Q 1.

Short notes on :

a) Spreadsheet package

A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and storage

of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets are developed as computerized simulations of paper
accounting worksheets.[4] The program operates on data entered in cells of a table. Each cell may contain
either numeric or text data, or the results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on
the contents of other cells. A spreadsheet may also refer to one such electronic document.

Spreadsheet users can adjust any stored value and observe the effects on calculated values. This makes the
spreadsheet useful for "what-if" analysis since many cases can be rapidly investigated without manual
recalculation. Modern spreadsheet software can have multiple interacting sheets, and can display data either
as text and numerals, or in graphical form.

Besides performing basic arithmetic and mathematical functions, modern spreadsheets provide built-in

functions for common financial and statistical operations. Such calculations as net present value or standard
deviation can be applied to tabular data with a pre-programmed function in a formula. Spreadsheet programs
also provide conditional expressions, functions to convert between text and numbers, and functions that
operate on strings of text.

Spreadsheets have replaced paper-based systems throughout the business world. Although they were first
developed for accounting or bookkeeping tasks, they now are used extensively in any context where tabular
lists are built, sorted, and shared.

b) Word processing package

A word processor is an electronic device or computer software application, that performs the task of
composing, editing, formatting, and printing of documents.

The word processor was a stand-alone office machine in the 1960s, combining the keyboard text-entry and
printing functions of an electric typewriter, with a recording unit, either tape or floppy disk (as used by
the Wang machine) with a simple dedicated computer processor for the editing of text.[1] Although features and
designs varied among manufacturers and models, and new features were added as technology advanced,
word processors typically featured a monochrome display and the ability to save documents on memory
cards or diskettes. Later models introduced innovations such as spell-checking programs, and improved
formatting options.

As the more versatile combination of personal computers and printers became commonplace, and computer

software applications for word processing became popular, most business machine companies stopped
manufacturing dedicated word processor machines. As of 2009 there were only two U.S. companies, Classic
and Alpha Smart, which still made them. Many older machines, however, remain in use. Since 2009, Sentinel
has offered a machine described as a "word processor", but it is more accurately a highly specialised
microcomputer used for accounting and publishing.[3]

Word processing was one of the earliest applications for the personal computer in office productivity, and was
the most widely used application on personal computers until the World Wide Web rose to prominence in the
mid-1990s.
 c) Tally accounting package

Tally is popularly known as an accounting software for small and medium businesses. It does all
the functions of accounting that a particularly mid sized business has. This is the view of most of
the persons who know about Tally. But Tally does much more than that. Tally is not just an
accounting software. After the release of ERP version of Tally, the capability and functioning of
Tally is much more widened and extended to a great extent.

Tally is a complete Enterprise Resource Planning system with a excellent grip in

accounting features. Although it has many more core features that a business
requires but its hold in accounting is truly commendable. Therefore it is known more
for accounting rather than any other of its features.

Of course, accounting is the main function of Tally and that is what it is known for. The first word
that comes in the mind of a person when hearing about Tally is accounting. If we particularly talk
about accounting, Tally has segmented it in 6 different functions. They are:

1. Contra (Only for cash and bank related entries)

2. Payment (For payment entries)
3. Receipt (For receipt entries)
4. Journal (For entries which doesn’t include cash or bank and for closing entries)
5. Sales (For sales billing)
6. Purchases (For purchase billing)

There are many more functions related to accounting like Credit Note, Debit Note, Reverse Journal, Memos
and so on which aid in performing accounting procedures in an easy manner.

d) Number system

When we type some letters or words, the computer translates them in numbers as computers can understand
only numbers. A computer can understand positional number system where there are only a few symbols
called digits and these symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the
number.

A value of each digit in a number can be determined using

 The digit
 The position of the digit in the number
 The base of the number system (where base is defined as the total number of digits available in the
number system).

Decimal Number System

The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number system. Decimal number system
has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive positions to the left of
the decimal point represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on.
Each position represents a specific power of the base (10). For example, the decimal number 1234 consists of
the digit 4 in the units position, 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position, and 1 in the thousands
position, and its value can be written as

(1x1000)+ (2x100)+ (3x10)+ (4xl)

(1x103)+ (2x102)+ (3x101)+ (4xl00)
1000 + 200 + 30 + 4
1234

As a computer programmer or an IT professional, you should understand the following number systems which
are frequently used in computers.

S.N. Number System and Description

1
Binary Number System

Base 2. Digits used : 0, 1

2
Octal Number System

Base 8. Digits used : 0 to 7

3
Hexa Decimal Number System

Base 16. Digits used : 0 to 9, Letters used : A- F

e) Data redundancy

Data redundancy is a condition created within a database or data storage technology in

which the same piece of data is held in two separate places.

This can mean two different fields within a single database, or two different spots in
multiple software environments or platforms. Whenever data is repeated, this basically
constitutes data redundancy. This can occur by accident, but is also done deliberately for
backup and recovery purposes.
Within the general definition of data redundancy, there are different classifications based
on what is considered appropriate in database management, and what is considered
excessive or wasteful. Wasteful data redundancy generally occurs when a given piece of
data does not have to be repeated, but ends up being duplicated due to inefficient coding
or process complexity.

f) M. Commerce
M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services
through wireless handheld devices such as cellular telephone and personal digital
assistants (PDAs). Known as next-generation e-commerce, m-commerce enables
 users to access the Internet without needing to find a place to plug in. The emerging
technology behind m-commerce, which is based on the Wireless Application Protocol
(WAP), has made far greater strides in Europe, where mobile devices equipped with
Web-ready micro-browsers are much more common than in the United States.
In order to exploit the m-commerce market potential, handset manufacturers such as
Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, and Qualcomm are working with carriers such as AT&T
Wireless and Sprint to develop WAP-enabled smart phones, the industry's answer to
the Swiss Army Knife, and ways to reach them. Using Bluetooth technology, smart
phones offer fax, e-mail, and phone capabilities all in one, paving the way for m-
commerce to be accepted by an increasingly mobile workforce.

Q 2. Define different data types in Foxpro.

When creating table, we have to select the data type for each filed. Here is the list of data types in FoxPro 2.6.

Data Type Description

Character  To store string data type i.e., names, words.

 Can hold up to 254 characters
 A-Z, a-z, 0-9, underscore & special symbols
 Default length : 10

Numeric  To store numerical value with decimal places

 0-9, .
 Can hold up to 20 digits.
 Decimal part can be 0 to 18 digits
 E.g. usage : Marks, Roll Number

Float  It has signed numbers

 Can hold up to 20 digits
 E.g. usage : percentage, average

Date  Used to store date value

 Default format dd/mm/yy

Logical  Used to store Boolean value : True or False

 Y, N

Memo  Used to store any amount of Text

 The data stored in in a separate file with .fpt extension.

General  Used to store text data, picture et.c,

 Used in FoxPro for Windows

Q 3. Describe computerized financial accounting. List some of the features of Tally accounting
software.

Computerized accounting systems are software programs that are stored on a company's computer, network server,
or remotely accessed via the Internet. Computerized accounting systems allow you to set up income and expense
accounts, such as rental or sales income, salaries, advertising expenses, and material costs. They also can be used to
manage bank accounts, pay bills, and prepare budgets. Depending upon the program, some accounting systems also
allow you to prepare tax documents, handle payroll, and manage project costing.
You can generally customize the software to meet the needs of your business. It's important to make sure that your staff
are trained and understand how to use the system correctly so that your company can successfully use your accounting
program.

Some of the most striking features of Tally software are listed below.

Accounting
Of course, accounting is the main function of Tally and that is what it is known for. The first word that comes in

the mind of a person when hearing about Tally is accounting. Accounting is a basic function of Tally and

most people do not ever use any other functions other than accounting in Tally.

Billing

Billing is an inevitable part of any business and it’s care is duly taken by Tally. Actually billing is included in
Accounting feature discussed above but it has somewhat a separate function rather than accounting. The
best thing in Tally is that when you create a billing entry you do not have to create again accounting entry
for that bill. This reduces redundancy in entering a big amount of data.

Payroll

This feature is of use when you are having a good number of employees. For maintaining Payroll in Tally,
there are functions likeEmployee Categories, Employee Groups, Attendance, Pay Heads and of
course Employees. Complex payroll calculations are automatically done in Tally when we use the Payroll
function.

Inventory

As billing is an inevitable part of a business and so is the inventory. Effective inventory management can
save huge amount of costs especially if you are functioning in a manufacturing environment. In Tally you
can classify inventories on the basis ofgroups, units, tariff (applicable for goods on which VAT is
levied), different stock items, godowns in which they are located.

Banking

In this era of digitization, without banking no business can survive. Banking functionality is very well
covered by Tally. Though it was not present in earlier versions of Tally but is there in Tally.ERP 9.

You can directly print cheques, maintain cheque register, create deposit slips and payment
advice in Tally.ERP 9. Most important function in Banking is Bank Reconciliation.

Taxation

A business cannot operate in isolation. It needs a society to operate which is governed by a government
which levies different types of taxes on a business as it is a commercial activity. Well, Taxation is also
covered by Tally. Right fromIncome Tax, VAT, Excise, Customs and Service Taxeverything is taken
care of by Tally.
 Reporting

Different types of reports are required at different times for making effective business decisions. In Tally
there are reports such as Statutory Reports, Payroll Reports, Job Work In and Out Reports and
the most significant Exception Reports.

Ratio Analysis

This option is not used by many people and the simple reason is that not many people are interested
in analysis. But Tally has included that in it. In the Gateway of Tally there is an option called Ratio
Analysis which displays many important ratios on the basis of information which is entered by you at the
time creating vouchers.

Q 4. What are the uses of presentation software Powerpoint ? List the steps to create and show
presentation in ppt.

PowerPoint is a presentation software program that is part of the Microsoft Office package. PowerPoint
uses a graphical approach to presentations in the form of slide shows that accompany the oral delivery of
the topic.

As a presentation tool PowerPoint can be used to:

 organise and structure your presentation;

 create a professional and consistent format;
 provide an illustrative backdrop for the content of your presentation;
 animate your slides to give them greater visual impact.

Creating a PowerPoint Presentation:

Step 1: Open Microsoft PowerPoint.

Step 2: Go to File at the top of the screen and click New. A box that says “New Presentation” should
appear on the right side of your screen.

Step 3: In the “New Presentation” dialog box, click on “From Design Template.” You may then scan
through design templates and choose one that you like.

Step 4: Slide Design Select a design template by clicking on the template you like. You may choose a
different color for your template by clicking on “Color Schemes” in the “New Presentation” dialog
box.

Step 5: Slide Layout Change the Slide Layout. You may change the slide layout (how information is
presented in the slide) by going to the top of the screen and clicking on “Format” – “Slide Layout.” A
box will appear on the right side of your screen (where “New Presentation” appeared) labeled “Slide
Layout.” You may select a design by clicking on it.

Step 6: Adding Text Enter your text by clicking and then typing in the box titled “Click to Add Text”
or “Click to Add Title.”
Step 7: Adding Pictures You may add pictures by clicking on the box that says “Click to add content.”
Inside that box, there will be a smaller box with six icons. Click on the icon that looks like a
photograph of a mountain. A new window will open, allowing you to browse for a picture on your
computer or a CD. Once you find your picture, click on it and then click “Insert.”

Step 8: Resizing Pictures You may change the size of your picture by clicking on the picture. The
picture will then have black lines around it with small bubbles or boxes in the corners. Place your
mouse over the bubbles or boxes and click. Holding the mouse pointer down, drag the picture to the
size you want.

Step 9: You’re Done! Wasn’t that easy? Now you can do it again to make more.

Q 5. What is data dictionary? How is it created/updated?

In database management systems, data dictionary is a file that defines the basic organization of a database. A
data dictionary contains a list of all files in the database, the number of records in each file, and the names and
types of each field. Most database management systems keep the data dictionary hidden from users to prevent
them from accidentally destroying its contents.
Data dictionaries do not contain any actual data from the database, only bookkeeping information for managing
it. Without a data dictionary, however, a database management system cannot access data from the database. It
is a set of information describing the contents, format, and structure of a database and the relationship between
its elements, used to control access to and manipulation of the database.

Creating / Updating the Data Dictionary

When you use the Database Configuration Assistant to create a database, Oracle automatically creates the data
dictionary. Thereafter, whenever the database is in operation, Oracle updates the data dictionary in response to every
DDL statement.

The data dictionary base tables are the first objects created in any Oracle database. They are created in
the SYSTEM tablespace and must remain there. The data dictionary base tables store information about all user-defined
objects in the database.

Table B-1 lists required scripts, which are run automatically when you create a database using the Database
Configuration Assistant. They are described here because you might need to run them if you create a database
manually. To run these scripts, you must be connected to Oracle as a user with SYSDBA privileges.

Table B-1

Script Name Needed For Description

catalog.sql All databases Creates the data dictionary and public synonyms for many of its views

Grants PUBLIC access to the synonyms

catproc.sql All databases Runs all scripts required for, or used with PL/SQL

catclust.sql Real Application Clusters Creates Real Application Clusters data dictionary views

Q 6. What is spreadsheet package? What are its features? List out some of its typical uses.
A spreadsheet consists of a table of cells arranged into rows and columns and referred to by the X and Y locations. X
locations, the columns, are normally represented by letters, "A", "B", "C", etc., while rows are normally represented by
numbers, 1, 2, 3, etc. A single cell can be referred to by addressing its row and column, "C10" for instance. This system
of cell references was introduced in VisiCalc, and known as "A1 notation". Additionally, spreadsheets have the concept
of a range, a group of cells, normally contiguous. For instance, one can refer to the first ten cells in the first column with
the range "A1:A10".

In modern spreadsheet applications, several spreadsheets, often known as worksheets or simply sheets, are gathered
together to form a workbook. A workbook is physically represented by a file, containing all the data for the book, the
sheets and the cells with the sheets. Worksheets are normally represented by tabs that flip between pages, each one
containing one of the sheets, although Numbers changes this model significantly. Cells in a multi-sheet book add the
sheet name to their reference, for instance, "Sheet 1!C10". Some systems extend this syntax to allow cell references to
different workbooks.
The main concepts are those of a grid of cells, called a sheet, with either raw data, called values, or formulas in the
cells. Formulas say how to mechanically compute new values from existing values. Values are generally numbers, but
can also be pure text, dates, months, etc. Extensions of these concepts include logical spreadsheets. Various tools for
programming sheets, visualizing data, remotely connecting sheets, displaying cells' dependencies, etc. are commonly
provided.

Some of the stiking features of a spreadsheet like MS Excel are as follows :

Automatic recalculation

A standard of spreadsheets since the 1980s, this optional feature eliminates the need to manually request the
spreadsheet program to recalculate values (nowadays typically the default option unless specifically 'switched off' for
large spreadsheets, usually to improve performance). Some earlier spreadsheets required a manual request to
recalculate, since recalculation of large or complex spreadsheets often reduced data entry speed. Many modern
spreadsheets still retain this option.

Recalculation generally requires that there are no circular dependencies in a spreadsheet. A dependency graph is a
graph that has a vertex for each object to be updated, and an edge connecting two objects whenever one of them
needs to be updated earlier than the other. Dependency graphs without circular dependencies form directed acyclic
graphs, representations of partial orderings (in this case, across a spreadsheet) that can be relied upon to give a
definite result

Real-time update

This feature refers to updating a cell's contents periodically with a value from an external source—such as a cell in a
"remote" spreadsheet. For shared, Web-based spreadsheets, it applies to "immediately" updating cells another user has
updated. All dependent cells must be updated also.

Locked cell

Once entered, selected cells (or the entire spreadsheet) can optionally be "locked" to prevent accidental overwriting.
Typically this would apply to cells containing formulas but might be applicable to cells containing "constants" such as a
kilogram/pounds conversion factor (2.20462262 to eight decimal places). Even though individual cells are marked as
locked, the spreadsheet data are not protected until the feature is activated in the file preferences.

Data format

A cell or range can optionally be defined to specify how the value is displayed. The default display format is usually set
by its initial content if not specifically previously set, so that for example "31/12/2007" or "31 Dec 2007" would default to
the cell format of date. Similarly adding a % sign after a numeric value would tag the cell as a percentage cell format.
The cell contents are not changed by this format, only the displayed value.

Some cell formats such as "numeric" or "currency" can also specify the number of decimal places.

This can allow invalid operations (such as doing multiplication on a cell containing a date), resulting in illogical results
without an appropriate warning.
Cell formatting

Depending on the capability of the spreadsheet application, each cell (like its counterpart the "style" in a word
processor) can be separately formatted using the attributes of either the content (point size, color, bold or italic) or the
cell (border thickness, background shading, color). To aid the readability of a spreadsheet, cell formatting may be
conditionally applied to data; for example, a negative number may be displayed in red.

A cell's formatting does not typically affect its content and depending on how cells are referenced or copied to other
worksheets or applications, the formatting may not be carried with the content.

Named cells

In most implementations, a cell, or group of cells in a column or row, can be "named" enabling the user to refer to those
cells by a name rather than by a grid reference. Names must be unique within the spreadsheet, but when using multiple
sheets in a spreadsheet file, an identically named cell range on each sheet can be used if it is distinguished by adding
the sheet name. One reason for this usage is for creating or running macros that repeat a command across many
sheets. Another reason is that formulas with named variables are readily checked against the algebra they are intended
to implement (they resemble Fortran expressions). Use of named variables and named functions also makes the
spreadsheet structure more transparent.

Cell reference

In place of a named cell, an alternative approach is to use a cell (or grid) reference. Most cell references indicate
another cell in the same spreadsheet, but a cell reference can also refer to a cell in a different sheet within the same
spreadsheet, or (depending on the implementation) to a cell in another spreadsheet entirely, or to a value from a remote
application.

A typical cell reference in "A1" style consists of one or two case-insensitive letters to identify the column (if there are up
to 256 columns: A–Z and AA–IV) followed by a row number (e.g., in the range 1–65536). Either part can be relative (it
changes when the formula it is in is moved or copied), or absolute (indicated with $ in front of the part concerned of the
cell reference). The alternative "R1C1" reference style consists of the letter R, the row number, the letter C, and the
column number; relative row or column numbers are indicated by enclosing the number in square brackets. Most
current spreadsheets use the A1 style, some providing the R1C1 style as a compatibility option.

When the computer calculates a formula in one cell to update the displayed value of that cell, cell reference(s) in that
cell, naming some other cell(s), cause the computer to fetch the value of the named cell(s).

Q 7.List out any five features of word processing package. Explain how each of these 5 features is
helpful in document preparation.

Word processing added to the text editor the ability to control type style and size, to manage lines (word wrap), to format
documents into pages, and to number pages. Functions now taken for granted were added incrementally, sometimes by
purchase of independent providers of add-on programs. Spell checking, grammar checking and mail merge were some
of the most popular add-ons for early word processors. Word processors are also capable of hyphenation, and the
management and correct positioning of footnotes and endnotes.

More advanced features found in recent word processors include:

 Collaborative editing, allowing multiple users to work on the same document.

 Indexing assistance. (True indexing, as performed by a professional human indexer, is far beyond current
technology, for the same reasons that fully automated, literary-quality machine translation is.)
 Creation of tables of contents.
 Management, editing, and positioning of visual material (illustrations, diagrams), and sometimes sound files.
 Automatically managed (updated) cross-references to pages or notes.
 Version control of a document, permitting reconstruction of its evolution.
 Non-printing comments and annotations.
 Generation of document statistics (characters, words, readability level, time spent editing by each user).
 "Styles", which automate consistent formatting of text body, titles, subtitles, highlighted text, and so on.

Later desktop publishing programs were specifically designed with elaborate pre-formatted layouts for publication,
offering only limited options for changing the layout, while allowing users to import text that was written using a text
editor or word processor, or type the text in themselves.

Q 8. Explain some imp features of C++ language and computerized financial accounting software.

C++ is object oriented programming language and it is a very simple and easy language, this language have following
features.

Simple

Every C++ program can be written in simple English language so that it is very easy to understand and

developed by programmer.

Platform dependent

A language is said to be platform dependent whenever the program is execute in the same operating system

where that was developed and compiled but not run and execute on other operating system. C++ is platform

dependent language.

Portability

It is the concept of carrying the instruction from one system to another system. In C++ Language .cpp file

contain source code, we can edit also this code. .exe file contain application, only we can execute this file.

When we write and compile any C++ program on window operating system that program easily run on other

window based system.

When we can copy .exe file to any other computer which contain window operating system then it works

properly, because the native code of application an operating system is same.

Powerful

C++ is a very powerful programming language, it have a wide verity of data types, functions, control

statements, decision making statements, etc.

 Object oriented Programming language

This main advantage of C++ is, it is object oriented programming language. It follow concept of oops like

polymorphism, inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction.

Case sensitive

C++ is a case sensitive programming language. In C++ programming 'break and BREAK' both are different.

If any language treats lower case latter separately and upper case latter separately than they can be called as

case sensitive programming language [Example c, c++, java, .net are sensitive programming languages.]

other wise it is called as case insensitive programming language [Example HTML, SQL is case insensitive

programming languages].

Compiler based

C++ is a compiler based programming language that means without compilation no C++ program can be

executed. First we need compiler to compile our program and then execute.

Syntax based language

C++ is a strongly tight syntax based programming language. If any language follow rules and regulation very

strictly known as strongly tight syntax based language. Example C, C++, Java, .net etc. If any language not

follow rules and regulation very strictly known as loosely tight syntax based language.

Example HTML.

Efficient use of pointers

Pointers is a variable which hold the address of another variable, pointer directly direct access to memory

address of any variable due to this performance of application is improve. In C++ language also concept of

pointer are available.

Features of Computerized Accounting is discussed above in Q 3.

Q 9. Using Foxpro, write a program to create Employees dbf having 10 records then print address
details of all records. Dbf should contain the following fields: Name, Add1, Add2, City, Pin, State,
Phone, Email.

Create database address (Name character 15, Add1 character 20, Add2 character 15, City character
15, Pin numeric 6, State character 15, Phone numeric 10, Email character 20)
Use address.dbf

Insert record ( give 10 values separated by commas corresponding to the sequence of field details
mentioned above)

# Repeat the Insert command 10 times to enter 10 records in address.dbf file.

# To print:

Use address

List add1, add2 to printer

end

Q 10. Write the functions of the following Foxpro commands :

All the Foxpro commands have been discussed with their functions by me in class. Refer to my notes
on Foxpro Commands.