Projection of Solids

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
 Introduction
• A solid has three dimensions – length, breadth and thickness.
• Basic solids are those which have predefined shapes.
• The basic solids are the constituent parts of any complex solid.
• Objects in the real world are made up of combinations of basic solids.
• At least two orthographic views are necessary.
• The two categories of basic solids are: polyhedra and solids of revolution.
– Polyhedra are bounded by plane surfaces.

– Solids of revolution have curved outer faces.

References
 Bhatt, N.D. (2018). Engineering Drawing, 53rd Edition, Charotar Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., India.
 Gill, P.S. (2018). Engineering Graphics & Design, 1st Edition, Kataria & Sons, India.
 Polyhedra: Regular Polyhedron
• Polyhedra are sub-divided into three types—
regular polyhedra, prisms and pyramids.
• In a regular polyhedron, all the faces are
similar, equal and regular.
– Tetrahedron

– Cube or hexahedron

– Octahedron

– Dodecahedron
– Icosahedron
 Polyhedra: Prisms
• In a prism,
– there are two equal and similar
end faces,
– parallel to each other, joined
together by other rectangular
faces.
• Triangular prism

• Square prism
• Rectangular prism
• Pentagonal prism
• Hexagonal prism
 Polyhedra: Pyramids
• In a pyramid, there is a polygonal face
for the base which is connected at the
edges to a number of triangular faces
equal to the number of sides of the base.
All the adjacent triangular faces are
joined to each other at the common
edge and all the triangular faces meet at
a point called an apex.
• Square pyramid
Triangular pyramid
• Rectangular pyramid

• Pentagonal pyramid

• Hexagonal pyramid
 Solids of Revolution
• Solids of revolution are formed by the
revolution of plane figures, like rectangles,
triangles or semicircles about a fixed line.
• A cylinder is a solid generated by revolving a
rectangle about one of its sides, keeping that
side fixed.

• A cone is a solid generated by revolving a right-angled

triangle about one of its perpendicular sides, keeping that side fixed.
• A sphere is a solid generated by revolving a semicircle about its diameter, keeping the
diameter fixed.
 Frustum of a solid
When a cone or pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base, removing the apex, the
remaining solid is called a frustum of the cone or pyramid
 Truncated solids
When a solid is cut by a plane inclined to its base, it is said to be truncated.
 Different position of solids
The following positions may be encountered when dealing with projection of solids:

1. Solid with axis perpendicular to HP or VP.

2. Solid with axis inclined to one reference plane and parallel to the other.
• Axis inclined to the HP and parallel to the VP
• Axis inclined to the VP and parallel to the HP

3. Solid with axis inclined to both the reference planes.

4. Solid with axis parallel to both the reference planes.

Some nomenclatures to be kept in mind
Square Prism Square Pyramid Cylinder Cone
Apex Apex
Top
Rectangular Slant
Face Edge Triangular
Longer Base Face Base Base
Base
Edge

Corner of Edge Edge Corner of

Generators
base of of base
Base Base
 General steps of solving a problem
A problem related to solids is solved in three general steps:

Stage I: Keep the solid standing on the plane with which it is making inclination. In this
case the axis will be perpendicular to either of the two reference planes.
• If inclined to HP, assume it is standing on HP (top view will give true shape of base or
top)
• If inclined to VP, assume it is standing on VP (front view will give true shape of base or
top)

Stage II: Now give inclination to the base or axis as specified w.r.t HP or VP.

Stage III: Give the final inclination to the views or alteration of reference lines and draw the
front and top views.
 Example Problems
Problem 1: A cone diameter 60 mm and height 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its generators. Draw
its projections if its axis is parallel to the VP.

O’

1’
2’,
’ 8
60

3’,
7’
4’,
1’ 2’, 8’ 3’, 7’ 4’, 6’ 5’

6’
X Y

O’
7 71

5’
8 61
6 81

O 11
1 5 51 O1

2 4 41 21
Φ60
3 31
 Example Problems
Problem 2: Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism , base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long, resting on one of its rectangular faces on
the H.P. with the axis inclined at 45º to the V.P.

b’ 2’ b1 ’ 21 ’

a’ 1’ c’ 3’ a1’ 31 ’
c1’ 11 ’

X Y
e’ 5’ d’ 4’ e1’ d1’ 41’
25 45º c 51 ’
d
e b d b
a c
e
a

3
4
50

5
1
1 5 2 4 3
 Example Problems
Problem 3: A pentagonal pyramid base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long has one of its triangular faces
in the VP and the edge of the base contained by that face makes an angle of 30º with the HP. Draw its
projections.

o 1’
b 1’
b’
a’ a1 ’
o 1’ c1 ’ b 1’
o’ c’ c1 ’
25

e’ e1’ a1 ’
d’ d 1’
d 1’
e1 ’
a b 30º
e o1 e1 a1
d c ae
X o Y

bd d1 b1
50

c
c1
o
 Example Problems
Problem 4: Draw the projections of a cone, base 45 mm diameter and axis 50 mm long, when it is resting
on the ground on a point on its base circle with the axis making an angle of 30° with the H.P. and 45°
with the V.P.

o’ o’1

o’
a’1
a’ h’1 b’1
h ’b
g’1 c’1
’c
’g’

f’1 d’1
d ’f

X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’
300
y
’

e’1
e’

Axis True Length

g g1 o1 450
h f h1 f1
Axis Tv Length d1 c1
a e a1 1 e1
o1 e1
Locus of
f1 1 b1 Center 1
b1 d1
b d
c c1 g1 a1
h1
Axis Tv Length
 Example Problems
Problem 5: Draw the projections of a cube of 25 mm long edges resting on the H.P. on one of its corners
with a solid diagonal perpendicular to the V.P.
a1’
a’

b’d
’ b1’ d 1’
a’ b’d’ c’
p’ c1’
c’
p’ 3’
1 1’
2 1’ 4 1’
2’ 4’

X 1’ 2’ 4’ 3’ 3’ 31 ’ 1
1
Y
d4 41 d1

21 41

a1 c3 11 a1 31 c1
b1 d1

21 b1 c1
b2
 Summary
• The concept of projection of planes is extended further to draw the projections of a
solid.
• The solid may be oriented differently in space. For example:
– Axis perpendicular to VP or HP.
– Axis parallel to VP and inclined to HP.
– Axis parallel to HP and inclined to VP.
– Axis inclined to both the reference planes
• When a solid is inclined to both the reference planes, the drawing is performed in 3
stages.
• Some sample problems on projection of solids and application of concepts.
Thank You