Digital Fundamentals

Digital Fundamentals
Digital System
Designed to store, process, and communicate
information in digital form
A system that takes digital signals as inputs, processes
them, and produces digital output signals

input
Behavior output
Behavior is a function that translates inputs to
output. Components are electronics blocks
Digital, analog, or mixed signal.
Digital Fundamentals
Signals
 Di

gital Fundamentals
Digital System
a system in which signals have a finite number of discrete
values.
Digital Signal is limited to only a few possible values, generally
represented by Binary logic 0 (0 – 0.8 volts) and logic 1 (2.0 – 5.0
volts)
digital signals are Computers, Digital Phones, Digital
pens Analog System
has values from a continuous set
Analog signals in the real world include current, voltage, temperature,
pressure, light intensity, and so on.
Examples of analog signals are Human voice,
Thermometer, Mixed Signal System
has both Digital and Analog parts.
 Digital Fundamentals
Examples:
• Washer and Dryer
– Inputs: Dirty (Wet) Clothes
– Outputs: Clean (Dry) Clothes
– State: Water Level, Temperature, Humidity
• Computers, Servers
Inputs: Keyboard, Mouse, Ethernet Card, Microphone
Outputs: Display, Speakers, Users
• Vending machine
• Alarm / security system
• Microwave oven
• Digital Calculators
• Digital Watch
Digital Fundamentals
MAIN USE OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS:
• INFORMATION PROCESSING (text, audio, visual,
video) • TRANSMISSION (communication)
• STORAGE
FOR BOTH NUMERICAL AND NONNUMERICAL
INFORMATION PROCESSING
DIGITAL REPRESENTATION:
vector of signals with just two values (binary signals)
digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 vector 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100
0101 0110 0111 1000 9- 1001
Digital Fundamentals
 Digital Fundamentals
A computer system is subdivided into two functional
entities
Hardware and Software.
• The software of the computer consists of the
instructions and data that the computer
manipulates to perform various data-processing
tasks.
•
Digital Fundamentals
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
arithmetic and logic unit for manipulating data, a
number of registers for storing data, and a control
circuit for fetching and executing instructions.
Memory unit
The memory unit of a digital computer contains storage
for instructions and data.
• The Random Access Memory (RAM) for real-time
processing of the data.
Input and output unit
The Input-Output devices for generating inputs from
the user and displaying the final results to the user.
Digital Fundamentals
RAM
It is a volatile memory.
It means it does not store data or instructions
permanently.
When you switch on the computer the data and
instructions from the hard disk are stored in
RAM. ROM
It is a non-volatile memory. It means it does not lose its
data or programs that are written on it at the time of
manufacture.
So it is a permanent memory that contains all important
data and instructions needed to perform important
tasks like the boot process.
Number Systems
Computers only understand the
numbers. How Number system works?
when we enter data, the data is converted into
electronic pulse.
Each pulse is identified as code and the code is
converted into numeric format by ASCII. It
gives each number, character and symbol a
numeric value (number) that a computer
understands.
Number Systems - Types
• Binary number system
• Octal number system
• Decimal number system
• Hexadecimal number system
Binary number system
It has only two digits '0' and '1'
so its base is 2.
Each digit is called a bit.
A group of four bits (1101) is called a nibble A
group of eight bits (11001010) is called a byte.