Vol 4 Issue 1 July 2014 ISSN No :2231-5063

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
International Multidisciplinary
Research Journal

Golden Research
Thoughts
Chief Editor
Dr.Tukaram Narayan Shinde

Associate Editor
Publisher Dr.Rajani Dalvi
Mrs.Laxmi Ashok Yakkaldevi

Honorary
Mr.Ashok Yakkaldevi
 Welcome to GRT
RNI MAHMUL/2011/38595 ISSN No.2231-5063
Golden Research Thoughts Journal is a multidisciplinary research journal, published monthly in English,
Hindi & Marathi Language. All research papers submitted to the journal will be double - blind peer reviewed
referred by members of the editorial board.Readers will include investigator in universities, research institutes
government and industry with research interest in the general subjects.

International Advisory Board

Flávio de São Pedro Filho Mohammad Hailat Hasan Baktir
Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil Dept. of Mathematical Sciences, English Language and Literature
University of South Carolina Aiken Department, Kayseri
Kamani Perera
Regional Center For Strategic Studies, Sri Abdullah Sabbagh Ghayoor Abbas Chotana
Lanka Engineering Studies, Sydney Dept of Chemistry, Lahore University of
Management Sciences[PK]
Janaki Sinnasamy Ecaterina Patrascu
Librarian, University of Malaya Spiru Haret University, Bucharest Anna Maria Constantinovici
AL. I. Cuza University, Romania
Romona Mihaila Loredana Bosca
Spiru Haret University, Romania Spiru Haret University, Romania Horia Patrascu
Spiru Haret University,
Delia Serbescu Fabricio Moraes de Almeida Bucharest,Romania
Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil
Romania Ilie Pintea,
George - Calin SERITAN Spiru Haret University, Romania
Anurag Misra Faculty of Philosophy and Socio-Political
DBS College, Kanpur Sciences Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi Xiaohua Yang
PhD, USA
Titus PopPhD, Partium Christian
University, Oradea,Romania ......More

Editorial Board
Pratap Vyamktrao Naikwade Iresh Swami Rajendra Shendge
ASP College Devrukh,Ratnagiri,MS India Ex - VC. Solapur University, Solapur Director, B.C.U.D. Solapur University,
Solapur
R. R. Patil N.S. Dhaygude
Head Geology Department Solapur Ex. Prin. Dayanand College, Solapur R. R. Yalikar
University,Solapur Director Managment Institute, Solapur
Narendra Kadu
Rama Bhosale Jt. Director Higher Education, Pune Umesh Rajderkar
Prin. and Jt. Director Higher Education, Head Humanities & Social Science
Panvel K. M. Bhandarkar YCMOU,Nashik
Praful Patel College of Education, Gondia
Salve R. N. S. R. Pandya
Department of Sociology, Shivaji Sonal Singh Head Education Dept. Mumbai University,
University,Kolhapur Vikram University, Ujjain Mumbai

Govind P. Shinde G. P. Patankar Alka Darshan Shrivastava

Bharati Vidyapeeth School of Distance S. D. M. Degree College, Honavar, Karnataka Shaskiya Snatkottar Mahavidyalaya, Dhar
Education Center, Navi Mumbai
Maj. S. Bakhtiar Choudhary Rahul Shriram Sudke
Chakane Sanjay Dnyaneshwar Director,Hyderabad AP India. Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore
Arts, Science & Commerce College,
Indapur, Pune S.Parvathi Devi S.KANNAN
Ph.D.-University of Allahabad Annamalai University,TN
Awadhesh Kumar Shirotriya
Secretary,Play India Play,Meerut(U.P.) Sonal Singh, Satish Kumar Kalhotra
Vikram University, Ujjain Maulana Azad National Urdu University
Address:-Ashok Yakkaldevi 258/34, Raviwar Peth, Solapur - 413 005 Maharashtra, India
Cell : 9595 359 435, Ph No: 02172372010 Email: ayisrj@yahoo.in Website: www.aygrt.isrj.net
Golden Research Thoughts
ISSN 2231-5063
Impact Factor : 2.2052(UIF)
Volume-4 | Issue-1 | July-2014
Available online at www.aygrt.isrj.net

GRT SUSTAINABLE METHODS AND PRACTICES

IN INDIAN LEATHER EXPORTS

Vishwanath V. Siddhanti and Yarlagadda Srinivasulu

Research Scholar , Department of International Business, School of Management, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry.
Associate Professor , Department of International Business, School of Management, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry.

Abstract:-Indian leather has bright prospects of exports and foreign exchange earning. But in the
hindsight the fact that the very nature of this industry is pollution intensive has made this sector
heterogeneous. This theory has been very well proved by Copeland and Taylor (2004) which states that
“under free trade between developed countries and the developing countries, the exports of dirty industry
increases in the developing countries as a result of higher production and consequential impact on
environment of the developing country”. It is with this background of heterogeneity prevailing in the
sector and also the fact that “Greening and sustainability” has become a compulsion for any industry
irrespective of size and nature nowadays, this research paper has been prioritized.
The paper reviews the various sustainable methods and practices in the Indian leather sector.
Also an attempt is made to identify the cross country changes as a result of this. The study is carried out
with the aid of secondary data available in the form of thesis, dissertations, study reports (private and
government), research papers, working papers and articles available in either print form or online.

Keywords:sustainability, ecolabels, ISO 9001, ISO 14001.

INTRODUCTION :-

The worldwide leather sector has grown almost tenfold in the last 20 years, while there has been a sizeable shift of
leather industries from industrialised to developing countries. The trade in leather goods and products is important for some
developing countries, because it is an important source of employment as well as foreign exchange. In parallel with the shift of
leather production from industrialised countries to developing countries has been a tightening because of chemical residue
limits applied by Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member countries on leather and leather
goods. These residue limits relate to formaldehyde, cadmium, certain azo dyes, pentachlorophenol and hexavalent chromium.
Since the middle of the 1990s, several OECD countries have banned manufacture, import, export and sale of leather and leather
products using azo-dyes because some of these chemicals are potentially carcinogenic. Germany was the first country to
impose the ban. Within a couple of years, The Netherlands followed suit; since then, other European countries have also
imposed similar bans e.g. Austria's ban went into effect on January 01, 1999 and Norway's on April 08, 1999.
India is supposed to possess comparative advantage in exports of natural resource intensive and labor intensive goods
such as leather and leather goods. However, as most of the unit's engaged in these activities are in traditional/ cottage and small
scale sectors, where the levels of technological sophistication are low and per unit environmental compliance costs are high,
they face difficulties in complying with environmental requirements. Now, these countries are under the threat of stringent
environmental requirements such as product specifications, regulations, standards, process and production methods and
packaging prescribed by some developed countries.

1.SUSTAINABLE METHODS AND PRACTICES IN INDIAN LEATHER EXPORTS

ISO has identified three major environmental labeling, namely (IISD, 2004)

Type I: Environmental labelling (i.e. “eco labels”) - labels compare products with others within the same category, awarding
labels to those that are environmentally preferable through their whole life cycle. The criteria are set by an independent body

Vishwanath V. Siddhanti and Yarlagadda Srinivasulu , “SUSTAINABLE METHODS AND PRACTICES IN INDIAN LEATHER EXPORTS”,
Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | July 2014 | Online & Print

1
.Sustainable Methods And Practices In Indian Leather Exports

and monitored through a certification, or auditing, process.

Type II: “Self declaration claims”- labels are environmental claims made about goods by their manufacturers, importers or
distributors. They are not independently verified, do not use pre-determined and accepted criteria for reference, and are
arguably the least informative of the three types of environmental labels. A label claiming a product to be "biodegradable,"
without defining the term, is a type II label.

Type III: “Environmental declaration like report cards / information labels” – labels list a menu of a product's environmental
impacts throughout its life cycle. They are similar to nutrition labels on food products that detail fat, sugar or vitamin contents.
The information categories can be set by industrial sector or by independent bodies. Unlike type I labels, they do not judge
products, leaving that task to consumers

1.1. ECOMARK (ECO LABEL)

Recognizing the potential for environmental damage by the Indian leather industry and further recognizing the
importance of the leather and leather goods sector to Indian exports, leather and leather goods was included as a product
category under Indian Ecomark.
Eco-labels are the certification instruments used to complement environmental laws and regulations which are based
on Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA), which helps in understanding the complex environmental effects of products from “cradle-to-
grave” and how environmental damage caused by products during their life-cycle can be reduced (IISD, 1996). They are used
to inform consumers that a labeled product is environmentally friendlier than other products in the same category, hence
improving the environmental performance of the whole supply chain (Packcoun, 1996).

1.1.1.ECO MARK AND THE INDIAN LEATHER EXPORTS

Indian Ecomark was first introduced in the year 1991. Quite similar to other ecolabels around the world, Ecomark is a
market-based non-regulatory instrument to reduce pollution (Alam, 2005). The primary objective of the scheme is to help the
consumers to become more environmentally responsible in their purchasing decisions and to provide incentives to
manufacturers to reduce adverse environmental effects of their products (Sharma & Kurani, 2004). Though the Ecomark is
similar in many ways to ecolabels in the countries mentioned above, but differs in one most important facet. Ecolabels in most
of the countries are awarded solely on the basis of environmental considerations, but in India it is also allied with the quality of
products. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), which is responsible for setting quality norms in India, is closely involved
with the implementation of the Ecomark scheme.
The leather and leather products are covered by the ecomark scheme. The leather and leather products were included
in the Ecomark scheme in the late 1990s and the Ecomark criteria for “Finished Leather” as a product category were finalized in
2001. Leather and its products were included in the scheme for 2 main reasons: (Alam, 2005)

i) The production process of leather has serious negative environmental effects. The tanning process used for making raw
leather is particularly polluting and the discharge of pollutants has caused damage to water sources.
ii) Leather accounts for a major portion of exports from India, much of it to developed countries. Amid the tightening of
environmental standards in developed countries, there was a concern that India's exports might be adversely affected. The
introduction of Ecomark was expected to improve the environmental performance of the leather industry and help its exports.

1.1.2.PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN ECOMARK

In India there are approximately 3,000 tanneries which have a total processing capacity of 700,000 tons of hides and
skins per year. 90% of these tanneries are small or medium sized, with processing capacities of less than 2-3 tons of hides/skins
per day, thus dominating the industry. While most small tanneries cater to the local market, some are involved (directly and
indirectly) with exports. The large tanneries are into exports. As leather processing requires huge amounts of water, most
tanneries are located near river banks. The highest concentration of tanneries in For a number of years the production of leather
and leather goods was reserved for the small-scale sector in India. This was done primarily to promote employment. A number
of policy instruments such as tax exemption, licensing restrictions and a reservation policy were used to encourage the growth
of the leather industry in the small scale and cottage industry sector (Tewari,2001). This has resulted in slow pace of
modernization of such industries. Majority of the small tanneries lack the technical skills and financial resources needed to
introduce modern technology. Hence, the leather industry uses obsolete and inefficient technologies, and its environmental
performance is poor.
In view of such facts to restrict the scope of understanding of the performance of the ecomark two questions have been
framed with regards to ecomark and India leather exports

i)Ecomark can result into green sustainability?

Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | July 2014 2

.Sustainable Methods And Practices In Indian Leather Exports

ii)Ecomark would result into higher export potentiality from India to the world

2.1.2.i. Ecomark can result in green sustainability

‘Green Sustainability' implies responsible and proactive decision-making and innovation that minimizes negative
impact and maintains balance between ecological resilience, economic prosperity, political justice and cultural vibrancy to
ensure a desirable planet for all species now and in the future. (Magee, 2013). Thus green sustainability should ideally be a
holistic approach towards environmental issues and also must consider social aspects as well. During personal interview with
the Indian exporters following are the key concerns raised by them regarding the short comings of the Indian ecomark.

No Concerns raised regarding the Indian leather industry Do ecomark

provide solution
1 Green Procurement (Animal Mistreatment, Supplier selection, etc) No
2 Occupational safety and health hazards (working conditions, rules No
and regulations, wages, insurance)
3 Green Distribution (GHG’s) No
4 Ensures Customer Cooperation (Involvement of the customers) No
5 Green Process Design No

Table 1 : Missing criteria’s in Indian Ecomark

From the table above it is quite clear that ecomark fails to serve as a broad indicator of green sustainability. There are
whole range of criteria’s which are been missed out in the ecomark.

2.1.3.ii Ecomark would result into higher leather export from India to the world

The results discussed under this section are the outcomes of the informal interview with the Indian leather exporters.
Majority of the exporters feel that Ecomark has not made any impact on the exports of the leather from India. Some of the
reasons quoted by the exporters are lined and explained in paragraphs below. The reasons there in are classified under two
heads, namely from consumers view point and the industry view point

From the Consumers view point:

a)Lack of demand- Consumers most of the time never demand for environmental friendly products. This is in view of lack of
awareness of environmental issues and low environmental concern among customers (Bhattacharya and Mago.1998). CUTS
had done survey in 1998 among the industries and consumers and identified that there is complete lack of awareness regarding
ecomark among consumers and industries. The agencies who are responsible for promoting eco mark have not done enough to
highlight the importance of ecomark
b)Low Environmental consciousness- Many trade and producers’ representatives emphasize that environmental aspects play
only a secondary role in consumers’ purchasing decisions. Considerations of price, quality or personal taste are more
important. Environmental performance is considered only if these other factors match the consumers’ preferences (e.g. if green
products are not more expensive).(UNCTAD, 1999)
c)Lack of Awareness- Few consumers are aware of the ecomark. In fact, even consumers who would like to make their choice
based on information concerning the environmental impact of products are unaware of this scheme.
d)Higher cost of products- Ecolabelling programmes require their participants to undertake additional costs not borne by
producers of competing, non-ecolabelled products. These costs can include higher-cost production methods, certification fees,
and additional documentation requirements. Studies show that consumers are only prepared to buy products with an ecolabel if
they are not more costly than other products. (ENVD,2003)

FROM INDUSTRY VIEW POINT:

a)Industries lack of interest - The success of an ecolabelling scheme largely depends on industry’s response. Without the
support and active involvement of companies, an eco-labelling scheme is likely to fail. Producers need to be convinced of
advantages associated with the use of an ecolabel (Packnoun,1996). As an OECD report on ecolabelling points out: ‘This goal
is actually a necessity, for if the use of environmental labels does not increase sales or improve the product’s or company’s
public image, then the labelling programme is doomed to failure. As a voluntary market-based instrument, environmental

Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | July 2014 3

.Sustainable Methods And Practices In Indian Leather Exports

labelling will only be effective if it is accepted and used by manufacturers as a marketing tool. And this will only occur if
consumers accept the objectives and goals of environmental labels’ (Morris, 1997).
b)Innovation is seized- Selected retailers interviewed, complained that ecolabels were quite backward looking and stymied
innovation. The argument was that the time taken for granting an ecolabel was approximately 4 months. Further the label is
generally valid for one year. Ecolabels are not given for the whole company, but forindividual lines, there is a risk that the
ecolabelled footwear may not live a shelf life of one year. Further the designing cycle starts one year in advance and there is
seldom enough time to comply with ecolabels. Hence after receiving an ecolabel there is no guarantee that the footwear will
remain on the shelf for two months. Thus companies do not want to invest in ecolabels when their production lines are so
flexible and product innovation is so fast.
c)Eco-friendly production results into poor quality products- Select companies have tried experimenting with eco friendly
products and have not been satisfied with their performance. Vegetable dyes are less fastening than their synthetic counterparts.
Secondly vegetable dyes cannot be used for very dark finishes since they do not give the texture provided by synthetic dyes.
There have also been attempts to replace synthetic glue with organic glue. However organic glue is less durable and four times
more expensive. Thus ecofriendly products in the leather footwear industry are less efficient.
d)Industry cannot pass on higher expenses- Ecolabelling programmes require their participants to undertake additional costs
not borne by producers of competing, non-ecolabelled products. These costs can include higher-cost production methods,
certification fees, and additional documentation requirements. Studies show that consumers are only prepared to buy products
with an ecolabel if they are not more costly than other products (ENVD, 2002). They will not choose a product with an ecolabel
if the cost is higher than a non-labelled product.
e)Ecolabel neglect social issues- Environment is not a big cause of concern in the footwear industry, unlike the case for
industries such as fishing and mining. The bigger concerns relate to social issues such as child labour and animal mistreatment.
Since ecolabels are unable to take care of these issues, they are not useful for buyers.

The European Union is India’s major market for leather and leather products. It accounts to 65 percent of Indian
leather exports. Germany alone accounts for 23 percent of exports to the European Union. Consumer and environment groups
in the EU and the resultant increase in environmentalism has led more and more EU member countries to adopt stringent
domestic environmental standards. Because of this consistent tightening of environment pollution norms, especially chemical
residue in effluents, leather production has been shifting from Europe to countries like India and China. However, with the
emergence of global environmentalism and new means of extraterritorial jurisdiction, some of these measures are being
applied to leather and leather products that are imported from other countries as well. The argument is that poor environment
protection in other countries imposes negative externalities for the importing country, whose domestic producers adopt stricter
compliance. On the other hand as WTO rules impose restrictions on mandatory environmental regulations on exports,
voluntary mechanisms such as ecolabels are gaining ground.
In response to this, India initiated an ecomark scheme for leather and leather products along with 15 more products in
1991. However the scheme has failed to attract a single applicant after 12 years of its operation. Though the Indian eco-
labelling scheme is based on a similar “life cycle analysis” criteria and adopts environment standards equivalent to those
applied internationally, the European Union does not recognize its certification. This has led to low compliance with the Indian
eco-label (called Ecomark) since it does not help in the export market, and the environmental consciousness of the domestic
market is quite poor.

2.2 ‘ISO’ CERTIFICATON AND THE INDIAN LEATHER EXPORTS

According to Report published by the Economic services group of National Productivity Council (2010) , the leather
manufacturing units have taken quality control measures like accreditation through quality and concerns systems like ISO
9001, ISO 14001 in the past 5 years. This was done in view of increasing the quality of product and comply the environmental
norms and regulations. But the obvious question which arises at this juncture is, whether mere certification ensures more
quality and less environmental damage. To churn out the answer for this question a detailed review of the literature is
undertaken in the following paragraphs

2.3 ISO 9001: QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The International Standards specify requirements for quality management systems where an organization needs to
demonstrate its ability to consistently provide product that meets customer and applicable regulatory requirements and aim to
enhance customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including processes for continual improvement
of the system and the assurance of conformity to customer and applicable regulatory requirements.
The ISO 9001 certification defines good management practices and aims at providing a global standard that spells out
quality and trust. A Quality management system can be used by a company in any industry. Since the standard is neither
industry- nor product-specific, it may be used by any organization that provides a product or service. The ISO 9001 standard
enable company to develop a Quality Management System (QMS) to meet customer quality requirements while progressively
improving operational processes. It provides company with a set of principles that ensure a common sense approach to the

Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | July 2014 4

.Sustainable Methods And Practices In Indian Leather Exports

management of your business activities to consistently achieve customer satisfaction. It is the much desired framework that is
needed to monitor and improve performance in any specialized area of your business. It could improve the way your business
operates or it could help you bring down your operating costs (compiled from the ISO website www.iso.org).

More specifically the benefits of the ISO 9001 certification are

i)Better brand image

ii)Reduction of cost
iii)Improves product reliability
iv)Better process control and flow
v)Better documentation of the process
vi)Greater employee quality awareness

If we look much closer the ISO 9001 certification mentions only about the quality related aspects but doesn’t mention
about environmental implications and compliance. Hence, further explanation of this certification is extraneous.

2.4 ISO 14001: ENVIRONEMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The requirement for an environmental management system is to enable an organization identify its significant aspects
and their impact, to develop and implement policy and objectives, which take into account legal and other requirements to
which an organization subscribes, and take decision to inform about significant environmental aspects to all the interested
parties. It applies to those environmental aspects that the organization can control, that it can influence. It does not itself state
specific environmental performance criteria.
Environmental management standard 'ISO 14001’ certification' defines the environmental policy of an organization.
The standard helps organizations to protect the environment, check pollution, and improve their overall environmental
performance. The ‘ISO 14001’ certification can be issued to any business that wishes to effectively identify and manage its
environmental impact, improve its operational efficiencies, lower costs and reduce environmental liability risks. Waste of
resources and creation of pollution are normally indications of areas for concern in the world of rapid industrialization.
Environmental management systems can assist an organization to meet its increasingly heavy burden of responsibility for the
future condition of our world environment. The introduction of an environmental management system aids cost savings, and
reduction of environmental liability.

2.5 ISO 14001: SOME CRTICISMS

Though the ISO 14001 certification provides an Environmental Management framework for an organization for
reporting the environmental impacts of the organizations activities, there has been a wide spread criticism as far as the
transparency and the reproducibility of the instrument.
As stated in Clause 3 of the ISO14001 document “…NOTE: In the context of environmental management systems
(3.8), results can be measured against the organization's (3.16) environmental policy (3.11), environmental objectives (3.9),
environmental targets (3.12) and other environmental performance requirements…”. This statement clearly reflects the fact of
transparency, because unless the outcomes are in quantifiable the customers will not understand the results. According to Poder
(2006) firms who gets certified by are required to frame a public statement ISO 14001 of the environmental impacts of the
organizations activities, but firms are likely to be reluctant to disclose all the relevant facts about the pollution habits and the
impacts of the facilities, thus resulting in limited transparency.
Further, ISO 14001 audits assess all the environmental performance in the same terms. Also the ISO 14001 does not
quantify the environmental performance. As in the introduction of the ISO 14001 document it states that “This International
standard does not establish absolute requirements for environmental performance beyond the commitments, in the
environmental policy, to comply with applicable legal requirements and with other requirements to which the organisation
subscribes, to prevention of pollution and to continual improvement. Thus, two organisations carrying out similar operations
but having different environmental performance can both conform to its requirements”. Further the introduction also states that
“…adoption of this standard will not in itself guarantee optimal environmental outcomes”. Also the ISO 14001 makes no
demand to make and achieve a certain level of environmental performance.
Also in Section 4.2 (c) “….includes a commitment to comply with applicable legal requirements and with other
requirements to which the organization subscribes which relate to its environmental aspects…” it goes to prove that the ISO
14001 limits the environmental compliance requirements of the certified organization.

2.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS & FUTURE SCOPE

Many studies in the past have argued that the scope of ‘sustainability’ is often misunderstood and misinterpreted.
Researchers have argued that the significance and assess of environmental sustainability is much wider and cannot be achieved

Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | July 2014 5

.Sustainable Methods And Practices In Indian Leather Exports

by environmental certifications or Ecomarks. This paper further proposes that the businesses adopting EMS or Ecolabelshave
to expand their focus beyond the boundaries of their organization and utilize a holistic system wide approach such as GSCM
(Green Supply Chain Management) to minimize the environmental impacts.

REFERENCES

1.“Development and implementation of a marketing strategy for the European Ecolabel on textiles and shoes in Denmark”,
Final Report, ENV.D.3/SER/2001/0039r, Valør & Tinge Ltd, 2001, 27 September 2002, available at
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ecolabel/pdf/market_study/textilesfinal.pdf.
2.“Profiting From Green Consumerism In Germany Opportunities for Developing Countries in Three Sectors: Leather and
Footwear, Textiles and Clothing, and Furniture Analytical Studies on Trade, Environment and Development, United Nations
Conference On Trade And Development Geneva, 1999, http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//ditcted3_en.pdf
3.Alam, Ghayur2005, “A study of Ecolabels in India and the European and their impact on the export of leather products from
India” , Centre for Sustainable Development, Deharadun, India, Prepared for CUTS, February,2005
4.Bhattacharyya B.and L. D. Mago (1998), “Trade and environment issues in the WTO: Indian Experience”, Indian Institute of
Foreign Trade, New Delhi.
5.Brian R. Copeland; M. Scott Taylor (2004), “ Trade, Growth and the Environment”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 42,
No1. (Mar,2004), Pg7-71
6.Environment Daily, Issue 1455 - Tuesday 3 June 2003, Europe's Environmental News Service (EENS).
7.Federation of Indian Micro and Small & Medium Enterprise (FISME), “Handbook pon Mandatory & Volutanry Standards
on Leather and Footwear Products in major international markets” downloaded from www.fisme.org.in
8.Gungor, A., & Gupta, S. M. (1999). Issues in environmentally conscious manufacturing and product recovery: A survey.
Computers & Industrial Engineering, 36, 811-853.
9.IISD, (1996), “Eco-labeling: Its Implications For China “, The Fifth Conference Of The China Council For International
Cooperation On Environment And Development, Beijing, China 23-25 September, 1996, available at
http://www.iisd.org/pdf/EcoChina.pdf.
10.Issues paper, No 12, April 1996 at http://www.packcoun.com.au/issues03.html
11.Julian Morris (1997), “Green Goods? Consumers, Product Labels and the Environment”, The Environment Unit, The
Institute Of Economic Affairs, 1997, http://www.policynetwork.net/jm/green_goods.pdf
12.Liam Magee, Andy Scerri, Paul James, Lin Padgham, James Thom, Hepu Deng, Sarah Hickmott, and Felicity Cahill,
'Reframing Sustainability Reporting: Towards an Engaged Approach', Environment, Development and Sustainability, vol. 15,
no. 1, 2013, pp. 225–43.
13.Neitze Harald (2000), “Applying non product-related criteria in eco-labelling:Some controversies and experiences”,
Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Enviromental Agency)., Bonn, http://www.lis.net.au/~ecomart/focus.htm
14.Poder, Tonis (2006), “Evaluation of Environmental Aspects of Significance of ISO 14001” Environemntal Management,
March 2006, Pg732-743
15.Sharma Vinod K. and Yamini S. Kurani (2004), “State of EPDs In India: Some Observations”, International Journal of Life
Cycle Assessment, Vol. 9, No.1, 69 (2004)
16.Tewari Meena, “Trade Liberalization and the Restructuring of Tamil Nadu's Leather sector: Coping with Liberalization's
New Environmental Challenges and Lessons from Prior Episodes of Adjustment”, Paper Prepared for the Centre for
International Development, Harvard University and the Government of Tamil Nadu, June 4, 2001.
17.Wang, Y., Wang, N., & Sun L., (2003). The Basic Principles of Green Supply Chain Management. Engineering Science. Vol.
5, No.11, pp. 82-87.

Golden Research Thoughts | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | July 2014 6

 Publish Research Article
International Level Multidisciplinary Research Journal
ForORIGINAL
All Subjects
ARTICLE

Dear Sir/Mam,
We invite unpublished Research Paper,Summary of Research
Project,Theses,Books and Book Review for publication,you will be pleased to
know that our journals are

Associated and Indexed,India

International Scientific Journal Consortium
¬
OPEN J-GATE
¬

Associated and Indexed,USA

?EBSCO
Index Copernicus
?
Publication Index
?
Academic Journal Database
?
Contemporary Research Index
?
Academic Paper Databse
?
Digital Journals Database
?
Current Index to Scholarly Journals
?
Elite Scientific Journal Archive
?
Directory Of Academic Resources
?
Scholar Journal Index
?
Recent Science Index
?
Scientific Resources Database
?
Directory Of Research Journal Indexing
?

Golden Research Thoughts

258/34 Raviwar Peth Solapur-413005,Maharashtra
Contact-9595359435
E-Mail-ayisrj@yahoo.in/ayisrj2011@gmail.com
Website : www.aygrt.isrj.net