 Normal rate: 60-100 bpm

Regular Irregular

5. AXIS

Right Axis Left Axis Deviation Extreme Axis

Deviation deviation
 RVH  LAHB: left anterior  Emphysema
 COPD hemiblock  Hyperkalemia
 Pulmonary  LBBB: left bundle  Lead transposition
embolism brunch block  Artificial pacing
 Dextrocardia  LVH: left ventricular
hypertrophy

ECG READING
Lead I + (upward) Lead I – (downward)
1. STANDARDIZATION Lead II + Lead II – aVF + aVF -
 Standard speed: 25 mm/sec Normal Axis Left Axis Right axis Extreme Axis
 Standard amplitude: 10 mm/mV Deviation deviation Deviation
 Small square: 0.04 seconds and 0.1 Mv Trick from internet
 5 small squares: 0.2 seconds and 0.3 mV
2. REGULARITY
 Check if P waves are regular (same P to P)
 Check if QRS complex are regular
3. RHYTHM “SINUS” because main pulse is from sinus node by an
upward P
 Regular sinus rhythm:
o Equal P to P
o All P waves are succeeded by QRS complex (upward)
4. RATE
6. INTERVAL
 P wave “Atrial Depolarization”
o Duration: < 12 seconds
o Amplitude: <2.5 mV
 PR Interval: start atrial depolarization to start ventricular
depolarization
o Normal: 0.12- 0. 20 seconds
 QRS interval: Ventricular depolarization
o Normal: <10 seconds
 QRS complex
 ST segment: end of ventricular depolarization to start of
ventricular repolarization
o Depress: ISCHEMIA
o Elevate: MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
 T wave: ventricular repolarization
 QT interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization to end
ventricular repolarization