Projection of Points

Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
 Introduction
 A location in space is represented by a point.
 Dimensionless quantity.
 Usually represented by a dot.
 Forms the basis of projection of lines, planes, solids, etc.
 A point may lie anywhere in space (4 quadrants formed by intersection of two
principal planes of projection).
 The principal planes of projection are:
o Vertical plane (abbreviated as VP)
o Horizontal plane (abbreviated as HP)
 Projections are obtained by extending projectors perpendicular to the planes.
 The projectors emanate from the point itself.

References
 Bhatt, N.D. (2018). Engineering Drawing, 53rd Edition, Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., India.
 Shah, M.B and Rana, B.C. (2010). Engineering Drawing, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education, India.
 Position of points – Quadrant systems

Infront of VP and above HP

– First Quadrant
Second Quadrant – First angle projection
First Quadrant Behind VP and above HP
– Second Quadrant
Vertical
– Second angle projection
plane

al Behind VP and below HP

nt
– Third Quadrant
ir zo
Ho ane Observer* – Third angle projection
pl
Infront of VP and below HP
– Fourth Quadrant
Third Quadrant – Fourth angle projection
Fourth Quadrant

* Position of observer
**The plane opens in clockwise direction
remains fixed
 Auxillary Planes

Right profile plane

Right profile plane:

• Abbreviated as RPP.
• Perpendicular to both HP
and VP.
• Plane opens outwards
towards the right as
shown by arrow.

Left profile plane:

Left profile plane • Abbreviated as LPP.
Observer • Perpendicular to both HP
and VP.
• Plane opens outwards
towards the left as
shown by arrow.
Auxillary Planes contd…

Auxillary inclined plane Auxillary inclined plane:

• Abbreviated as AIP.
• Inclined to HP.
• Plane opens outwards
onto the HP as shown by
arrow.

Observer
Auxillary Planes contd…

Auxillary vertical plane

Auxillary vertical plane:
• Abbreviated as AVP.
• Inclined to VP.
• Perpendicular to HP.
• Plane opens outwards
onto the VP as shown by
arrow.

Observer
 Nomenclature

 Always use small letter for projection nomenclatures.

 The top view of a point A is always represented as a.

 The front view of a point A is always represented as a’.

 The view of a point A on left or right profile plane is represented as a’’.

 Projection of a point in the 1st quadrant
Consider a point ‘A’ to be 40 mm above the HP and 20 mm in front of VP. Draw its
projections.
a’ VP
After the plane
a’ opens in clockwise
direction.
A
VP
a
HP
a

HP
a’
Observer

40
Rotate

x y
Draw xy line

20
Draw a’ 40 mm above xy line.
Draw a 20 mm below xy line. a
 Projection of a point in the 2nd quadrant
Consider a point ‘A’ to be 40 mm above the HP and 20 mm behind the VP. Draw its
projections.
After the plane a’ VP, HP
VP opens in clockwise
a
A direction, HP and
a’ VP overlaps.

HP
a’
Observer

40
a

20
Draw xy line
Draw a’ 40 mm above xy line. x y
Draw a 20 mm above xy line.
 Projection of a point in the 3rd quadrant
Consider a point ‘A’ to be 40 mm below the HP and 20 mm behind the VP. Draw its
projections.
After the plane HP
VP opens in clockwise a
direction, HP is
above VP.

VP
a
a’

HP a

20
A a’ Observer
x y

40
Draw xy line
Draw a’ 40 mm below xy line.
Draw a 20 mm above xy line. a’
Note: This is just opposite to projection in 1 st quadrant.
 Projection of a point in the 4th quadrant
Consider a point ‘A’ to be 40 mm below the HP and 20 mm in front of the VP. Draw its
projections.
After the plane
VP opens in clockwise
direction, HP
overlaps with VP.

a HP, VP

a’
a

HP

Observer y
a’ Rotate x

20
A

40
Draw xy line a
Draw a’ 40 mm below xy line.
Draw a 20 mm below xy line. a’
Note: This is just opposite to projection in 2nd quadrant.
A more simplistic representation of the
quadrants

VP

II I

HP
Observer

III IV
II VP I
VP a’
A A
a’
a
HP

HP

HP
HP

a
a’
A a’ A
VP
III VP IV
 Some other cases of position of a point
Consider a point ‘A’ to be 40 mm above the HP and in the VP. Draw its projections.

a’ VP
VP

a’ a
A

a HP

HP

Observer
Rotate
a’
Draw xy line
Draw a’ 40 mm above xy line.

40
Draw a on the xy line. a
x y
 Some other cases of position of a point
Consider a point ‘A’ to be 20 mm in front of VP in the HP. Draw its projections.

VP
VP

a’
a
a’ HP
a

HP

Observer
Rotate
a’
x y
Draw xy line

20
Draw a’ on the xy line.
Draw a 20 mm below the xy line. a
 Some other cases of position of a point
A point, A, is 25 mm above H.P. and is in first quadrant. Its shortest distance from the
XY line is 50 mm. Draw its plan and elevation. x1
VP RPP
a’ a’’

25
Rotate x y
a’ a’’ o p

A n Shortest dist. from

a
HP xy line i.e. 50 mm
a y1

Rotate
Shortest dist. from
xy line i.e. 50 mm
Draw xy line.
Draw a’ 25 mm above the xy line.
Draw a st. line II to xy line through a’.
From o as centre and radius 50 mm, cut the above line.
Name the intersection point as a’’.
From a’’ drop a perp. on to xy line and name as p.
With radius op, draw an arc to meet x1y1 at n.
From n, draw a line II to xy. Drop a Ʇ on this line from a’ to get a.
 Some other cases of position of a point
VP a’

Opening
direction
a 1’

a’’ AVP
a’
A HP a

a a’

Observer
x1 a1’
x y

y1
a
 Some other cases of position of a point
VP a’

a1

a’ a1 AIP
A Opening
direction
HP a
a

Observer y1
a’

a1

x y
x1

a
 Summary

 We have learnt the concepts of orthographic projection.

 Observed the quadrant system.

 Position of points in different quadrants.

 Differentiate between first and third angle projection.

 Concept of right and left profile plane.

 Concept of auxillary planes.

 Drawing orthographic projections of points for various positions.

 Drawing projections on auxillary planes.

Thank You