Mathematics

First Quarter – Week 6

Proves the Remainder Theorem, Factor
Theorem and the Rational Root Theorem
Mathematics – Grade 10
Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC) – Based Exemplar
Quarter 1 – Week 6: Proves the Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem and the
Rational Root Theorem
First Edition, 2020

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Rationale

Project PPE (Portfolio Predicate on Exemplar) is a backup contingency

response of the Schools Division of Surigao del Sur for learning delivery and
learning resource which parallel to the on-going endeavors of the higher
offices in the Department. It is the utilization of a lesson exemplar that is
streamlined in a teacher-and-learner-friendly format to cater to the new
classroom setup in light of the COVID-19 health crisis. These exemplars will be
paired with a self-contained and self-instructional portfolio.

The portfolio is a deliberate collection of works that highlight a learner’s effort

that would enable the him/her to see his/her growth and achievement,
ability to reflect on his/her own work and ability to establish goals for future
learning.

Introductory Message

For the teacher:

Welcome to the Mathematics - Grade 10 – Quarter 1 Exemplar on Proves the

Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem and the Rational Root Theorem!

This exemplar was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators from different schools in the Division to assist you in helping the
learners meet the standards anchored on Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC) set by the Department while overcoming the
constraints in schooling brought by the COVID-19 pandemic.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

As a teacher, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
exemplar in the most fit modality. You also need to keep track of the learners'
progress while allowing them to manage their own learning through portfolio
assessments.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Mathematics – Grade 10 – Quarter 1 Exemplar on Proves

the Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem and the Rational Root Theorem!

This exemplar was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and

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time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner, either at home or in school. To help you with
this, this exemplar comes with a Weekly Portfolio Assessment. You teacher will
provide you with a template and you will be given a privilege to organize the
portfolio in your own creative way.

This exemplar has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the

What I Need to Know
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module and the objectives you are
expected to realize.
This part includes an activity that aims to
What I Know
check what you already know about the
lesson to take.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This section provides an activities which will
What I Can Do (1,2 & 3)
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
This task aims to evaluate your level of
What I Have Learned
mastery in achieving the learning objectives.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

This contain instructions about recording your

Portfolio Goal Setting
positive, realistic goals before going through
this exemplar.
This contain instructions about completing
Portfolio Completion -Your
the components of the portfolio. This also
Growth Clue!
includes a rubric to guide you of how your
portfolio will be assessed.
At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this exemplar.

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 General reminders in using this exemplar:

1. Use the exemplar with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the exemplar. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the activities
and tasks.
2. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
3. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.

5. Return this exemplar to your teacher or facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this exemplar, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher, parents, siblings or anybody
knowledgeable and older than you at home. We hope that through this
material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

In this exemplar, you will be applying the remainder theorem, the

factor theorem, and the rational root theorem.

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Proves the remainder theorem, factor theorem and the rational root theorem
(M10AL – Ig – 1)

Sub-competency: (MELC can no longer be unpacked)

Objectives

After going through this exemplar, you are expected to:

A. Knowledge: state the Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem and the

Rational Root Theorem;

B. Skill: solve polynomial expressions using the Remainder Theorem,

Factor Theorem and the Rational Root Theorem; and,

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 C. Attitude: appreciate the importance of the Remainder Theorem
Factor Theorem and the Rational Root Theorem in solving
polynomial expressions.

Duration: Three (3) days

Portfolio Goal Setting

Using the Portfolio Assessment Template provided by your teacher

along with this exemplar, accomplish now your weekly goal setting. Refer to
the objectives above. Think of positive and realistic goals that you can
considerably achieve with this exemplar. List them as your plans. Remember:
Do not proceed with this exemplar unless you have accomplished your goal
setting.

What I Know

Evaluate the polynomial at the given values of x.

1. P(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 3 ; x = -2 , - 1 , 0, 1, 2
2. P(x) = x4 – 4x3 – 7x2 + 22x + 18 ; x = -2 , - 1 , 0, 1, 2

What is It

The Remainder Theorem

If the polynomial P(x) is divided by (x – r), the remainder R is a constant
and is equal to P(r).
R = P(r).
Thus, there are two ways to find the remainder when P(x) is divided by
(x – r), that is:
(1) use synthetic division, or
(2) calculate P(r).

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 Similarly, there are two ways to find the value of P(r):
(1) Substitute r in the polynomial expression P(x), or
(2) Use synthetic division.

Proving the Remainder Theorem

If P(x) is of degree n, then Q(x) is of degree n – 1. The remainder R is a

constant because the degree of x – r is 1, so the degree of the remainder has
to be less than 1, making it 0.

Two – column Proof

STATEMENTS
1. P(x) = (x – r) • Q(x) + R
2. P(r) = (r – r) • Q(r) + R
3. P(r) = (0) • Q(r) + R
4. P(r) = R
REASON
Given polynomial P(x)
Substitute all xs with r
r–r=0
Multiplication by zero.

Example 1: Find the remainder when (5x2 – 2x + 1) is divided by (x + 2).

Solution: Using the Remainder Theorem

P(x) = 5x2 – 2x + 1 → r = -2

Substitute the value of r for x since x = r.

P(-2) = 5(-2)2 – 2(2) + 1
P(-2) = 25

Therefore, the remainder when P(x) = 5x2 – 2x + 1 is divided by x + 2 is 25.

Hence, the polynomial P(x) = 5x2 – 2x + 1 is not exactly divisible by x + 2.

Check: Use Synthetic Division

-2 5 -2 1
-10 24

5 -12 25

Thus, the remainder is 25.

Example 2: Find the remainder when P(x) = 2x4 + 5x3 + 2x2 – 7x – 15 is divided
by
(2x – 3).

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Solution: Use the Remainder Theorem

3 3
Write 2x -3 as 2(𝑥 − 2). Here r = 2
Substitute the value of r for x since x = r.

P(x) = 2x4 + 5x3 + 2x2 – 7x – 15

3 3 3 3 3 3
P(2) = 2(2)⁴ + 5(2) + 2(2) ² - 7(2) – 15
3
P(2) = 6

2x⁴ + 5x³+ 2x² – 7x – 15 6

Thus, 3 = 2x3 + 8x2 + 14x + 3
𝑥− 𝑥−
2 2

If we divide both sides of the equation by 2. We obtain,

2x⁴ + 5x³+ 2x² – 7x – 15 6
= x3 + 4x2 + 7x + 7 + 2𝑥−3, so, the remainder is 6.
2𝑥−3

Hence, the polynomial P(x) = 2x4 + 5x3 + 2x2 – 7x – 15 is not exactly

divisible by x + 2.

You can also solve an equation using the Remainder Theorem. In the
next example, the polynomial P(x) is equated to the remainder to solve for
the value of k, the numerical coefficient of the x term.

Example 3: Find the value of k when polynomial 3x2 + kx + 4 is divided by x – 1

and the remainder is 2.

Solution: Use the Remainder Theorem

3x2 + kx + 4 = 2 The polynomial is equal to the remainder 2.

3(1) 2 + k(1) + 4 = 2 Substitute 1 for x, then solve for k.
3+ k + 4 = 2
k=2–7
k = -5

Check: Use the synthetic Division

Substitute k by – 5 in the original expression, 3x2 - kx + 4.

1 3 -5 4
3 -2

3 -2 2 → remainder

In your experience with numbers, you obtain a remainder of zero when

a number is exactly divisible by another number. We can say that the divisor
is a factor of the dividend in that case. Same is true with polynomials.

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 A zero remainder obtained when applied using the Remainder
Theorem will give rise to another theorem called the factor theorem. This is a
test to find if a polynomial is a factor of another polynomial.

The Factor Theorem states:

Let P(x) be a polynomial. If r is a zero of P that is P(r) = 0, then (x - r) is a

factor of P(x). Conversely, if (x - r) is a factor of P(x) then, r is a zero.
Simply, if zero is obtained as a remainder when r is substituted to the
polynomial P(x), then the polynomial x – r is factor of P(x).

Example 1: Show that (x – 1) is a factor of 3x3 – 8x2 + 3x + 2.

Solution: Using the Factor Theorem

P(1) = 3(1)3 – 8(1)2 + 3(1) + 2
=3–8+3+2
P(1) = 0

Since P(1) = 0, then x – 1 is a factor of 3x3 – 8x2 + 3x + 2

Example 2: Determine if (x – 3) is a factor of (2x4 - x3 – 18x2 – 7)

Solution: Using the Factor Theorem

P(3) = 2(3)4 – (3)3 – 18 (3)2 – 7
= 2(81) – 27 – 18 (9) – 7
= 162 – 27 – 162 – 7
P(3) = - 34

Answer: Since the P(3) = -34, which is not 0 then,

(x – 3) is not a factor of (2x4 - x3 – 18x2 – 7).

Example 3: Find the value of k for which the binomial (x + 4) is a factor of

x4 + kx3 – 4x2.

Solution: If (x + 4) is a factor of P(x) = x4 + kx3 – 4x2, we know from the Factor

Theorem that P(-4) = 0.

P(-4) = (-4)4 + k(-4)3 – 4(-4)2 = 0

256 – 64k – 64 = 0
-64k = -256 + 64
-64k = - 192
64 k = 192
64𝑘 192
= 64
64
k=3

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Check using synthetic division;

-4 1 3 -4 0 0
-4 4 0 0

1 -1 0 0 0→R=0

The Rational Root Theorem

Let a0xn + an-1xn-1+ an-2xn-2+ . . .+ a2x2+ a1x +a0 = 0, an ≠ 0 and a1 an

integer for all i, 0 ≤ i ≤ n, be a polynomial equation of degree n. If p/q, in
lowest terms, is a rational root of the equation, then p is a factor of a 0 and q is
a factor of an.
Given a polynomial function with integer or whole number
coefficients, a list of possible solutions can be found by listing the factors of
the constant or last term over the factors of the coefficients of the leading
term.

Example 1: Find the possible rational roots of y = 3x7 − 12x3 + 52x2 − 96x + 9.

Our constant factors are ±1, ±3, ±9. These are the ones that go on top.
The leading factors are ±1, ±3. We'll stick these below. Let's write all the
combinations out:

1 1 3 3 9 9
1 3 1 3 1 3

We can have any combination of positive and negative numbers, so

these are all ± as well.

Our final answer is ±1, ±3, ±9, and ± 1

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 What I Can Do 1

Directions: Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder R in each of the
following.

1. (x4 – x3 + 2) ÷ (x + 2)
2. (x3 – 2x2 + x + 6) ÷ (x – 3)
3. (x4 – 3x3 + 4x2 – 6x + 4) ÷ (x – 2)
4. (x4 – 16x3 + 18x2 – 128) ÷ (x + 2)
5. (3x2 + 5x3 – 8) ÷ (x – 4)

What I Can Do 2

Directions: Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether or not the first
polynomial is a factor of the second.

1. x – 1; x2 + 2x + 5
2. x – 1; x3 – x – 2
3. x – 4; 2x3 – 9x2 + 9x – 20
4. a – 1; a3 – 2a2 + a – 2
5. y + 3; 2y3 + y2 – 13y + 6

What I Can Do 3

Directions: Find all possible rational roots of the following polynomials

1. y = 2x2 + 3x – 5
2. y = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6
3. y = 2x2 + 9x + 4

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What I Have Learned

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the remainder when (5x100 + 5) is divided by (x – 1)?

A. 5 B. –5 C.10 D. –10

2. The remainder after dividing (–10x 3 + 5x 2 + K) by (x + 1) is 4. Which of the

following is the value of K?
A. 9 B. –19 C. 19 D. –11

3. Which of the following is the factored form of x 3 + 3x 2 – 10x – 24?

A. (x + 4)(x – 3)(x + 2) C. (x – 4)(x – 3)(x + 2)
B. (x – 4)(x – 3)(x – 2) D. (x + 4)(x + 3)(x – 2)

4. Find k so that (x – 2) is a factor of x 3 + kx – 4.

A. –3 B. –1 C. –2 D. 0

5. Given P(x) = 2x 3 + 3x 2 – 5x – 12. What is the value of P(3)?

A. 56 B. 54 C. 55 D. 53

6. Which of the following is NOT a root of x(x + 3)(x + 3)(x – 1)(2x + 1) = 0?

i. 0 ii. –3 iii. –1 iv. ½
A. i only B. i and ii only C. ii only D. iii and iv only

7. One of the factors of x2 + 3x – 10 is x – 2, what is the other factor?

A. x + 2 B. x – 2 C. x + 5 D. x – 5

8. Use the Rational Root Theorem to list all possible rational roots of the
polynomial equation x3 + x2 – 7x – 4 = 0. Do not find the actual roots.
A. – 7, - 4
B. 1, 2, 4
C. – 4 , - 1 , 1, 4
D. – 4, - 2 , - 1 , 1, 2, 4

9. If x4 – 3x + 5 is divided by 2x – 1 , then the remainder is.

A. 57/16 B. – 35/16 C. – 9 D. 3

10. Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder when

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = x4 + 4x3 – x2 – 16x – 12 is divided by x – 4.
A. 420 B. 36 C. – 92 D. 548

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11. Use the Factor Theorem to determine which expression is a factor of the
polynomial f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 31x – 28.

A. (x -7) B.) (x + 7) C. (x + 3) D.(x – 3 )

12. According to the Rational Root Theorem, what are the all possible rational
roots of 2x3 – 11x2 + 12x + 9?
A. + 1 , + 2 C. + 1 , + 3 , + 9
B. + 1 , + 3 , + 9, + ½ , + 3/2 , + 9/2 D. + 1 , + 2, + 1/3 , + 2/3 , + 1/9, + 2/9

13. Which expression gives the remainder when P(x) = 4x2 + 2x – 5 is divided
by ( x - 2 )?
A. P( - 5) B.) P (- 2 ) C.) P ( 2 ) D.) P ( 5/4 )

14. If the remainder after dividing polynomial (5x3 – 3x2 + k) by (x + 1) is 4,

which of the following must be the value of k?

A. 10 B. 11 C. 12 D. 13

15. . Which is a factor of g(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6?

A. x – 2 B. x + 1 C. x + 3 D. x – 3

Answer Key

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 13
Portfolio Completion – Your Growth Clue!
What I Have Learned What I Can Do 3
1. C 6. D 11. A 1. + 1, + ½, + 5 , +5/2
2. D 7. C 12. B 2. +1, + 2, + 3, + 6
3. A 8. D 13. C 3. +1, + 2, + 4, + ½
4. C 9. A 14. C
5. B 10. A 15. D
What I Ca n Do 2 What I Can Do 1 What I Know
1. 8, Not a factor 1. R= 26 1. P(-2) = -3
2. –2, Not a factor 2. R= 18 P(-1) = 2
3. 0, A factor 3. R= 0 P(0) = 3
4. –2, Not a factor 4. R= 88 P(1) = 6
5. 0, A factor 5. R=360 P(2) = 17
2. P(-2) = -6
P(-1) = - 6
P(0) = 18
P(1) = 30
P(2) = 18
 You now go back to your portfolio and work on the other
components that follow your Goal Setting. Remember that your
portfolio is a deliberate collection of your works with the help of
the exemplar. Highlighting your efforts here enables you to see
and reflect on your growth and achievement and your ability to
establish goals just to learn. Upon completion of your portfolio,
please be guided of the rubric below.

Rubric for Portfolio Assessment

LEVELS
Criteria Novice (1-3) Apprentice (4-6) Proficient (7-8) Distinguished (9- Score
10)
1. Goal Setting Sets sloppy goals, Sets some goals Sets general goals Sets clearly defined
not realistic for and processes and processes that goals that are ___ out of
ability nor level of that are positive are positive and attainable and 10
development. and realistic. realistic growth-oriented
2. Test Self Shows little Shows adequate Shows good Shows very good
Evaluation evidence of evidence of evidence of and clear evidence
------ out
reflection and self- reflection and reflection and self- of reflection and self-
of 10
assessment. self-assessment. assessment. assessment with
documentation.
3. Mathematical Shows very . Shows Shows nearly Shows
knowledge: limited understanding of complete understanding of the
understanding of some of the understanding of problem's
the problem's problem's the problem's mathematical
mathematical mathematical mathematical concepts and
concepts, and concepts, and concepts and principles; uses
principles; may principles; and principles; uses appropriate
misuse or fail to may contain nearly correct mathematical
------ out
use mathematical serious mathematical terminology and
of 10
terms; and may computational terminology and notations; and
make major errors. notations; executes executes algorithms
computational algorithms completely and
errors. completely; and correctly
computations are
generally correct
but may contain
minor errors.
4. My Best Test 75 - 78 79-85 86-91 92-100
5. Accuracy The computations The computations The computations The computations
are erroneous and are erroneous are accurate. Use are accurate. A wise
do not show some and show some of key concepts of use of key concepts
------ out
use of key use of key division of of division of
of 10
concepts of concepts of polynomials is polynomials is
division of division of evident. evident
polynomials polynomials
[1-2] [3] [4] [5]
6. Overall Submits some of Submits most of Presents all items Presents thorough,
Presentation the items in a the items. in a chronological clear and complete
----- out of
disorganized Portfolio is well form. Portfolio is items. Portfolio is
5
form. Portfolio presented. well organized. neat and elegant.
looks slapdash.

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7. Prompt Submits late (5-6 Submits late (3-4 Submits late (1-2 Submits on time. ------ out
Submission. days). days). days). of 5
Total
(Highest
possible
score: 50)

References
Dilao, Soledad Jose, et.al. 2009, Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and
Statistics IV, pp. 94 – 96, 98-99, & 120-122

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EASE IV - Module 1: Polynomial Functions

Teacher’s Guide (TG) in Mathematics 10, pp. 54 – 57 and pp. 64 – 66

Learner’s Module (LM) in Math 10, pp. 70 – 78 and pp. 88 – 90

Website Links

https://www.mathisfun.com›algebra

https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-real-life-applications-of-factorization

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