APPLIED MECHANICS

Prepared by:
Er. Hari Pyakurel
B.E. in Civil Engineering , IOE-PULCHOWK CAMPUS
M.E. in Environmental Engineering , IOE- IOE-PULCHOWK CAMPUS
Masters in Public Administration, Tribhuwan University
 Chapter 3 FRICTION
Unit 3 Friction: [5 Hours]
3.1 Friction: Definition, Causes, Advantages, Disadvantages and Types
3.2 Laws of Dry Friction
3.3 Static and Dynamic Friction and Their Coefficients
3.4 Angle of Friction
3.5 Different status (No Friction, Certain Friction, Impending Motion
and Motion)
3.6 Sliding and Tipping Condition of the Body
3.1 Friction: Definition, Causes, Advantages, Disadvantages and
Types
Friction is a force that resists the relative motion of two objects in contact,
caused by the irregularities of the surfaces coming into contact and
colliding with each other.

CAUSE OF FRICTION: Friction is caused due to the interlocking of

irregularities between the two surfaces in contact. Smooth surfaces have
minute irregularities between the two surfaces. Rough surfaces have
larger irregularities between the two surfaces.
So force of friction is more if the surfaces are rough.
Types of FRICTION
There are three main types of friction.
They are static friction, sliding friction and rolling friction.
a) Static friction is the friction exerted on a object at rest.
This is the frictional force acting on a body which tends to move.
Where as the frictional force which acting on a body when it id in motion is
called Dynamic Friction. It can be Sliding and Rolling Friction.
b) Sliding friction is the friction exerted when an object slides over a
surface.
c) Rolling friction is the friction exerted when an object rolls over a
surface. Sliding friction is slightly less than static friction. Rolling friction is
less than sliding friction and static friction
Advantages, Disadvantages of FRICTION

FRICTION IS SOMETIMES USEFUL

• Friction between the feet and ground helps us to walk on the ground.
• Friction between the tyres and the road helps automobiles to move
on roads.
• Friction between the bricks helps in the construction of buildings
• Friction action in bolting joints in structure give stability and resistat
to earthquake
FRICTION IS SOMETIMES UNDESIRABLE
• Tyres of bicycles and automobiles wear out due to friction.
• Steps of staircases and foot over bridges in railway stations wear out
due to friction.
• It always resists the motion, so extra energy is required to overcome
it.
• It causes wear and tear of machines.
• It decreases the life expectancy of moving parts of vehicles.
• Since friction is very useful in some cases while harmful in some
cases, friction is called a necessary evil.
 3.2 Laws of Dry Friction
Dry Friction is the force that opposes one solid surface
sliding across another solid surface. Dry friction always
opposes the surfaces sliding relative to one another and
can have effect either opposing motion or causing
motion in bodies
1st LAW
1. The total friction that can be developed is independent of magnitude
of area in contact.
• Suppose an object moving across a surface. There exists force of
friction between them but it does not depend upon area of contact of
surface and object
2nd LAW
2. The total friction that can be developed is proportional to the normal
force transmitted across the surface of contact.
Mathematically:
FαN
F = μN
Where F is frictional force, μ is constant of proportionality called co-
efficient of friction and N is the normal force.
μ𝑠 = co-efficient for static friction
μ𝑘 = co-efficient for dynamic friction
Explanation of 2nd LAW
It can be explained with a wooden block of weight W that is placed on a
horizontal concrete plane surface. The forces acting on the block are its
weight W and the reaction of the surface. Since the weight has no
horizontal component , reaction of the surface also has no horizontal
component. The reaction is therefore normal to the surface and is
represented by N.
3rd LAW
3. For low velocities, total amount of frictional force is independent of
velocity.
• In this case, frictional force does not depend upon velocity when the
object has very low velocity or it just start moving.
• But when the object is moving with some velocity v, then the frictional
force will depend upon velocity
3rd LAW Representation
3.3 Static and Dynamic Friction and Their Coefficients
3.4 and 3.5 Angle of Friction, Different status (No Friction, Certain
Friction, Impending Motion and
Angle of Friction
Angle of Friction
Angle of Repose
3.6 Sliding and Tipping Condition of the Body
3.6 Sliding and Tipping Condition of the Body
Numerical:
THANK YOU