SENIOR

Basic Calculus HIGH

SCHOOL

Application of Antidifferentiation Module

to Differential Equations 8
Quarter 4
Basic Calculus
Quarter 4 – Module 8: Application of Antidifferentiation to Differential
Equations!
First Edition, 2020

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 Precalculus
SENIOR
HIGH
SCHOOL

Module

8
Quarter 4
Application of Antidifferentiation
to Differential Equations
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Basic Calculus (Senior High School) Module on Application of

Antidifferentiation to Differential Equations!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools Division
Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with the Local
Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners
as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Basic Calculus: Module on Application of Antidifferentiation to

Differential Equations!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module

Pretest - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the learning

competency.

Posttest - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module.
 EXPECTATION

Lesson: Application of Antidifferentiation to Differential

Equations

Learning Objective:

At the end of the learning episode, you are expected to:

1. solve separable differential equations using antidifferentiation.

PRETEST

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is an equation that involves x, y, and the derivatives of y?

A. Linear Equation C. Differential Equation

B. Quadratic Equation D. Separable Equation

2. It pertains to the highest order of the derivative that appears in the differential
equation.
A. Differential Equation C. solution

B. order D. separable

3. A/An _____ to a differential equation is a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) or a relation 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0

that satisfies the equation.
A. antiderivative C. solution

B. order D. separable

4. A differential equation is said to be _____ if it can be expressed as 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦,

where f and g are functions of x and y, respectively.
A. differentiable C. solved

B. integrable D. separable

5. Which of the following is not differential equation?

𝑑𝑦
A. = 2𝑥 + 5 C. 𝑦" + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
B. =− D. None of these
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
 RECAP

Because antidifferentiation is the inverse of differentiation, we can

obtain antidifferentiation formulas from differentiation formulas. Using the
basic integration rules to evaluate integrals is just a matter of practice. Also,
we can solve some functions that cannot be evaluated directly using these
formulas, simplifying terms algebraically, doing u-substitution, and recalling
trigonometric identities. Manipulating the terms or variables is one helpful tip
to be good at integration.

In discussing today’s lesson, it is most convenient that we recall the

derivative of a function. Given a function f defined at x, then the derivative of
f at x is given by
∆𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
We have seen that it can be interpreted as the slope of the tangent line to the
curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point (x, f(x)). Another interpretation is that f’(x) is the
instantaneous rate of change of f at x with respect to x. So, in particular, if
𝑥 = 𝑡, time, then 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 𝑓′(𝑡) measures how fast or slow f(t) increases or
decreases in time.

LESSON

Suppose that an economist wants to develop an equation that will forecast

interest rates. By studying data on the previous changes in interest rates, he or she
hopes to find a relationship between the levels of interest rates and their rates of
change. A function giving the rate of change of interest rates would be the derivative
of the function describing the level of interest rates. Such equation involving the
unknown function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and a finite number of its derivatives is a differential
equation.

A differential equation (DE) is an equation that involves x, y, and the

derivatives of y. The following are examples of differential equations:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
1. = 2𝑥 + 5 2. =− 3. 𝑦" + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦

The order of a differential equation pertains to the highest order of the

derivative that appears in the differential equation. The first two examples above are
first-order DEs because they involve only the first derivative, while the last example
is a second-order DE because y” appears in the equation.

A solution to a differential equation is a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) or a relation 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =

0 that satisfies the equation.

Examples:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
• 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1 is a solution to = 2𝑥 + 5 is a solution to = 2𝑥 + 5 since
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑦) = (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1 ) = 2𝑥 + 5.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
• The relation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 is a solution to = − because if we differentiate the
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
relation implicitly, we get 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0⇒ =− .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
• 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 solves the differential equation 𝑦" + 𝑦 = 0 since 𝑦 ′ = cos 𝑥 and 𝑦" =
−sin 𝑥, and therefore 𝑦" + 𝑦 = (−sin 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 = 0.

Solving a differential equation means finding all possible solutions to the DE.
If f(x) and g(y) are functions in terms of x and y, respectively, then
𝑑𝑦
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
which is a first-order differential equation that can be solved using a technique called
separation of variables. Thus, it is called separable differential equation. Usually,
the general solution of a separable differential equation requires putting all the terms
involving the variable y on the left side and those involving the variable x on the right
side. Then, the equation is integrated both sides.
𝑑𝑦
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥) ⇔ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
⇔ ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑦 1
Example 1: Find the general solution = 𝑦.
𝑑𝑡 4

Solution: Observe that 𝑦 = 0 is a solution to the differential equation. Suppose that

𝑦 ≠ 0. We divide both sides of the equation by y to separate the variables:
𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑦 4
Integrating the left side with respect to y and the right side with respect to t yield
𝑑𝑦 1 1
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ ln|𝑦| = 𝑡 + 𝐶.
𝑦 4 4
Taking the exponential both sides, we obtain
1 1
|𝑦| = 𝑒 4𝑡+𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 4𝑡 .
1
Therefore, 𝑦 = ±𝐴𝑒 4𝑡 , where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 is any positive constant. Therefore, along with
the solution 𝑦 = 0 that we have found from the start, the solution to the given
1
differential equation is 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 4𝑡 , where A is any real number.
 𝑑𝑦
Example 2: Find the general solution of = 4𝑥𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑥

Solution: Separate the variables by combining all the y-terms on the left side and
the x-terms in the right side.
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥𝑦 2 ⇔ = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥

1
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2

1
⇔ ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇔ ∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
⇔ − = 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑦

−1
⇔ 𝑦=
2𝑥 3 +𝐶

Example 3: Find the general solution of (1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0

Solution: (1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇔ (1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑦 1+𝑥

1 1
⇔ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇔ ln 𝑦 = ln|1 + 𝑥 | + 𝐶

⇔ 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln|1+𝑥|+𝐶

Note that in the previous examples, a constant of integration is always

present. If there are initial conditions, or if we know that the solution passes through
a point, we can solve this constant and get a particular solution to the differential
equation.

When a problem involves finding a particular solution to the differential

equation, i.e., a function y of x given its derivative and its initial value 𝑦0 at a point
𝑥0 , then we have an initial value problem.

Example 4: Find the particular solution of the following given their corresponding
initial conditions:
𝑑𝑦 1
A. = 𝑦; when 𝑦 = 100 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 4

𝑑𝑦
B. = 4𝑥𝑦 2 ; when 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑥

C. (1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0; when 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −1

Solution: We will use the general solutions from the previous examples.
 1
A. The solution to Example 1 is 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 4𝑡 . Using the conditions 𝑦 = 100 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 0, we
1
get 100 = 𝐴𝑒 0 . Hence, 𝐴 = 100 and therefore the particular solution is 𝑦 = 100𝑒 4𝑡 .

−1
B. The solution to Example 2 is 𝑦 = . Using the conditions 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1, we get
2𝑥 3 +𝐶

−1 −1
1= ⇒1= ⇒ 2 + 𝐶 = −1 ⇒ 𝐶 = −3.
2(1)3 +𝐶 2+𝐶

−1
Hence, 𝐶 = −3 and therefore the particular solution is 𝑦 = .
2𝑥 3 −3

C. The solution to Example 3 is 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln|1+𝑥|+𝐶 . Using the conditions 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1,

we get

𝑦 = 𝑒 ln|1+𝑥|+𝐶 ⇒ 1 = 𝑒 ln|1+0|+𝐶 ⇒ 1 = 𝑒 0+𝐶 ⇒ 1 = 𝑒 𝐶 ⇒ ln (1) = ln 𝑒 𝐶 ⇒ 0 = 𝐶.

Hence, 𝐶 = 0 and therefore the particular solution is 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln|1+𝑥| .

ACTIVITIES

I. Find the general solution of the following:

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 3
1. 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑦

2
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑦 3

3. 𝑑𝑦 = (6𝑒 3𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥

II. Solve the initial value problems given the following:

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2
1. 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑦−5
if 𝑦(1) = 2

2
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑦 3 if 𝑦(0) = 8

3. 𝑑𝑦 = (6𝑒 3𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦(0) = 0

 WRAP–UP

To wrap-up, answer the following questions:

1. What is differential equation? Give at least 3 examples of DE.

2. How do we identify the order of a differential equation?

3. When do we say that a function is a solution to a given differential equation?

4. What does solving differential equation mean?

5. Explain separable differential equation.

6. How can we get a particular solution of a given differential equation?

VALUING

Some differential equations are solvable using separation of variables,

wherein you isolate the terms with the same variable on only one side of the
equation. Real-life problems can also be solved by separation. In political
entities, for example, the separation of powers clarifies responsibilities and
minimize chaos.
Do you experience such problem that you solve by separation? How was
it?
 POSTTEST

I. Find the general solution of the following:

𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑒 −2𝑥
3. (𝑥 2 + 5)𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0

II. Solve the initial value problems given the following:

𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 if 𝑦(−1) = 2

𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑒 −2𝑥 if 𝑦(1) = 3

3. (𝑥 2 + 5)𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 if 𝑦(0) = 11

 KEY TO CORRECTION

REFERENCES

BOOK

Canlapan, Raymond B. Basic Calculus. Diwa Learning Systems, Inc., Makati

City. 2017
Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources. 2016. Precalculus
Learner's Material.

Pelias, John Gabriel P. Basic Calculus. Rex Book Store, Sampaloc, Manila.
2016