1.what is Bash process?

Ans: Bash (Bourne Again Shell ) is the free version of the Bourne shell distributed with Linux
and GNU operating systems. Bash is a command processor that typically runs in a text window
where the user types commands that cause actions. Executing programs from a script. When the
program being executed is a shell script, bash will create a new bash process using a fork. This
subshell reads the lines from the shell script one line at a time. Commands on each line are read,
interpreted and executed as if they would have come directly from the keyboard.

2.Why is Linux so powerful?

Ans: Linux is completely an open source platform. It could even utilize one of your oldest
computer systems to achieve a task. There are many libraries developed natively for Liux.It is
accessible to the public for free.All of the supercomputers run on Linux.

3.What are the services provided by OS?

Ans:

· Program execution

· I/O operations

· File System manipulation

· Communication

· Error Detection

· Resource Allocation

· Protection

4.Why do we need OS?

Ans: The operating system provides an interface between an application program and the
computer hardware, so that an application program can interact with the hardware only by
obeying rules and procedures programmed into the operating system.

5.What is the bootup sequence of Linux?

Ans: There are two sequences of events that are required to boot a Linux computer and make it
usable: boot and startup. The boot sequence starts when the computer is turned on, and is
completed when the kernel is initialized and systemd is launched. The startup process then takes
over and finishes the task of getting the Linux computer into an operational state.It is comprised
of the following steps:
 · BIOS POST

· Boot loader (GRUB2)

· Kernel initialization

· Start systemd, the parent of all processes.

6.What are internal and external commands?
Ans:
Internal Commands : Commands which are built into the shell. For all the shell built-in
commands, execution of the same is fast in the sense that the shell doesn’t have to search the
given path for them in the PATH variable, and also no process needs to be spawned for executing
it.
Examples: source, cd, fg, etc.
External Commands : Commands which aren’t built into the shell. When an external command
has to be executed, the shell looks for its path given in the PATH variable, and also a new process
has to be spawned and the command gets executed. They are usually located in /bin or /usr/bin.
For example, when you execute the “cat” command, which usually is at /usr/bin, the
executable /usr/bin/cat gets executed.
Examples: ls, cat etc.
7.Where are the executables for the commands available?
Ans:
8.Which command is used to view the currently running processes?
Ans: ps
9.What are the different types of files?For this do a man find.
Ans: To search for files based on their type, use the -type option and one of the following
descriptors to specify the file type:

· f: a regular file

· d: directory

· l: symbolic link

· c: character devices

· b: block devices

· p: named pipe (FIFO)

 · s: socket
For instance, to find all directories in the current working directory , you would use:
find . -type d

10.How to navigate a man page?

Ans: First up is the navigation of man pages and how to move around.Enter – Move down one
line
Space – Move down one page
g – Move to the top of the page
G – Move to the bottom of the page
q – Quit

In order to seek help for the man command, just type in the letter h while viewing a man page.
Doing so will prompt you with a screen like this: