V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EEE2003 – EMEC Lab

Experiment No.: 07

Title: REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR

BY EMF METHOD

Date of experiment: 22nd Sept. 2020

Slot: L39 +L40

Name of Student:V S Akshit

RegisterNumber:19BEE0435

Faculty Name: Dr. Belwin Edward J

V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435
REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY EMF METHOD
EX.NO: 7
OBJECTIVE
1. Perform no load and short circuit tests on a three-phase alternator.
2. Measure the resistance of the stator (armature) winding of alternator.
3. Find out regulation of alternator by EMF method for full load at (i) Unity p.f.
(ii) 0.80 p.f.lagging (iii) 0.80 p.f leading.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE NO.QTY

1
1 Ammeter MC (0-2A)

2 Ammeter MI (0-10 A) 1

3 Voltmeter MI (0-600V) 1

4 Rheostat Tube type 290 ohm, 2.8 A 2

5 Starter 4-point 30 A 1
Analog_contact
6 Tachometer mode (0-1500) rpm 1

THEORY
EMF METHOD
To find the regulation of alternator by EMF method, the following characteristics and
data have to be obtained experimentally,
(i) Open circuit characteristics at synchronous speed
(ii) Short circuit characteristics at synchronous speed
(iii) AC resistance of the stator winding, per phase 𝑅𝑎
Fig.4 shows the open circuit and short circuit characteristics of a 3 − ∅ alternator, plotted
on per phase basis. To find out the synchronous impedance from these characteristics, open
circuit voltage, 𝐸1 and short circuit current 𝐼1 (preferably full load current), corresponding
to a particular value of field current is obtained. Then, synchronous impedance per phase
is given by,
V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435
Figure 1. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

(+) L1 L2 F A DC SHUNT MOTOR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

FUSE R

D
F1
P SHAFT
220 V A1
S N V
D.C.
SUPPLY
T M S S

S N
A2

F2 Y
F2 F1

FUSE
(-) B

(+)
FUSE
A D
P 220 V
S D.C.
T SUPPLY
S
FUSE
(-)
V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435

Tabular column:
S. No. Field Current Open circuit Voltage Eo per phase
(If) (Eo)
Amps Volts Volts
1 0 27 15.58891455
2 0.1 153 88.33718245
3 0.17 222 128.1755196
4 0.2 252 145.4965358
5 0.23 280 161.6628176
6 0.28 313 180.7159353
7 0.32 341 196.8822171
8 0.37 367 211.8937644
9 0.4 384 221.7090069
10 0.43 399 230.369515
11 0.46 408 235.5658199
12 0.49 422 243.6489607
13 0.52 434 250.5773672
14 0.56 446 257.5057737
Table by: V S AKSHIT 19BE4E0435 15 0.58 453 261.5473441
V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435

𝐸1 (𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝐼𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒)

Synchronous impedance 𝑍𝑆 =
𝐼1 (𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐶𝐼𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡/𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒)

Then, Synchronous reactance, 𝑋𝑆2 = √𝑍𝑆2 − 𝑅𝑎2

Fig.5 shows the phasor diagram of the alternator, supplying full load current of Ia ampere,
lagging the terminal voltage V by an angle . The open circuit voltage E0 of the alternator
is given by,
𝐸0 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑎
The diagram has been drawn with the current as the reference phasor and is self-
explanatory. The open circuit voltage as finally obtained from the phasor diagram,
corresponding to this loading condition is 𝐸 volts. Then the regulation of the alternator
under the above loading condition is given by,
𝐸0 − 𝑉𝐿
% 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
𝑉𝐿
An approximate expression for the open circuit voltage can be established referring to the
phasor diagram.
Open circuit voltage 𝐸0 = √𝑂𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐶 2
= √(𝑂𝐹 + 𝐹𝐷)2 + (𝐷𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶)2

OR 𝐸0 = √(𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 + (𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑠 )2 (for lagging load)

The above expression is for lagging power factor load. In case, alternator is operating at
leading power factor, open circuit voltage, E0 can be found out in a similar way and is
given by

𝐸0 = √(𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 + (𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ − 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑠 )2 (for leading load)

and
𝐸0 = √(𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 + (𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑠 )2 ( for unity power factor )

The value of regulation obtained by this method is higher than obtained from an actual load
test, as such it is called the permissible method.
V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435

Figure 2. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

(+) L1 L2 F A DC SHUNT MOTOR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

FUSE
R

D
F1
P
220 V A1 SHAFT
S N A
D.C.
SUPPLY
T
M S S

S N
A2
Y
F2 F2 F1

FUSE
B
(-)

(+)
FUSE
A D
P 220 V
S D.C.
T SUPPLY
S

FUSE
(-)
V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435

Tabular column
Field Current
Armature Rated Current (If)

Amps Amps
4.16 0.98
V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435

Figure 3. DETERMINATION OF Ra
Tabular Column
(+) R
FUSE A LOADING RHEOSTAT
S.NO VOLTAGE CURRENT
V
V (volts) I( Amps) R=
D I
P Ω (ohm)
220 V
D.C.
S V N
T
SUPPLY S S
S N

FUSE B
(-) Y

Fig - 3 1
R dc = X Rmean =
2

Rac = 1.6*R dc = 0.2 ohms

V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435

Applications of synchronous generator

1. Power stations
2. Stand-by alternators
3. Battery charging in automobiles

PRECAUTIONS

Before starting and after completion

1. The DC Power supply should be in off position

2. The four point starter should be in maximum resistance position
3. The field rheostat of the DC motor should be in minimum resistance position
4. Alternator potential divider should be in minimum potential position
5. There should not be any load on the alternator

PROCEDURE

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

1. Connections are made as shown in Fig .1.

2. Switch on the DC Power supply, feeding the DC motor and the field circuit of
alternator.
3. Start the DC motor, by using four point starter. Various resistance steps of the starter
should be cut out slowly, so that the motor does not draw high current during
starting.
4. Set the speed of the motor and hence the alternator at its rated value (synchronous
speed) by varying the motor field rheostat.
5. Note down the open-circuit voltage of the alternator and the field current.
6. Repeat the step 5 for various values of field current ( can be obtained by varying the
alternator potential divider).While taking the reading speed should be maintained
constant.
7. Observations OR The above steps should be continued, till the open circuit voltage is
25 to 30 percent higher than its rated value.
8. Readjust the setting of motor field rheostat and alternator potential divider to their
initial positions and then switch-off the dc supply to stop the dc motor.
V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435

MODEL GRAPH (EMF METHOD)

OCC
E0

S.C.Current
E1
Open circuit voltage

SCC
I1

Ifsc If0 Field current

Figure:4

Ifsc – Field current required producing full load short circuit current
If0 – Field current corresponds to the no load emf –

𝑬𝟎 = (𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 + (𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ − 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑠 )2

E0 IaXs
Ia Z s

B
V A IaRa

O 
D Ia
F

Figure:5
V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1. Connections are made as shown in Fig.2 circuit diagram.

2. Repeat the step no 2 ,3 and 4 in open circuit test.
3. Note down the short-circuit current and the field current.
4. Repeat the step 3 for various values field current, till the short circuit current
becomes 1.5 times to the full load current of alternator.
5. The speed is maintained constant for each step (all values of field current).
6. Readjust the setting of motor field rheostat and alternator potential divider to their
initial positions and then switch-off the dc supply to stop the dc motor.

DETERMINATION OF Ra
1. Connections are made as shown in Fig .3 circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the dc mains after observing the precautions.
3. Switch on the load in loading rheostat step by step and note down the ammeter and
voltmeter readings (take 3 to 4 readings).
4. Switch off all the loads in loading rheostat and dc mains.
1 𝑉
5. Armature (stator) resistance is calculated by × × 1.6 .
2 𝐼
V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435

Graph by : VS AKSHIT 19BEE0435

V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435
V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435
V S AKSHIT 19BEE0435

RESULT:
The open circuit and short circuit test on three-phase alternator was
performed by suitable experiment and the percentage of voltage regulation was determined by
EMF method the following values were tabulated.

Power factor EMF method

18.82%
Unity power factor
47.55%
0.80 pf lagging
-19.70%
0.80 pf leading

Viva-Questions

1. Why the regulation of alternator is generally very high?

2. How does the value of regulation affects the cost of alternator?
3. What are the basic parameters, on which regulation of alternator depends?
4. What are the various types of prime-movers commonly used for synchronous
generators?
5. What is the function of damper winding in synchronous generator and synchronous
motor?

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