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If No, state your reason?

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To further improve this course packet, what part do you think should be enhanced?
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Learning Module 1

Ethics and the
Human Person

Course Packet 02

The Human Person as Moral
Being in Context

Knowledge Area Code : PHILO NOT FOR SALE
Learning Module: Purposive Communication 3

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Course Packet 02
Course Packet 02
The Human Person as Moral Being in Context
Introduction
In this course packet you will reconnect to the building blocks of Ethics from your K-12 years.
An excerpted topic from Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao Grade 10 Modyul entitled “Katangian ng
Pagpapakatao” is adapted to remind you of the very important foundation of Ethics: “Pagpapakatao”.
It can be ordinarily translated as to be “humane” but in Philosophy we will use the term
“Person”which is basically defined as beings in a moral community. As persons, we humans are
relational beings which makes as situated. In context, we always have to relate with our self, others,
environment and with the Absolute. What we do with this relationship will establish the connection of
Ethics and the Human Person as a Moral Agent. Hence, our actions matter .But we have to identify
the actions that will help us achieve our “personhood”. We have to identify what are “acts of man”
from “human actions”. To help us understand and analyze the morality of our human actions, the
three integral parts of moral act, namely, object, intention and circumstance, are borrowed concepts
from a Christian religious tradition. But this does not mean that we will be gearing towards Christian
Ethical prejudice. We only have to acknowledge the universality of these three integral parts which the
said religious tradition have elaborated and observed in their analysis of moral actions. Please take
time to read and understand the two readings and answer the activities and assessment stored for you
with utmost attention. I hope that at the end of this packet, you will deepen your understanding of
yourself as a moral agent, and as a human person, we may become altogether, be more discerning of
our moral action.

Objectives
At the end of this course packet, you are expected to :
1. Differentiate the following terms:

a. Human vs. Person
b. Acts of Man vs. Human Actions
2. Recognize the situatedness of the human person in relationship to self, others,
environment and to the Absolute.
3. Perform simple analysis of moral acts through the use of three integral parts of human
actions: Object, Intention and Circumstance

This course packet is intended for self-learning. In case of clarification feel free to write a
message in our group chat or google classroom from 7:00 am to 9:00 pm from Mondays to
Saturdays.
Duration:

Topic 02: The Human Person as Moral Being in Context = 3 hours
Delivery Mode
Asynchronous

Learning Module: Introduction to Ethics 14

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Requirement with Rubrics Course Packet 02

At the end of this course packet, you are required to submit the activities and assessments.
This includes two article readings and objective type of assessments. Submit your answer sheets in our
Google Classroom account on the Saturday of the third week of our semester. For essay items, you will
be recorded accordingly through the use of rubrics which basically contains the 4Ex’s criteria :
Explain, Expound, Example and Experience. Please see the annex section.

Readings
To further enhance your understanding of the lesson, feel free to browse the first
folder of this course packet.
1. “Mga Katangian ng Pagpapakatao” Excerpted from Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao
Grade 10 Module, Deped First Edition, 2015, pp.9-15
Retrieved from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B41NpxO8pu79cjNNMWp5dWJYRUU/view .
2. “The Three Integral Parts of Moral Act [And a Bit of Fun]” by Bro. Andre Marie
Catholicism.Org, 30 August 2007. Retrieved from: https://catholicism.org/fun-with-
moral-theology-the-three-integral-parts-of-a-moral-act.html last August 20, 2020

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Preparatory Activity: Simple Article Reading
Course Packet 02
NAME:__________________________________________________DATE:_______________
COURSE/YR./SEC:__________________________________________SCORE:_____________
Instructions:
A. Read the excerpted article from Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao Grade 10 Module 1
entitled “Katangian ng Pagpapakatao” (See the “Readings” folder) and answer the
following questions:
1. Differentiate individual, person and personality according from the article.
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2. Explain : “Madaling Maging Tao, Mahirap Magpakatao”
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3.
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What are the characteristics of a human person and how is it related to the notion that
“man is a moral being”?
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4. How do Mother Theresa, Joey Velasco, Roger Salvador and Cris Valdez become
examples of individuals who are considered “personalities”?
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Course Packet 02
Processing of the Activity:
You might have forgotten your lessons from Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao during
your K-12 years for some reasons. But in this simple article review, we reverted to your
foundations in ESP to establish the connection of Ethics or morality to human person.
Presented in the paper are the human capabilities that enables one to become a person. Note
that in Filipino terms, human is “tao” but being “tao” is not enough. It is easy to be a “tao”.
We have to use our intellect, will, freedom and every capabilities that set us apart from other
animals to engage ourselves to the process of “pagpapakatao” or being persons. And how do
we engage to this process? It is by living a morally upright life. Notice that the personalities
mentioned such as Mother Theresa of Calcutta, Joey Velasco, Kesz Valdez and Roger
Salvador are among the many who lived a morally upright life. In our world today that
focuses on materialistic fames and gains, we hear a lot of bad news that degrades the essence
of the “human person”. With killings, corruptions, pollutions and exploitations of fellow
human beings and natural resources, we are to be reminded in this article that to be fully
human person, we have to return to what we are, “ens amans” in the words of Max Scheler.
That is, beings naturally capable of loving.
Your K-12 years in ESP are your foundations to this course Introduction to Ethics. It
already set the way for you to come this far in studying and learning to become more human,
albeit, a human person. And in this course packet, we will expound all the more your basic
foundations of how to be a human person by emphasizing Ethics as the avenue to become
more human.

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Brief Discussion:
Key Points:

Human and Person
Course Packet 02
You might find in this module the excessive use of the
:

 The human person is
contextually in relation
term human person and if you are keen, perhaps you are asking
with the self, others,
the question “why use the term together when they can be used environment and the
Absolute.
interchangeably?” and “Are not both terms the same?” Let us  Humans are persons in
recall your senior high school year when you studied the so far as the ability to
do moral actions is
Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person. The terms concern.
 Human and Person are
“human” and “person” in philosophy are not the same. When
two different terms.
we talk about humans we talk about being that possesses human
DNA and its capacities. In other words, the term “human” is a
biological term. But when we talk about “persons”, we speak of

“beings who are part of a moral community” (CrashCourse
Philosophy, 2016). “Person” is a moral term for moral beings. Definition of Terms:

We are so conditioned to the idea that the term can be, in Volition. The power of
choosing or determining.
ordinary sense, used interchangeably that we automatically
think that only humans are persons. But in fact, there can be, Intellect.Mental abilities of
the human person.
arguably, non-human persons and there could be humans who
Moral/Ethical. Concerned
are less of being persons. Can you think of other beings that
with principles of right and
could be “persons” aside from humans? wrong. It could also mean
a proper conduct.
There are a lot of on-going debates as regards to the
Mitigate.To make less
existence of non-human persons. But for now, I want you to
severe, serious or painful.
focus on how is it to be a “person”. Humans are considered
Aggravate. To make
persons because of its capability to consciously think, feel and worse or more serious.
freely decide on actions to take to arrive at certain goal. If we

follow the definition of a “person” above, it follows that what

makes us humans as persons is our ability to act morally. It is on
what we do that makes us more specifically “human persons”.

Thus, as persons, humans are “moral agents”. To better
understand this, we will have to distinguish between acts of man
and human acts.
Acts of Man and Human Acts

Acts of Man are actions we do instinctively and

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something that we do even without being fully aware or conscious of and not necessarily
with the presence of our will. Examples of this are our natural appetite, our sensations, even
Course Packet 02
the things that we do while asleep. If you are able to see, hear, speak or walk, it is natural to
do it and we need not to think about the act itself. However, with the use of our intellect and
will, these Acts of Man become Human Acts. If we know what we are seeing and voluntarily
look or watch it, we intentionally listen to something, if we know and mean the words that
we speak and so on, as long as we do it with conscious awareness and volition, these are
considered as Human Acts (Lee, 2018). As such, human acts carry moral quality and
responsibility. Human acts are moral actions that can be either right or wrong and good or
bad depending on the three conditions or its integral parts.
Object, Intention and Circumstance (O-I-C)

Moral Act has three integral parts: Object, Intention and Circumstance. In the analysis
of moral action in Ethics, the Object always pertains to the Act itself, freely chosen by the
moral agent in so far as reason recognizes it to be good or not (CCC, Art.1751). Intention is
the end goal in mind of the moral agent and Circumstance refers to the situation or condition
that contributes to the goodness or the rightness of the act. Now, there are acts (objects) that
are intrinsically good, bad or indifferent. Take for instance any actions toward life. Killing
innocent lives is intrinsically evil and always wrong while preserving life is naturally good.
Indifferent acts are neither good nor bad, but, depending on the intention or circumstance, it
can be either right or wrong. For example, eating can neither be good or bad. But when
someone eats poison with the intention of killing himself or herself, it becomes evil. But when
he or she eats with the intention of prolonging life, healthy lifestyle and well-being, then,
eating becomes good.
The interplay of these three: object (act), intention and circumstance determine the
morality of human actions. A good act can be flawed by evil intentions. . For instance, giving
and donating goods (object) to help (intention) people affected by calamities (circumstance) is
by itself good. However, if you intend to help just to show off, say for example, politicians
who help people with open cameras for publicity with the intention to gain advantage for the
coming election, then, the act of helping is blemished. While shoplifting or pocketing goods
with the intention to help others does not make the act of stealing right. However,
circumstance can mitigate or aggravate the guilt and responsibility of the one who steals. A
politician or public servant who steals billions from the national budget is far more guilty and
liable than a street dweller who shoplifted bread for his starving children. Likewise, doing
good can be more or less praiseworthy depending also with the circumstance. For example,

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during this time of pandemic, rich people help others for good intentions but we find those
who have less yet still manage to give in their own little ways somewhat more praiseworthy
Course Packet 02
than the one who gives their surplus wealth. Thus, a morally good act can be objects (acts)
that are intrinsically good or at least indifferent which are done with right intentions, and,
depending on the favorable or unfavorable circumstance, could be more or less responsible
and praiseworthy.
Human Person as Moral Being in Context

The study of Philosophy of Human Person and Ethics are inextricably linked to each
other. For as far as our human qualities of conscious thinking, feeling, and free willing is
concern, we become a person or in some cases, less of a
person depending on what we do using these
capabilities. As moral agents, humans become more of
realizing personhood when his or her actions are
ethical, that is, morally good and doing bad is a defeat
to the nature of our humanity. You have heard our
Filipino saying “Madaling maging tao, mahirap
magpakatao”. The first phrase tells us how easy to be
born human but difficult to be humane in the second
phrase. Being humane is the process called
“personhood”, it is our persistent and consistent
struggle to become who we are and what we are and Source: Kristin McDermott,
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/22349120023382583
grab a hold of our “personality” (EsP, 2015). We can 2/
only achieve this through our ethical actions and

morally upright life. In connection to this, allow me to quote one of the lines from a superhero
movie Batman Begins when the caped crusader was asked of his identity, he answered with
his husky and raspy voice “It is not who I am underneath but what I do that defines
me”(Batman Begins, 2005) In like manner, we can say that “underneath” of us are our human
capabilities, but it is on what we do to them in our ethical actions that “defines” who we are
as persons.
“Why do we need to be ethical?” you might ask. One fitting answer for now is that,
the human person is always in relationship the self, others, to the environment and with the
Absolute. For this reason, we can say that human persons are always in context. We are
always in the context of relating and harmonizing ourselves to our self, others, environment
and with the absolute. In the world that promotes too much of selfish individualism, the

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study of ethics brings us back to the reality of these relationships and remind us to gear our
reason and will towards ethical and moral actions so that we may become truly belong to the
moral community of persons.
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Activity Sheet
Course Packet 02
B. Read the second article from Bro. Andre Marie entitled “The Three Integral Parts of
a Moral Act [And a Bit of Fun] ( See the Readings folder) and answer the following
questions:
1. According to the article, what is a Moral Act?

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2. What are the three integral parts of a Moral Act and how does it affect the
rightness or wrongness of our actions?
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3. Using the three integral parts of Moral Act, how can we say now that an action is
good?
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4. Share some experiences of the following :
a. Course Packet 02
Good things you did for wrong intentions.
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b. Good things you did but seemed wrong because of unfavorable circumstance.
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c. Things you did that you knew was wrong but with right intentions.
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Assessment
Course Packet 02
NAME: _________________________________________________ DATE:_______________
COURSE/YR/SEC________________________________________________SCORE_________
Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank space provided before
the number.
_____1. It is the end or goal of every action It is the movement of the will towards the end.
a. Object b. Intention c. Act d. Circumstance
_____2. It is the foundation of every moral actions according to Immanuel Kant.
a. Will b. Reason c. Intellect d. Emotion
_____3. These are actions that are consciously freely chosen and have moral quality.
a. Human Acts b. Object c. Intention d. Acts of Man
______4. This refers to the condition or situation that contributes to the rightness or
wrongness of the act. It can also mitigate or aggravate the guilt, responsibility or praise of the
doer.
a. Object b. Intention c. Circumstance d. Action
______5. These are actions we do instinctively and something that we do even without being
fully aware or conscious of and not necessarily with the presence of our will.
a. Human Acts b. Object c. Intention d. Acts of Man
______6. These are “beings who are part of the moral community”.
a. Animals b. Humans c. Persons d. Humanity
______7. It is the “act itself freely chosen by the moral agent in so far as reason recognizes its
to be good or not.

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a. Act b. Object c. Circumstance d. Intention

_____8. What are the basic considerations for a Morally Good Act?
a.
b.
c.
Course Packet 02
Intrinsically good or indifferent object with good intention
Intrinsically good object even with wrong intention.
Indifferent act with evil intention
d. Intrinsically bad object with good intention
_____9. One day, Lucas the Richkid parked his car in the nearest 7eleven store where
sampaguita vendors crowded him. He said to them “I will buy all your sampaguitas”. But
deep inside He said to himself “Such a nuisance, get rid of me and my car”. What seemed
wrong to what he did?
a. Nothing. He was able to help the vendors and that’s all that matters.
b. Buying sampaguita to vendors is an indifferent act.
c. Buying sampaguita to vendors is a good act.
d. His intentions marred the goodness of buying from poor people to help.
_____10. Ramnesh the Studious is the top student of his class. On one final exam, His
girlfriend Liza Curtis, a working student and breadwinner, was not able to study for their
final exams because she had taken care of her ailing mother in the hospital. If she fails, she
will not be qualified for graduation and not be able to enter in a company that awaits her.
Ramnesh knew this and secretly tossed a small crumpled paper containing answers for the
exam.They were not caught. She passed and got the job. Is there something wrong here?
a. Nothing wrong. He was able to help Liza and her family.

b. Yes. Because tossing crumpled paper with key answers dangerously old school.
He could have used new ways of cheating.
c. Nothing wrong as long as they were able to achieve their relationship goals.
d. Yes. Because while his intention is good, cheating remains to be wrong. He could
have helped her in some other ways.

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Sources:
Course Packet 02
Wassner, T., SJ.(1965). Morality and Intrinsic Evil.The Catholic Lawyer,Vol.11 No.3, pp.180-184.
Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.stjohns.eduwww.google.com/&h
Coppens, C. SJ. ( ). The Morality of Human Acts. Moral Philosophy, par.36-79. Retrieved from
https://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/mp02.htm
Morality of Human Acts, Catechism of the Catholic Church, Art. 4, Par.1749-1756. Retrieved
from https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s1c1a4.htm
Readings:
“Mga Katangian ng Pagpapakatao” Excerpted from Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao Grade 10
Module, Deped First Edition, 2015, pp.9-15 Retrieved from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B41NpxO8pu79cjNNMWp5dWJYRUU/view .
“The Three Integral Parts of Moral Act [And a Bit of Fun]” by Bro. Andre Marie
Catholicism.Org, 30 August 2007. Retrieved from: https://catholicism.org/fun-with-moral-
theology-the-three-integral-parts-of-a-moral-act.html last August 20, 2020
Illustration:
McDermott, Kristin, “It is not who I am underneath…” Pinterest.com Retrieved from

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/223491200233825832/

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Annex :
Course Packet 02

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Name of Student:
Program :
Course Packet 02
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Faculty : __________________________________________________________
Schedule : __________________________________________________________



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Course Packet 02
Learning Module

Ethics and the
Human Person

Course Packet 03

The Filipino Culture
and Morality

Knowledge Area Code : PHILO
Course Code : NGEC0513 NOT FOR SALE

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Course Packet 03
Introduction
SourcesSources
The Filipino Culture and Morality
In this course packet we will expound the idea that the human person is always
situated and in context as Heidegger puts it” man is a being-in-the-world”. To be more specific,
that world is lived through the culture as the lifeworld of the Human Person. It is the primary
environment and influence that shapes and forms humans to become persons. This is also
where ethics and morality is primarily exercise. It is the community where the persons exude
and express themselves ethically or unethically in the continuous process of personhood.
Thus, we will be discussing the role of culture in the moral development of the human
person. To put things in perspective, we will be exploring Filipino Cultural terms and values
that influences notion of morality of the Filipino persons. With a limited time and space, we
will only discuss the terms “loob”, “hiya”, “daya” and “kapuwa” and how are they interrelated
and interconnected to Filipino Ethics.
Objectives
At the end of this course packet, you are expected to:
‘
1. Define culture, “loob”, “hiya”, “daya” and “kapuwa”.
2. Explain how culture influences the practice of morality.
3. Discuss the relationship of “loob”, “hiya”, “daya” and “kapuwa” in Filipino
Ethics.


Duration
(Specify the number of hours allotted for this course packet.)

 Topic 03: The Filipino Culture and Morality = 6 hours

Delivery Mode
Asynchronous

(Discuss the assessment tool to be used along with the corresponding rubrics.)

Requirement with Rubrics
In this session, you are required to write an article review about the Filipino cultural concept
of “loob” and “pakikipagkapuwa” as it is perceived by the Filipino youth The outline and rubrics will
be provided for you. This will be on the Saturday of 5 th week of our semester. We will proceed
immediately to the discussion part to give you more time for your review. Thus, the preliminary
activities are lifted for you. Please be guided accordingly.

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Brief Discussion:
Key Points:
The Role of Culture in Morality
SourcesSources :

Culture influences
We concluded in the last course packet that the human
our ethical
person is a situated relational being. Our existence as human decision-making
persons is shaped by the world around us. Martin Heidegger calls  . The differences on
culture leads to the
the human person as the “being-in-the-world”, much less, as conflicting notions
“being-thrown-into-the-world” where humanity, who had no of morality
The Filipino culture
choice when s/he was born, is left with the world to where he/she
does not
could depend his/her existence and exercise his/her freedom. In compartmentalize
this world, as human persons, we interpret our own reality and the inner self and
the outer self.
create, in the words of contemporary philosopher Jurgen
Habermas, our “lifeworld”, the environment where we create

meanings from our daily experience (Bohman&Rehg,2014). Part of Definition of Terms:

the lifeworld that contextualizes a person is the culture where Lifeworld. The
he/she was born and raised. Culture “is that complex whole which environment where
we create meanings
includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any from our daily
experience.
other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of (Bohman&Rehg,2014
society." (Tylor 1958). It is the instrument societies use to adapt to ).
their environment. It is "... a historically transmitted pattern of Culture. In simplest

terms, it is the way of
meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions life of a person or a
expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men community.
communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about “Loob”. –Literally

“inside” or “within”, in
and attitudes toward life" (Geertz 1973: 89). To put it more simply,
relation to Filipino
it is the way of life where a community is conditioned and personhood, it is the
inner self.
accustomed to live.
“Hiya”. Sense of
Culture shapes and forms the person more particularly in “shame” that could
go either towards
terms of moral development. Along with personal identity, the honor and dignity or
otherwise.
human person also develops moral identity which can be defined
as “the degree to which being a moral person is important to an “Daya”. Deception,
Treachery, fake
individual” (Hardy & Carlo, 2005)”. If the person values respect,
honesty, being good to neighbors and stands for justice and rights, “Kapwa”. The
Filipino sense of
most likely, the person may develop moral identity. This is being neighbor or “another
self”.

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developed not without in cultural context. For instance, studies have shown that while
Western cultures tend to be individualistic, Non-Westerners, particularly Asians are inclined
SourcesSources
to be collectivist. In an individualist culture, “the person tends to perceive him or herself as
an independent self who pursues his or her own interests and projects; while in collectivist
cultures, the person tends to perceive the self in an interdependent relationship with
others”(Markus & Kitayama, 1991 on Husted,2001). Cultural expectations, constructs and
values serve as guiding principles of an individual in decision making process. So if one is
inclined to individualistic culture, the person tends to consider his/her own personal
preferences and values than a collectivist who has the tendency to consider other people
before making decisions. Perhaps in choosing your course, you have become either
individualistic or collectivist. Either you made a decision based on your own preference or
asked others close to you about their opinions. You might be playing your music too loud
mindless of others who are asleep or you would rather wait for the right time to enjoy it with
them. Young people of 18 years decide to live in their own while here in the Philippines,
living with your parents and extended family is a common practice.
Moreover, due to cultural differences and environmental factors, we might find other
cultures as somewhat immoral and against our moral standards. For instance, Eskimos are
practicing wife swapping and offers sex as hospitality (Rubel 1961) while in some parts of Fiji
and Papua New Guinea are still practicing cannibalism. Needless to say, the practices of
abortion, divorce and death penalty are tolerated in other countries but contradicted here in
the Philippines. Imagine living and growing up in cultures tolerant of these practices, because
of conditioning to these human conventions, seeing, hearing or perhaps doing all of these will
be second nature. But comparing these practices to our culture you would automatically say
they are wrong. The differences on culture leads to the conflicting notions of morality to the
point that there those who adhere to the idea that right and wrong depends on one’s
perception of culture. Thus, being situated is to be culturally conditioned. In the study of
Ethics, the influences of culture matters especially in ethical decision making of the human
person. This will be expounded further in the next course packet. In the next section, we will
be talking about some cultural concepts that defines us as Filipinos. We will also connect thee
terms to the concept of Filipino Ethics.
The Filipino Culture: Loob, Hiya, Kapwa at Pandaraya
Local philosophers, anthropologists, sociologists and even theologians have

contributed their reflections on the search for a truly Filipino Philosophy. Four of the many

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concepts they have explored are “loob”, “hiya”, “kapuwa” and, recently, theologians
included “daya” in moral theology. Herw we shall define and discuss first each term and
SourcesSources
eventually use them altogether to come up with Filipino Ethics.
Loob is a Filipino philosophical concept of the inner self. However, unlike the
Western orientation of compartmentalizing the will, reason and emotions, the concept of loob
shows “the connectedness of intellectual, volitional and emotional and ethical” faculties of
the human person (Mercado, 1972). You might heard someone who says “Do not let your
reason rule over your emotion” or might have heard in philosophy classes the comparison
that emotion and reason as two horses in a chariot. This and other rational and segmental
explanation of human faculties are Western oriented. But being an Oriental nation, the
Philippines shares this tradition of unity of human faculties and the concept of interiority
with other Asian nations such as dharma in India, Hsin in China and leb in Hebrew culture.
The loob or the interiority is expressed by the outer self, the physical self or pangangatawan.
The body is not like a machine that the inner self controls but the body is also the “self” itself.
Thus, the human person in this kind of philosophy is rightfully called “embodied spirit” or
beautifully said in Filipino “sumasakatawang-diwa” or “embodied spirits implying that
whatever the conditions of the inner self is what the body, the outer self would show. There is
no duality nor a separation of body(soul) and spirit but only unity. Now, ethically speaking,
the Filipino Aesthetics (philosophy of beauty) contributes to the philosophy of “loob” when
we talk about “beauty”. “Ganda” or “Kagandahan” or “maganda” is the Filipino concept of
beauty where in ethical sense it speaks of “goodness, order, and truth and guilessness” or
“mabuti, maayos, totoo at walang daya”(De Mesa & Cacho, 2012). So that when one says
“maganda ang ating ginagawa” this means we are doing good, “magandang samahan”
means good relationship and “gandang tunay at walang daya” genuinely and winsomely
beautiful without guile or hypocrisy. When we speak of ethical and moral good acts in
Filipino, we think of actions that spring from “kagandahang-loob” or beauty from within
which is physically expressed by our outer self, our bodies or we can say “pinangangatwanan”
Since we speak of “loob-labas” connection, every actions that we do be it freely and joyfully
done or otherwise (bukal sa kalooban vs. labag sa kalooban), it will flow from within and will be
felt by those who receive the gesture. Thus, those who have “magandang-loob” is ethically
upright person while those who are called “masama, magulo at madaya” are unethical,
immoral or worst be called “evil”.
“Daya”or fake, treachery, or deception is proposed by Filipino theologians Jose De

Mesa and Rebecca Cacho as the rightful translation of sin, the theological equivalent of

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unethical and immoral actions. While we have “mali” o “pagkakamali” and “kasalanan” as
opposite of “tama” or “right”, both of these terms can be reduced as “mistake” or “missing
the point” which in some
unintentional. Daya or pandaraya is never SourcesSources
occasions,
unintentional. No one will say “Pare sorry hindi

ko alam na nandadaya ako” in a game. Nobody
cheats on exams and if caught would say
“Sorry, I do not know that I am cheating.
“Daya” could also mean bad intentions
disguised through good deeds. We usually
experience these through “user-friendly”
friends who are present when they are in need
from you (hwow…), politicians who help the
poor only when elections come (legit!!!), “lovers” with flowers to cover up their affairs
(ooops,sorry!), students who pretend to be good at their teachers (super oops!), etc. In other
words “fake people with bad intentions”. It can also pertain to artificial goods that sellers use
to lure their buyers promising beauty of the product yet is fake and sub standards. In terms
of food, there are many artificial edible products that are pleasing to the eyes yet dangerous
to our health and environment such as fast foods and junk foods. What makes pandaraya
greater than kamalian and kasalanan? It is the nature of awareness and intention that makes
“daya” unethical and immoral in fullest sense in view of the three integral parts of moral act
that we discussed in the previous lesson (De Mesa&Cacho, pp.22-30)
Be it in the local movies or in real life, what do we usually hear when someone have
wronged the other? It is either “hayop ka!” or “walanghiya ka!” The first one connotes the
degradation of humanity into animal (hayop in Filipino) stature every time an immoral act is
committed against the other. Although the first expression is indeed an insult to animals who
are naturally not rational, it means that the person lost the reasoning to act properly and
therefore be likened to a beast usually a swine. The second expression is the loss of honor,
dignity. “Hiya” is usually translated as “shame” in English and it could be in Filipino context
a feeling of embarrassment in a negative sense and a notion of honor and pride in a positive
sense. This trait springs from the collectivist perspective where Filipinos are so conscious of
what other people might say against or in favor of their name. “Ayaw natin ng napapahiya
tayo”. We do not want to get embarrassed
Saved by Chalknot downladed from
in front of others. As a sense of honor and
https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/835628905829605294/

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pride, we strive hard to do everything possible to keep our dignity intact. That is why when
someone did something wrong and heinous
in nature you are called either walang hiya
in the sense of loss of dignity and SourcesSources
nakakahiya ka ( You are such a shame!) if it is
in the context of shame (kahihiyan).
However, because also of keeping the
honor and avoidance of embarrassment, the
fear of failure and shame makes Filipinos
act unethically to cover up or evade
humiliation. We are inclined to pandaraya
by telling lies and spreading rumors to destroy those we blame for our failures, we cheat
during exams because failing grade is “nakakahiya”, we pretend to be all knowing just to
avoid the shame of ignorance and the long lists of cover ups goes on. Aesthetically speaking,
“hiya” is linked to our face or “mukha”. Although the whole body is the physical
manifestation of the self, “mukha” is where our identity lies. We flaunt our face when we
know it is presentable and in a honorable occasion but we cover it when we are disgraced just
like those who are publicly arrested because of a crime or defeated athletes after bragging
and thrash talking to discredit the opponents. But after being caught in the act of crimes, or
being discovered a fraud, corrupt, dishonest and “mandaraya” yet still have the face to show
others as if nothing wrong happened and continuously doing shameful acts, this people are
called “makapal ang mukha” or “matigas ang mukha”, a version of “walang hiya” for those who
are already indifferent to shame and unmindful of honor.
The culture of loob, hiya and daya is always geared towards others or “kapuwa”.
Derived from the Spanish term “capoua” which mean “equal” and “both” usually used for
humans (Reyes, 2013). We usually translate it in English as “others” but it is utterly
insufficient. “Kapuwa” is a “recognition of shared identity, an inner self shared with others”
while “other” is an individuated self who is different from the “self”. Thus, kapuwa is
“another self” (p.97) or the “shared self” (p.98). Now since “loob” is equals to “self”, kapuwa
therefore is “another loob”. Potentially, everyone is kapuwa as we are interconnected by our
humanity, particularly as Filipinos. But the genuine actualization of relationship with
kapuwa or “another loob” is when the kagandahang loob is reciprocated by “utang na loob” or
“depth of gratitude” or “indebtedness” (p.100). The reciprocal relationship of kagandahang-
loob and utang na loob constitutes a dynamic relationship of the self and the “another self”

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which is expressed in ethical and moral ways. If every Filipino possesses kagandahang-loob,
then, s/he will be ashamed of deceiving his/her “kapuwa”. And as a kapuwa who is at the
SourcesSources
receiving end of kagandahang-loob we shoud be ashamed of “pandaraya” or else, we will be
marked as “walang utang na loob”, another way of saying wzlang hiya ka! So it is implied that
both kagandahang-loob and utang na loob should be possessed by every honorable and dignified
(may kahihiyan) Filipino to be truly ethical without any “daya”.
But no matter how beautiful our culture is, there is a danger when we make it as the
ultimate standard of morality as it could go either in the right direction or otherwise. Hiya
and utang na loob are the two of the most compelling Filipino cultural concepts that could
make or break the ethical Pinoy. As such, the need for a more solid grounding of ethical
theories and principles could complement and supplement these cultural values to attain
what is truly ethical and be aware of what is truly unethical. This will be our task on our next
course packet.


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Activity Sheet
SourcesSources
Enrichment Activity:
INSTRUCTIONS : Read the article entitled “Ang Loob at Pakikipagkapwa sa

Kagandahang-Loob: Pagsusuri sa Pagpapakahulugan at mga Pagpapahalaga ng Kabataan”
by Charmaine P. Galano from UP Diliman. You are only required to read the pages 110-
113. However, you are encouraged to read the whole article for enrichment. (You may visit
this link http://www.pssp.org.ph/diwa/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/6-Artikulo-Galano.pdf or
you may proceed to the Readings folder.
You may also read Mercado, Leonardo( ) “Understanding the Philosophy of

Loob, Buut and Nakem University of Sto. Tomas, Christ the King Seminary, pp. 1-10.
Retrieved from (http://scientia-sanbeda.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1-mercado.pdf
Write an article review. You may use the following outline (or you may search and
adopt from the internet):
I. Introduction:
II. Summary :
A. Kagandahang-Loob as a Trait.
B. Kagandahang-loob as Values (Pagpapahalaga)
C. Loob and Kapuwa
III. Reaction:
A. Connection to Ethics of Kagandahang-Loob
B. The Importance of these as a Filipino Youth
C. How can I apply all of these?
IV. CONCLUSION:

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Assessment
SourcesSources
NAME: ____________________________________________________DATE: _________________
PROG./YR/SEC._________________________________________________SCORE:____________
MULTIPLE CHOICE, Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before the
number.
_____1. It is the set of shared attitudes, values, goals and practices that characterizes an
institution or organization. It is the way of life of a particular community or even a nation as a
whole.
a. Tradition b. Culture c. Norms d. Beliefs
_____2. It is simply defined as the “another self”. The word itself means “equal” or “both”. It
sees the other as “equal” rather than a separated “other”.
a. Loob b. Labas c. Kapuwa d. Hiya
______3. This could mean either honor or shame depending on the situation. In a negative
sense, it means embarrassment but positively speaking, it keeps one’s honor intact if the
person is conscious to avoid unbecoming actions so as to avoid humiliation from others.
a. Loob b.Labas c. Kapuwa d. Hiya
_____4. In Filipino culture, this means the inner self that is connected to reason, will, feeling,
intuition, and other internal faculties that is expressed by the body.
a. Loob b.Labas c. Kapuwa d. Hiya
_____5. This means deception, treachery, being fake and full of cover ups. This term is one
being held by some Filipino theologians as the best Filipino translation of sin.
a. Mali b. Sala` c. Daya c. Kulang
_____6. It means genuine self- goodness and righteousness coming from within.

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a. Walang Hiya b. Utang na loob c. Bukal sa Kalooban d. Kagandahang-loob
_____7. It is known as “the degree to which being a moral person is important to an

individual” (Hardy & Carlo, 2005)”
SourcesSources
a. Moral Reasoning b. Moral Courage c. Moral Identity d. Moral Argument
_____8. In this type of culture “the person tends to perceive him or herself as an independent
self who pursues his or her own interests and projects” (Markus&Kitayama)
a. Minimalistic b. Individualistic c. Collectivist d. Totalist
_____9. In this kind of culture, the person tends to perceive the self in an interdependent
relationship with others”(Markus & Kitayama)
a. Minimalistic b. Individualistic c. Collectivist d. Totalist
_____10. In Filipino Aesthetics, this means goodness, orderliness and truthfulness.
a. Loob b. Hiya c. Kapuwa d. Kagandahan
II. EXPLAIN, EXPOUND, EXAMPLE (& EXPERIENCE) : Following the 4EXs, Write an
Essay explaining the connection of culture influences morality and the interplay of Loob,
Kapuwa, Hiya and Daya in the development of Filipino Ethics.(20 pts)

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SourcesSources

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Key Points:
Sources
In this part, you may
SourcesSources
provide the key points of
the topics being presented
Sources :
in this particular Course
Packet.
Husted,Bryan,(2001)”The Effects of Ethical Decision Making of Individuals In Organization”,
Researchgate,pp.5-8. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228392623_The_impact_of_individualism_and_coll
ectivism_on_ethical_decision_making_by_individuals_in_organizations The key points may be
bulleted like this:
Guess, Dominik, (2004) “Decision Making in Collectivist and Individualist Culture”,
International Association for Cross Cultural Society, pp.3-9. Retrieved from
https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=orpc
 Key point 01
Rubel, Arthur J. (1961) “Partnership and Wife Exchange Among the Eskimo and Aleut of
North America, Anthropological Papers of University of Alaska, Vol.10,No.1, pp. 59-71
 Key point 02
Retrieved from https://www.uaf.edu/apua/files/Rubel1961.pdf
 Key point
Reyes, Jeremiah (2015) “Loob and Kapwa : Thomas Aquinas and the Filipino 03 Ethics,
Virtue
KU Leuven Humanities and Social Sciences Group, Institue of Philisophy, pp. 73-100.
Retrieved from (https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/34640273.pdf
Mercado, Leonardo( ) “Understanding the Philosophy of Loob, Buut and Nakem University

of Sto. Tomas, Christ the King Seminary, pp. 1-10. Retrived from (http://scientia-
sanbeda.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1-mercado.pdf
“Culture” http://www.anthrobase.com/Dic/eng/def/culture.htm
Definition of Terms:
Jia, Fanli & Krettenauer, Tobias (2017) Recognizing Moral Identity as Cultural Construct,
Frontiers in Psychology, Cultural Psychology. Retrieved from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00412/full
You may provide
definition
De Mesa, Jose & Cacho, Rebecca (2012). “When Beauty Beckons: Theological of terms
Ethics of to
Filipino
facilitate better
Aesthetics, St. Scholasticas College Manila,pp.15-43 understanding of the
Article
Galano, Charmain P. (2017) “Ang Loob at Pakikipagkapwa sa Kagandahang-Loob: Pagsusuri

sa Pagpapakahulugan at mga Pagpapahalaga ng Kabataan” Diwa E-Journal Tomo 5, pp.108-

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125. Retrieved from http://www.pssp.org.ph/diwa/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/6-Artikulo-

Galano.pdf
SourcesSources
Mercado, Leonardo( ) “Understanding the Philosophy of Loob, Buut and Nakem University
of Sto. Tomas, Christ the King Seminary, pp. 1-10. Retrived from (http://scientia-
sanbeda.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1-mercado.pdf
Illustrations:
https://www.azquotes.com/quote/101896?ref=deception
Chalknot downladed from https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/835628905829605294/

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Annex :
SourcesSources

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Name of Student:
Program :
SourcesSources
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Faculty : __________________________________________________________
Schedule : __________________________________________________________



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SourcesSources

Module 1 ETHICS AND THE HUMAN PERSON For Upadating 1

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LM01-NGEC

Learning Module Development Team

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS ii

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS iii

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS iv

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS v

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS vi

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS vii

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS 1

At the end of the semester, the student is expected to:

Learning Management System

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS 2

Assessment with Rubrics

Final Requirement with Rubrics

Class Standing Percentage

Oral and Written Examination: 30%

Class Participation / Attendance: 20%

Major Written Outputs: 50%

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS 3

Class Standing - 70%

Term Exam - 30% Class Standing - 70%

Term Exam - 30%

Midterm Grade (50%) + Final Grade (50%) = Final Rating

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS 4

 Topic 01: Ethics, Rules, Laws and Standards

At the end of the module, you are expected to :

1. Define rules, laws, ethics and its three main branches.

3. Distinguish moral standards from other rules and laws.

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS 5

Minimum Technical Skills Requirement

Learning Management System

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS 6

Learning Module: Introduction to ETHICS 7

Learning Module 1: Ethics and the Human Person 3

Ethics, Rules, Laws and Standards

Learning Module 1: Ethics and the Human Person 1

Learning Module 1: Ethics and the Human Person 2

before the number.

_____2. Philosophy speaks of a code or system of behavior in regards to standard of right or

_____3. Conduct is understood us regulations or principles governing conduct within a

Activity 1: “No Rules! No Rules! No Rules!”

Learning Module 1: Ethics and the Human Person 3

want to change and why?

wondering and the possible answers to the questions mentioned.

Learning Module 1: Ethics and the Human Person 4

right from what is wrong?” Explain your answers.

Learning Module 1: Ethics and the Human Person 5

Processing of the Activity:

five (5) and explain your realizations?

to delve into philosophical experience of reflecting our humanity as “persons” capable of

answers lie within you as a HUMAN PERSON and a MORAL BEING.

Learning Module 1: Ethics and the Human Person 6

which, upon knowing it is good, we either follow or violate

follow because our consciences dictates that it is wrong. For

Learning Module 1: Ethics and the Human Person 7

wrongness of human actions, is trying to answer.

disciplines and institutions such as or related to medicine, environment, society, technology,

Learning Module 1: Ethics and the Human Person 8

is morality still possible? What do you think?

our own human flourishing and social advancements (p.226).

Learning Module 1: Ethics and the Human Person 9

do harm to human life.

Learning Module 1: Ethics and the Human Person 10

NAME:__________________ DATE: